evolution test review. graphs, charts and diagrams

Evolution Test Review

GRAPHS, CHARTS and Diagrams

DNA ANALYSIS

Organism DNA Codes

FROG ATT GGA GCA GAC TTA

LIZARD ATT GGC ACT AAT CTA

SALAMANDER ATT GGA ACT AAC CTT

AMERICAN TOAD ATC TCT AAC AAC CTT

Used to determine relatedness among species.

Protein (DNA) Analysis

Organism

Tuna

Mold

Moth

Dog

Horse

Chicken

Monkey

Number of differences in amino acids in Cytochrome C compared

to humans

21

48

31

11

12

13

1

Homologous Structures

Evidence for common ancestry.

FOSSIL RECORD

Provides evidence of change over time and age of past organisms.

EMBROLOGY

Shows evidence of common ancestry.

CLADOGRAM

A cladogram is a diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among groups. It is based on PHYLOGENY, which is the study of evolutionary relationships.

Family Trees

Hypothesis 1 Hypothesis 2

Phylogenetic Trees: Order of Evolution of Species and Relatedness

Cladograms: Evolutionary Relationships and Development of Adaptations

Bar Graph

This shows how the frequency of alleles for color have changed in this rabbit population over time.

Genetic VariationMutation: Some “green genes” randomly mutated to “brown genes” (although since any particular mutation is rare, this process alone cannot account for a big change in allele frequency over one generation).

Natural Selection

This is a non-random mechanism of evolution.

Gene Flow (Migration)

Migration (or gene flow): The introduction of new alleles into a population from another population of the same species. This is a random mechanism of evolution.

Genetic DriftThe process of change in the genetic composition of a population due to chance or random events rather than by natural selection, resulting in changes in allele frequencies over time.

Types of Natural SelectionOne of the extremes of a phenotype is the fittest.

The intermediate phenotype is the fittest.

Both of the extremes of a phenotype is the fittest.

Speciation

The formation of new species from the evolution of existing species. Results from reproductive isolation of two populations.

Reproductive Isolation Types

Behavioral Isolation – when two populations are separated by different mating behaviors – leads to speciation

Geographic Isolation – when two populations are separated by a

physical barrier and cannot reach each other – leads to speciation

Temporal Isolation – when two populations mate at different times –

leads to speciation

Lamarck vs. Darwin

Lamarck vs. Darwin

Lamarck would say the wolf can change its snout shape by willing it to change during its lifetime.

Darwin would say the wolf with the square snout will be outcompeted by the round snouted wolf and die off.

Practice Questions

Meaning of Evolution

Answer - #3

Mechanisms of Evolution, Patterns of Evolution

Answer - #1

Phylogeny; Cladograms

Answer - #2

Mechanism of Evolution

Answer - #1

Natural Selection

Answer - #4

Evidence of Evolution

Comparative embryology, similar DNA sequences, and homologous structures are all evidence of

a. endosymbiotic theoryb. common ancestryc. genetic driftd. artificial selection

Human CCA GGT ATA

Chimp CCA GGT ATT

Cat CCA GAG ATC

Answer - B

Fossil Record

Answer - #1

Complexity of a Eukaryotic Cell

Answer - #3

Mechanisms of Evolution: Recombination

Answer - #4

Natural Selection

Answer - #2

Answer - #4

When a population cannot adapt to changes in their When a population cannot adapt to changes in their environment and they all die, ______________ has environment and they all die, ______________ has occurred.occurred.a. adaptationa. adaptationb. natural selectionb. natural selectionc. genetic driftc. genetic driftd. extinctiond. extinction

Answer - D

Patterns of Evolution

On the Galapagos Islands, finch species started on one island, then moved to each island and evolved separately into new species. This is known as _______________

a. adaptive radiation

b. genetic drift

c. artificial selection

d. extinction

Answer - A

Emergence of a new species

When a new population evolves from a When a new population evolves from a previous population and the two can no previous population and the two can no longer interbreed, ___________ has longer interbreed, ___________ has occurred.occurred.a. genetic drifta. genetic driftb. speciationb. speciationc. artificial selectionc. artificial selectiond. extinctiond. extinction

Answer - B

a. At least one of the groups of flies became sterile and unable to lay eggs.

b. The two flies were really separate species to begin with, but it went unnoticed.

c. The two different food sources introduced many new DNA mutations very quickly and the flies changed drastically.

d. Separation with different food sources gave an advantage to mutant flies that could only digest starch or digest maltose. They survived and the species changed in these directions.

The diagram documents a famous experiment by Diane Dodd. Dodd took an initial population of Drosophila fruit flies and separated them into two different containers. The first group was fed food containing mostly starch. The second group was fed food containing mostly maltose. After eight generations apart (about four months), the flies were re-introduced and could not longer interbreed. They had become two new species.What is the most likely reason the flies evolved into two species?

Answer - D