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Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive
Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection
1982
Expansion of the SCAN endgame program for
aircraft survivability studies and development of a
supporting user's guide.
Fourny, Jean-Paul.
Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School
http://hdl.handle.net/10945/20161
UBRABV, NAVAL POSTOaAQUAIE SCHOOLUOKiaXi, CA 03940
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
Monterey, California
THESISEXPMSION OF THE SCAN ENDGAME PROGRAM FOR
AIRCRAFT SURVIVABILITY STUDIES MDDEVELOPMENT OF A SUPPORTING USER'S GUIDE
by
Jean-Paul Fourny
December 1982
Thesis Advisor R. E. Ball
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
UnclassifiedUBRARY, NAVAL POSTOHADUAIE SCHOOL
SeCUBlTv CLAHIFICATIOM Of THIS PAOK fW^aw Data gw>«r«d)
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE2. GOVT ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE <and Su*(l(f«J
Expansion of the SCAN Endgame Program,for Aircraft Survivability Studies andDevelopment of a Supporting User's Guide
READ tNSTRUCTtDNSBEFORE COMPLETING FORM
i RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER
5. TYPE OF «ePO«T * PCmoO COVEREDMaster' s ThesisDecember 1982• PER^ORMINC ORG. REPORT NUMBER
7. AUTHOM|'a>
Jean-Paul Fourny
'•. RER^ORMINC OROANIZATION NAME AND AOOHESS
Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940
II CONTROLLINO OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS
Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940
• . CONTRACT OR GRANT NLMSERC*;
to. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT TASKAREA * «ORK UNIT NUMtERS
1' MONltoRiNC AO^NCV NAME * ADDRESS^/ <«lfl«r«i< Itam Contralllntf OWca)TT
12. REPORT DATEDecember 1982
II NUMBER Of PAGES150
IS. SECURITY CLASS, (el thit tipatt)
Unclassified
ISa. DECLASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADINGSCHEDULE
l«. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (at th<« Kapati)
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ol iha abalrati amlarad In Blaek 30, 11 <HUatai>l Itam Raport;
I*. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
1». KEY WORDS (Conilnua on rawatta »Ha it naeaaaarr ••* l^aittlty *r *!««* numbaf)
SCAN, NPSCAN, Aircraft Survivability, Endgame, Warhead Lethality
20. ABSTRACT (Canllnua «< tawataa 0lda It naaaaaarr ••* l^amUlf *r »lPeJi mum^O
This study involved a detailed examination of the aircraftsurvivability analysis program called SCAN, and modificationof the pre and post-processing grahpics programs that supportthe program. The aim was the improvement of the originallyinstalled version of SCAN at NPS by incorporating the graphicscommands for the new IBM supported terminals, by increasing the
speed of the display process, and by simplifying the input data
DD"o"" 1473
I JAN 73 '^/J EDITION OP ' MOV Si IS OBSOLETES/N 0103-0M-«601 I
UnclassifiedSKCUniTV CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAOE (WHai* Oaia Bniarad)
Unclassifiedtf»emwy o ^L.AJt»glCAJiOM 00 Twit *»««/«»»— nm,m «»•»«<
Item 20. (continued)
preparation by making it more interactive. In addition, acomprehensive User's Guide was prepared for use by NPSstudents involved in aircraft survivability/warhead lethalitystudies
.
