every cloud has a quicksilver lining: mercury in the environment hg 0 80 hg 200.59 hg 2+ ch 3 hg +

Every Cloud has a Quicksilver Lining:MERCURY IN THE ENVIRONMENTEvery Cloud has a Quicksilver Lining:MERCURY IN THE ENVIRONMENT

Hg0

80

Hg

200.59 Hg2+

CH3 Hg+

OutlineOutline

• Background

• Mercury in Adirondack Lake/Watersheds

• Mercury in Loons

• Historical Patterns of Mercury Deposition

• Utility Emission Controls

• Conclusions

History of Mercury UseHistory of Mercury Use

Historical Uses• Making hat felts• Paints• Pesticides• Medical uses• Gold processing

Recent Uses• Chlorine

manufacturing• Electrical fixtures• Paints• Scientific

instruments• Dentistry

History of Mercury in the Environment

History of Mercury in the Environment

1950s – 1970s Point Source Industrial Contamination

Minimata Bay, JapanDeath and neurological damage to several hundred people who ate contaminated fish.

Chlor-alkali Facilities (Chlorine Production)- Sweden- U.S. – Onondaga Lake- Canada

History of Mercury in the Environment (cont.)

History of Mercury in the Environment (cont.)

1980s – 1990s Remote Contamination (Atmosphere?)

Reservoir Construction – Canada

Remote Lakes - Midwest U.S.- Northeast U.S.- Ontario- Quebec

Everglades

Forms of MercuryForms of Mercury

Hg0 - Elemental Mercury- Gas phase, highly insoluble- Not highly toxic- High exposure to vapors cause a

neurotoxic response, “mad hatter” syndrome

Hg2+ - Ionic Mercury- Liquid phase, soluble- Not highly toxic- Damage g.i. tract, kidneys and

liverCH3Hg+ - Monomethyl Mercury

- Biological tissue (muscle)- Neurotoxin – most toxic form of

mercury

3

Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) = log

waterHg3CH

fishHg3CH

Health AdvisoriesHealth Advisories

• U.S. FDA 1 ppm fish tissue

• Several States, Canada 0.5 ppm fish tissue

• EPA 0.3 ppm fish tissue

• WHO 30 µg/day total consumption

Mercury in Adirondack Lake/Watersheds

Mercury in Adirondack Lake/Watersheds

Summary (n=1469)Summary (n=1469)

No. of Lakes

(%)Surface area

(ha)(%)

pH < 5.0 352 24 2,000 8.4

ANC < 0 µeq/L

388 26 2,650 11

Total Mercury Concentrations in Precipitation at Huntington

Forest

Total Mercury Concentrations in Precipitation at Huntington

Forest

0 10 20 30 40100

300

500

700

900

R = 0.69P = 0.0008

DOC

DO

C (

µm

ol

C L

-1)

% Wetland Area

Typical Mercury Concentration in Freshwater (ng/L)

Typical Mercury Concentration in Freshwater (ng/L)

SITE TOTAL Hg REFERENCE

Remote Lakes - Wisconsin 0.9 – 1.9 Fitzgerald & Watras 1989

- Washington (state) 0.2 Bloom 1989

- California 0.6 Gill & Bruland 1990

- Manitoba 0.2 – 1.1 Bloom & Effler 1990

- Montana 0.35 - 2.8 Watras et al. 1995

- Sweden 1.4 - 15 Lee & Iverfeldt 1991

- Wisconsin 0.28 – 4.9 Watras et al. 1995

- Adirondacks 0.8 – 6.1 This study

Urban Lake - Washington (state) 1.7 Bloom & Watras 1989

Great Lakes - Erie 3.9 Gill & Bruland 1990

- Ontario 0.9 Gill & Bruland 1990

Mining Contaminated Lakes - Clear Lake 3.6 – 104

Gill & Bruland 1990

- Davis Creek Reservoir 5.2 – 6.4 Gill & Bruland 1990

Chlor-Alkali Contaminated Lakes - Onondaga Lake

7 – 19Bloom & Effler 1990

- Clay Lake (Ontario) 5 – 80 Parks et al. 1989

Fish Hg ConcentrationsFish Hg Concentrations

Hg Concentrations

> 0.5 µg/g > 1.0 µg/g

% fish 34 7.3

% lakes 96 65

Sunday Lake WatershedSunday Lake Watershed

Watershed - 1340 ha

Upland vegetation - second growth forestdeciduous – 70%coniferous – 30%

Wetlands - 20.5% of watershed palustrineforest and shrub conifers,riparian, beaver impoundments

