eu druid project: results of a questionnaire survey ... · participant questionnaire survey simone...

Federal Highway Research Institute

RSA International Conference

“Recidivist Behaviour and Driver Rehabilitation Programmes”

April 16th 2012 in Dublin

Simone Klipp, Ph.D.

EU DRUID project:

Results of a Questionnaire Survey amongst Participants of Driver

Rehabilitation Programmes in Europe

November 2006

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Participant Questionnaire Survey

Simone Klipp, Ph.D.RSA International Conference

EU DRUID Project

WP 5 Rehabilitation

Task 5.1 Task 5.1 „„State of the ArtState of the Art“

• Literature reviews

• Provider survey

Task 5.2 Task 5.2 „„Good PracticeGood Practice““

• Empirical in-depth-analyses

• Participant questionnaire

survey

• Internet search & provider

interviews

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Participant Questionnaire Survey

Simone Klipp, Ph.D.RSA International Conference

Initial considerations

?

?Changes?-cognitive,-affective,-behavioural

Target behavior

DUI/DUID offense

Risky/ unhealthy behavior

Rehabilitation

Treatment

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Participant Questionnaire Survey

Simone Klipp, Ph.D.RSA International Conference

MaintenanceWork to prevent relapse, increasing confidence of continuing change

ActionSpecific overt modification in life-style, observable steps of action

PreparationIntention to take action in immediate future, first initiatives

ContemplationAwareness of Pros & Cons of changing => Ambivalence, Intention

PrecontemplationNo problem awareness => no intention to change

?Which stage did the offender reach?

Theoretical frameworkThe stages of the Transtheoretical Model of Change (TTM)

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Participant Questionnaire Survey

Simone Klipp, Ph.D.RSA International Conference

Theoretical framework

Figure adopted from Prochaska et al., 1994a, S. 67

Cognitive-affective

Behavioural

The processes of the Transtheoretical Model of Change (TTM)

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Participant Questionnaire Survey

Simone Klipp, Ph.D.RSA International Conference

Theoretical framework

I = Individual

PTR = Participant –trainer relations

C = Contents

M = Methods

PPR = Participant –participant relations

The Diamond of Change – the “contributing factors”

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Participant Questionnaire Survey

Simone Klipp, Ph.D.RSA International Conference

Methods

Construction of the Questionnaire

Example-item:

Contributing Factor:Method

Process:Conciousness Raising (Cognition)

„The way the course was conducted raised my interest on the topic.”

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Participant Questionnaire Survey

Simone Klipp, Ph.D.RSA International Conference

Legally regulated

Imposing Instance Criteria for participationMode of

participationConsequences of

participation

Austria yes Licensing authority BAC > 1.2‰ mandatory License reinstatement

Belgium yes Public prosecutor, court

No license withdrawal (~BAC

< 1.6‰) & offender < 26

years

voluntary

Reduction of suspension

period & other sanctions, avoidance of further

prosecution

France yes Public prosecutor, court BAC > 0.8‰voluntary &

mandatory

Reduction of suspension

period, avoidance of further

prosecution or other sanctions

Germany

Typ I § 36

yes Licensing authorityNovice drivers with DUI

offensemandatory

Ongoing validity of the

license or license

reinstatement

Typ II§ 70

yes Licensing authority Prior driver assessment voluntary License reinstatement

Typ III no --- --- voluntary

Reduction of suspension

period possible, increased

chances to pass subsequent

assessment

Great Britain yes CourtSuspension period ≥ 12

months & offender ≥ 17 yearsvoluntary

Reduction of suspension

period

Hungary yes Court Prior driver assessment mandatory License reinstatement

Italy no Assessment centre Prior driver assessment mandatory License reinstatement

Netherlands yes Licensing authorityBAC > 1.3%, BAC > 0.8‰ for

novices drivers & recidivistsmandatory

Ongoing validity of the

licence

Poland no Prison BAC > 0.5‰ voluntaryReduction of the prison term

possible

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Participant Questionnaire Survey

Simone Klipp, Ph.D.RSA International Conference

Sample

Age (Mean in years ±

SD)

Male N (%)

BAC value

at offense

(Mean in ‰ ± SD)

Accident at

DUI offense

N (%)

Recidivists

N (%)

Europe total (N = 7339) 34.1 ± 12.6 6356 (86.6%) 1.43 ± 0.58 1751 (23.9%) 1706 (23.2%)

Austria (n = 1646) 36.1 ± 13.0 1420 (86.3%) 1.47 ± 0.49 380 (23.1 %) 515 (31.3%)

Belgium (n = 103) 37.6 ± 12.8 93 (90.3%) 1.55 ± 0.63 36 (35.0%) 32 (31.1%)

France (n = 686) 37.5 ± 12.4 601 (87.6%) 1.36 ± 0.65 69 (10.1%) 85 (12.4%)

Germany (n = 2351) 29.8 ± 11.5 2031 (86.4%) 1.38 ± 0.58 687 (29.2%) 438 (18.6%)

Great Britain (n = 1022) 34.7 ± 13.2 817 (79.9%) 1.36 ± 0.46 211 (20.6%) 130 (12.7%)

Hungary (n = 657) 37.7 ± 10.8 622 (94.7%) 1.76 ± 0.71 228 (34.7%) 151 (23.0%)

Italy (n = 140) 29.8 ± 9.6 130 (92.9%) 1.30 ± 0.48 22 (15.7%) 31 (22.1%)

Netherlands (n = 501) 36.3 ± 12.6 415 (82.8%) 1.29 ± 0.42 70 (14.0%) 185 (36.9%)

Poland (n = 233) 37.2 ± 10.7 227 (97.4%) 1.41 ± 0.86 48 (20.6%) 139 (59.7%)

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Participant Questionnaire Survey

Simone Klipp, Ph.D.RSA International Conference

Results

Overall evaluation on country level (N=7339)

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Participant Questionnaire Survey

Simone Klipp, Ph.D.RSA International Conference

TTM-Process - Total sample; overall means (N=7339)

Results

***p<.001

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Participant Questionnaire Survey

Simone Klipp, Ph.D.RSA International Conference

Individual

Methods

Contents

Participant-Participant-Relation

Participant-Trainer-Relation

1

2

1.5

3

2.5

3.5

4

1=agree completely2=agree mostly

3=disagree mostly4=disagree completely

Diamond of Change (N=7339)

Results

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Participant Questionnaire Survey

Simone Klipp, Ph.D.RSA International Conference

• Findings are promising in terms of acceptance

• No conclusions regarding any long-term behavioural changes or effects on recidivism rates possible

• Methodological limitations may reduce the explanatory power of the study

Discussion

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Participant Questionnaire Survey

Simone Klipp, Ph.D.RSA International Conference

• Receipt of the certificate may have functioned as a ‘steepening incentive’, increasing the tendency to give positive answers

• Best results in countries (programs) with voluntary participation

• Self selection bias or reduction of cognitive dissonance possible

Discussion

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Participant Questionnaire Survey

Simone Klipp, Ph.D.RSA International Conference

• Positive overall feedback is noteworthy

• Results should motivate decision-makers in those countries which did not yet establish rehabilitation programs to launch these measures

• Rehabilitation as essential part of a comprehensive countermeasure system for secondary prevention

Conclusion

Federal Highway Research Institute

Simone Klipp, Ph.D.

Thank you for your attention!