DD ForiT} 1473 2 „ t r- j1 Jan 73 Uncl ass ified
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
Expansion of the SCAN Endgame Program for Aircraft Survivabilityand
Development of a Supporting User's Guide
by
Jean Paul FournyCaptain, Canadian Armed Forces
B.S.C., Royal Military College, 1973
Submitted in partial fulfillment of therequirement for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING SCIENCE
from
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOLDecember 1982
pa 355
ABSTRACT
This study involved a detailed examination of the air-
craft survivability analysis program called SCAN, and
modification of the pre and post-processing graphics programs
that support the program. The aim was the improvement of the
originally installed version of SCAN at NPS by incorporating
the graphics commands for the new IBM supported terminals,
by increasing the speed of the display process, and by
simplifying the input data preparation by making it more
interactive. In addition, a comprehensive User's Guide was
prepared for use by NPS students involved in aircraft
survivability/warhead lethality studies.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION 10
A. OVERVIEW OF SCAN MODEL 10
B. STRUCTURE AND DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAMCHANGES -- 16
II. ANALYSIS OF SCAN 20
A. NPS SCAN PACKAGE LIMITATIONS 20
B. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PROGRAM CHANGES 2 3
III. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 39
APPENDIX A: NPSCAN USER'S GUIDE -- 42
APPENDIX B: APPLICATION ADDITIONS 95
APPENDIX C: APPLICATION CHANGES -- 129
APPENDIX D: DEFAULT WARHEAD AND CASE FILES 14 5
LIST OF REFERENCES 148
INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST - 149
LIST OF FIGURES
I-l. Method of Target Modelling 12
1-2. Coordinate System Representation 14
1-3. Missile/Warhead Representation 15
1-4. Blast Envelope Representation 17
1-5. Comparative Flowchart of User Required SystemActions 19
II-l. Warhead Interactive Program Flowchart 27
II-2. Case Interactive Program Flowchart 28
II-3. Comparative Flowchart of Vector PlottingSequence 30
II-4. User Level Accessability to Commands andOptions - 31
II -5. Flowchart for Display Change Subroutine -- ^2
II-6. NPSCAN Executive Flowchart 34
A-1. 3-D Representation of A-7 Target Model 44
A-2. 3-D Representation of BQM107 Target Model 45
A-3. A-7 Internal Representation 46
A-4. A-7 Computer Generated Representation 47
A-5. Principle Keys Used with NPSCAN Application 51
LIST OF TABLES
A-1. Warhead Data File Line One 79
A- 2. Warhead Data File Line Two 80
A-3. Warhead Data File Line Three 83
A-4. Warhead Data File Line Four 85
A-5. Warhead Data File Line Five - -- 86
A-6. Case Data File Line One 87
A-7. Case Data File Line Two 88
A-8. Case Data File Line Three 90
A-9. Case Data File Line Four/A/B 92
LIST OF VARIABLES
VARIABLES
Fragment Parameters
VMIN(I)
UMAX CD
ZONMIN(I)
ZONMAX(I)
XWH(I)
DESCRIPTION
Fragment velocity at lower PolarZone Boundary
Fragment velocity at upper PolarZone Boundary
Lower angle of Polar Zone
Upper angle of Polar Zone
Distance from warhead center toinertial fragment position
Fuzing Parameters
FUZPOS
FUZANG
RADMSL
POSNOS
POSTAL
Distance from TDD to warhead center
Fuze look angle
Missile body radius
Distance from contact fuze towarhead center
Distance from warhead center toaft end of missile
Blast Envelope Parameters
FUSBLR
FUSBLl
FUSBL2
WNGBLR
WNGPT1(3)
WNGPT2(3)
Fuselage Blast Radius
Distance from target CG to frontof blast cylinder
Distance from target CG to rearof blast cylinder
Wing Blast Radius
End Point of wing blast centerlinenearest fuselage
End Point of wing blast centerlinenearest wing tip
8
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my appreciation to Professor R. E. Ball,
Naval Postgraduate School, who provided me with direction
and support throughout this study. I also wish to thank
Mr. D. Marr, who provided guidance and insight into the
IBM 3033 system.
I. INTRODUCTION
This thesis examines in detail the SCAN package of
programs as originally installed at the Naval Postgraduate
School with the aim of improving the graphics capability,
speed and ease of use. It investigates some of the limita-
tions of the NPS version in relation to its usefulnes as a
supplement to classroom instruction on the aircraft
survivability/lethality courses and describes the develop-
ment of the resulting program additions and changes. In
addition, the development of a comprehensive User's Guide
for NPS students was undertaken.