Lake

Surface area - 7.7 ha Mean depth - 2.5 m

Chemistry pH 5.6ANC 20 µeq/LDOC 10.3 mg C/L

Fish Hg

Mean 3+ to 5+ yellow perch 0.88 µg/g

13.220.710.3

5.3

2.0

13.9

1.5

2.52.4 1.1

HgT Flux

(ug/m2*yr)

2.1

0.310.270.06

0.26

0.13

0.13

0.14

0.360.450.62

MeHg Flux

(ug/m2*yr)

0.29

Mercury in LoonsMercury in Loons

Geographic Context for MeHg Availability

Geographic Context for MeHg Availability

– General increase from western to eastern North America– New England has some of the highest levels of MeHg

availability

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

Alaska Northwest Great Lakes New England Vermont New York NewHampshire

Maine

(n = 27) (n = 21) (n = 388) (n = 590) (n = 24) (n = 71) (n = 158) (n = 322)

Sampling Area (between and within region)

Me

an

Blo

od

Hg

le

ve

ls (

pp

m,

ww

) Between Within

Cumulative Perch Hg Levels Compared to Adult Loon Blood Hg

Levels

Cumulative Perch Hg Levels Compared to Adult Loon Blood Hg

Levels

y = 4.2158x - 0.1682

R2 = 0.81

y = 5.6807x + 0.0097

R2 = 0.66

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5

6

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Yellow Perch Cumulative Hg Level (ppm, ww)

Ad

ult

Lo

on

Blo

od

Hg

Le

ve

l (p

pm

, ww

)

Male (n=13)

Female (n=14)

Loon Response to HgLoon Response to Hg

Physiological response– Increased levels of stress hormones

Behavioral response– Decreases in nesting

Reproductive response– High risk loon pairs

– Initiate 7% fewer nests–Hatch 31% fewer eggs–Fledge 40% fewer young

Historical Patterns of Hg Deposition

Historical Patterns of Hg Deposition

Sediment HgT FluxesSediment HgT Fluxes

Lake Preindustrial Flux (years averaged)

Maximum Flux (year)

Maximum Flux Ratio

Modern Flux (year)

Modern Flux Ratio

Big Moose

16.0 90 (1973) 5.7 62 4.0

Little Echo

2.3 13 (1979) 5.8 11 4.7

Merriam 6.9 27 (1990) 3.9 22 3.2

West 10.0 46 (1985) 4.5 39 3.8

Bear 5.2 36 (1985) 6.9 14 2.6

Queer 8.3 116 (1983) 14.0 33 4.0

Upper Wallface

14.0 38 (1980) 2.8 33 2.4

Clear 8.2 26 (1995) 3.1 26 3.1

Avg = 5.8 Avg = 3.5

Preindustrial, maximum, and modern HgT fluxes (μg/m2-yr; 1998 values) of the Adirondack study lakes, along with the ratios obtained relative to background values

Policy or Proposal

Hg Emissions

Compliance Date

Emissions Trading among Plants?

Comments

1990 Clean Air Act

~48 T N/A N/A

Jeffords Bill S.556(as amended)

~ 5T90%

reduction

2007 No 5 ton cap

Smith Bill S.2815 (Clear Skies)

~15 T70%

reduction

2018 Yes 26 tons per yr by 2010

15 tons per yr by 2018

Clinton Bill S.588 No Control N/A N/A

Utility Emission ControlsUtility Emission Controls

Utility MACT

Proposed 15 December 2003Finalized late 2004Compliance late 2007

Mercury in Adirondack Wetlands, Lakes, and Terrestrial Systems

(MAWLTS) Model

Mercury in Adirondack Wetlands, Lakes, and Terrestrial Systems

(MAWLTS) Model

Model Hg Forms and Compartments

Model Hg Forms and Compartments

• Hg forms:– Inorganic Hg(II)– Methylmercury– Elemental mercury

• Compartments:– Surface Water– Up to 5 sediment layers

Preliminary Calibration:Total Hg

Preliminary Calibration:Total Hg

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Jan/1/00 Mar/1/00 May/1/00 Jul/1/00 Aug/31/00 Oct/31/00 Dec/31/00

SimulatedObserved

Tot

al H

g (

ng/l)

Preliminary Calibration: Methyl Hg

Preliminary Calibration: Methyl Hg

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Jan/1/00 Mar/1/00 May/1/00 Jul/1/00 Aug/31/00 Oct/31/00 Dec/31/00

SimulatedObserved

Met

hyl H

g (n

g/l)

Simulated Response of Total Hg: 50% Decrease in Atmospheric

Deposition

Simulated Response of Total Hg: 50% Decrease in Atmospheric

Deposition

0

2

4

6

8

10Ja

n/1

/99

Jan

/1/0

0

Jan

/1/0

1

Jan

/1/0

2

Jan

/1/0

3

Jan

/1/0

4

Jan

/1/0

5

Jan

/1/0

6

Hg BaseHg Reduced Dep

Tot

al H

g C

onc

entr

atio

n, n

g/l

Date

ConclusionsConclusions

• Mercury is a global contaminant.

• Mercury emissions largely occur from electric utilities, non-utility boilers and incinerators.

• Mercury emitted as Hg0 is globally dispersed. Mercury emitted as Hg (II) is deposited near the source.

• Methyl Hg bioconcentrates up the aquatic food chain.

• Virtually every state has fish consumption advisories due to elevated Hg.

Conclusions (cont.)Conclusions (cont.)

• The forest canopy greatly amplifies atmospheric Hg deposition.

• Wetlands are a critical controller of water and fish Hg.

• Mercury contamination has increased 5 fold over the last 150 years.

• Controls on Hg emissions from electric utilities are being proposed.

BackgroundBackground

• History of Mercury Use and Contamination

• Emissions and Deposition

• Bioaccumulation

• Health Advisories

Measured Mercury Concentration in Rain (ng/L)

Measured Mercury Concentration in Rain (ng/L)

Study Descriptio

n

Methyl Hg Total Hg %Methyl Hg Reference

Sweden 0.04 – 0.59 7.5 – 90 0.1 – 4Lee and Iverfeldt 1991

Wisconsin 0.06 – 0.22 3.5 – 15 0.4 – 6.3Fitzgerald et al. 1991

Sediment HgT FluxesSediment HgT Fluxes

Lake Preindustrial Flux (years averaged)

Maximum Flux (year)

Maximum Flux Ratio

Modern Flux (year)

Modern Flux Ratio

Big Moose

16.0 90 (1973) 5.7 62 4.0

Little Echo

2.3 13 (1979) 5.8 11 4.7

Merriam 6.9 27 (1990) 3.9 22 3.2

West 10.0 46 (1985) 4.5 39 3.8

Bear 5.2 36 (1985) 6.9 14 2.6

Queer 8.3 116 (1983) 14.0 33 4.0

Upper Wallface

14.0 38 (1980) 2.8 33 2.4

Clear 8.2 26 (1995) 3.1 26 3.1

Avg = 5.8 Avg = 3.5

Preindustrial, maximum, and modern HgT fluxes (1998 values) of the Adirondack study lakes, along with the ratios obtained relative to background values

Hg

T (

ng

/L)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

CH

3H

g+

(n

g/L

)

0

2

4

6

8

10D

OC

(m

g C

/L)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Site

Upland Forest Riparian Wetland Shallow Peat Deep Peat

SO

42

- (u

mol

/L)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Lakes With Representative Loon Tissue Hg Levels (N=395 terr, 238

Lakes)

Lakes With Representative Loon Tissue Hg Levels (N=395 terr, 238

Lakes)•

Deciduous SiteSurface water sampling site

Coniferous Site