A. OVERVIEW OF SCAN MODEL '
To better understand the purpose of this study, a brief
overview of the SCAN application is in order. SCAN provides
an analytical means of assessing aircraft survivability
against a specified missile threat. The encounter between
an airborne target and a fragmentation warhead known as
the endgame is mathematically simulated and impact computa-
tions are carried out for all fragments impacting a geometrical
representation of the target. This type of loodel, as
opposed to a fragment collector model, is less efficient
and more time consuming since it computes all impacts, not
just those at critical points. However, it has the distinct
10
advantage o£ allowing the analyst to experiment with shield-
ing, component relocation, and extended vulnerable components
The added benefits of comparing results against real
experimental data and providing a more realistic graphical
display of the encounter are also possible. SCAN provides
computations of survival probabilities, target hit distri-
butions, and processes the data for statistical summary
and/or graphical output. The actual structure of this
model allows user options in defining target geometry down
to specific component level, vulnerability criteria, warhead
configuration, fuzing parameters, blast envelope parameters,
and encounter conditions. For the purposes of this study,
the target geometric and vulnerability descriptors are
taken as predetermined and fixed for use by students.
However, additional target models are available with special
permission, and these can be modified by more experienced
users. The primary features of this model as listed above,
are summarized as follows:
1. Target Geometric Representation - Analytical equations
characterizing the basic shapes are used in the model and
combined to represent the component structure of the target.
Both internal and external components can be modeled,
and the information used to dimensionalize the components,
is contained in the various target geometry files stored
on disk. Figure I-l illustrates the basic concept. A
11
o
0)
bO>-.
nj
"4-1
o
o
+-»
3GO
12
detailed description of the geometric modelling is provided
in SCAN, Volume I [Ref. 1] and an example of a geometry file
is contained in the User's Guide, Appendix A.
2. Encounter Geometry - The modelling of the encounter
scenario is done using four coordinate systems as depicted
in Figure 1-2. The features of primary importance include
the kinematic and relational descriptors of the target and
missile and the type of trajectory being simulated. The
user has the option of specifying the miss distance of the
missile at the time of detonation, or the miss distance
from the aimpoint at the closest point of approach (CPA)
,
with or without a Monte Carlo sampling specified by a
circular error probable (CEP) . Details of the encounter
geometry modelling can be found in SCAN, Volume I [Ref. 1]
and SCAN, Volume II [Ref. 2], and an example of the Case
Data File is included in Appendix D.
3. Missile Representation - This feature is of primary
importance to the student of a Warhead Lethality course,
allowing him (her) the flexibility to redesign the missile
warhead and fuze to a variety of specifications. Figures
I-3a and b provide a pictorial representation of the
warhead and fuze parameters used in the SCAN model. The
warhead data file is also used to dimensionalize a blast
envelope around the target, which can be extended or reduced
by the user. The mathematical development of the damage
mechanisms resulting from these parameter settings is
13
^RliP
^REF
Pitch
>-YREF
^-YREF
Elevation
'^ *^ » Azimuth
^ ^REF
Figure 1-2. Coordinate System Representation
14
XWH ( I
)
(
. POSTAL
TDD
WARHEAD
VMAX(I)
VMIN(I)
MAX ( I
)
POSNOS
CONTACTFUZE
:>,|FUZPOS -^
Figure 1-3. Missile/Warhead Representation
15
thoroughly treated in SCAN, Volume II [Ref. 2]. A detailed
description of these parameters and their interaction can
also be found in [Ref. 3] and [Ref. 4]. The model for the
blast envelope around the target is pictorially represented
in Figure 1-4.
B. STRUCTURE AND DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM CHANGES
The structure of SCAN consists of three separate computer
programs written in FORTRAN and developed at the Pacific
Missile Test Center: SCANMAIN; SPLGEN and SPDRAW. SCANMAIN
is the primary program and provides the actual analytical
assessment of aircraft survivability against a specified
missile threat. The program was installed at the Naval
Postgraduate School in 1980 by Lieutenant J. Parr [Ref. 5].
The program is well documented and the support literature
is abundant and current . The two graphics support programs
installed at NPS are SPLGEN and SPDRAW. SPLGEN is the
graphics pre-processor which accepts as inputs the target
geometrical file and generates a target vector file for
SPDRAW. SPDRAW accepts as input the target vector file from
SPLGEN, and optionally the target impact file from SCANMAIN,
and processes the data for graphical output based on user
selected options. These two programs were installed at
the Naval Postgraduate School in 1981 by Lieutenant Commander
T. M. Hayes [Ref. 6]. Changes to these two programs and
the creation of two file manipulation programs and an
16
17
interactive control executive program were the major part
of this thesis research.
Under the CMS timesharing system used at NPS, executive
files can contain CMS or CP system commands or EXEC control
statements and can be written and tailored to control special
applications. Many of the burdensome system tasks required
of a user can be eliminated by developing such a file as
a control executive. This was done for the SCAN package
at NPS and named NPSCAN. Figure 1-5 summarizes the system
commands required by the user on the original NPS version
to run the entire application and the reduction of system
commands to one on the revised version.
18
logon
OLD VERSION
Accessdisks, U orarte*
*_-Add 10 Cyld'9
Storage
Copy Target
SPLGEN fxec Load and Run
Print Scsnmary
O Copy CASE Data > xeott
^ '
Cooy WARHEADData >
t-—xedU
1 '
SCANMAIN Exec Load and Run
'
L \ '
O Print Su<nnar?es.
NEW VERSION
OR p*
OfAccess
TektronixLibrary
SPORAW Exec
LOad end Run
Release O'sko
JLlogoff
Figure 1-5. Comparative Flowchart of User Required System Actions
19
II. ANALYSIS OF SCAN
A. NPS SCAN PACKAGE LIMITATIONS
The original SPDRAW program was written in FORTRAN for
the CYBER computer and used a PMTC graphics system dependent
language to drive the particular graphics terminal at
Point Mugu. Appropriate changes were made to the program
when initially installed at NPS to make it compatible with
the IBM 3033, and the graphics commands were translated
to PLOTIO languages for use on the Tektronix 4012 and 4081
Terminals. Since its installation, the School has acquired
the new IBM Dual Screen Management workstations utilizing
the IBM 3277 keyboard terminal and the Tektronix 618
graphics terminal. The DSM stations use the software
dependent GRAF 77 language package and can also be driven
by the ISSCO Telegraph or DISSPLA software packages. The
SPDR^^W PLOTIO commands were translated to the GRAF 77
primitive commands as part of the thesis effort. In addition,
some of the original code was changed. These changes
resulted in four advantages over the original version.
These advantages are:
1. Increased Speed
2. Increased Flexibility
3. Increased Accessibility and
4. Improved Graphics Support
20
The specific subroutine changes and additions resulting
from this translation are contained in Appendix C.
When the initial familiarization and program examination
of SPDRAW was being undertaken at the beginning of the
research period, the graphics plotting speed was noted
as being extremely slow for a computer generated image.
A small improvement in plotting time was noted when the
translation to GRAF 77 was finished, mainly due to the
utilization of hardwired terminals (9600 baud) vice a
modem connected terminal (1200 baud) . After further
examination of the program logic, the discovery was made
that the SPDR.\W line generation routines were calculating
individual vectors, checking their validity, and then
plotting the single vector before going on to the next
vector calculation. A similar procedure was followed for
the target (fragment) impact file. To improve this
situation, two additional storage files were added to the
control executive and introduced into the generation
routines to store all calculated data points prior to any
plotting. In the revised application, all vectors are
first calculated and stored. On completion of all calcula-
tions, the total file is sequentially plotted in one step.
Additional information on this new procedure is provided
in the design section, and the results are discussed
in Chapter III.
21
Students at NPS , as with users in any environment,
can possess widely differing computer experience. Lack
of experience can adversely affect the ability of a user
to successfully implement an application. For this reason,
an interactive program should take into account the
diverse backgrounds and make allowances for the inexperienced
user. An important parallel to this concern is the experience
of the user with the application itself, which must be
taken into consideration if accessibility is to be given
to students whose time is limited, whose familiarity with
the topic is non-existent until the time of the course of
study, and whose opportunity to use the program will be
limited to a few weeks at the end of a course. The time
factor is particularly important in view of the fact
that SCAN is an extensive and complicated application.
Running the three original programs required extensive
reading by the author, which brings up another limitation
of the SCAN package of programs, the lack of comprehensive
documentation. Various components of the package were
documented in different manuals, with the majority of the
documentation on SCANMAIN. For example. Fair [Ref. 3]
discusses the structure of the warhead and case data files
and provides insight into the manipulation of these files
for user defined encounter scenarios and warhead parameters.
Hayes [Ref. 4] provides a useful guide for the control of
22
the complete application and summarizes the function of
SPDRAW, including a descriptive listing of the available
commands and user options. Specific examples are provided
in Hayes' thesis, as well as documented results of a
specific analysis carried out to demonstrate SCAN's capability
Prior to this thesis, no attempt has been made to compile
these various sources into a comprehensive guide. This
fact and the previously listed limitations, were all taken
into account- in the design and development of the resulting
program changes and additions to be discussed in the next
section.
B. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PROGRAM CHANGES
As stated in Section A, the design of an interactive
application should take into account its intended user's
familiarity with computers, as well as their understanding
of and experience with the application itself. Since
familiarity with a package is dynamic and not static,
and regular users quickly pass from a beginning stage to
more demanding users, stepwise learnability was incorporated
into the design changes applied to the NPS version of SCAN.
The concept of stepwise learnability breaks up the amount
of information the user must assimilate into a series of
steps [Ref. 7]. Three distinct levels of interaction were
decided upon during the development of the changes. The
23
following levels were incorporated in SPLGEN, SPDRAW, and
the new control executive program NPSCAN;
1. Novice
2. Intermediary
3. Experienced
Simplicity was a key issue in the design of the control
executive. At the same time, meaningful results were
desired with minimal prerequisite knowledge. In order to
maintain simplicity and clarity without sacrificing
efficiency, the first design decision was to develop the
control executive such that all administrative and technical
requirements to run the programs would be handled auto-
matically, requiring minimal computer experience by the
user and eliminating the problem of bothersome typing errors.
The application simplification is clearly depicted in
Figure 1-5. To maintain clarity, programmed instructions
were provided at all levels of interaction, and the User's
Guide was organized into segments corresponding to each
user level to provide expansion and further explanation
of these instructions. No more information than was required
at each level was provided so as not to burden the user
with confusing detail. To ensure efficiency was not
sacrificed using this approach, each section in the
application was restructured to provide a varying degree
of sophistication and complexity dependent on the user level.
24
Minimal changes were required in SPLGEN, since the
only interaction provided was for line density settings,
target size extension, and debugging print switches.
Setting the debugging switches provided for the Inter-
mediary and Experienced level as an option rather than
an annoying requirement. The option was not offered to
the Novice level, and switches are automatically set to
default. Line density option was reduced to a simple
choice of normal or high density and is offered to all
levels of user. The size extension setting was completely
eliminated and is now automatically provided from within
the Control EXEC and passed to the program as a self-
loading parameter.
The SCANMAIN program is completely non-interactive,
but the input data files to this program are of primary
importance to the user. They are, in fact, the tools
available to the user for exploring the capabilities of
SCAN and for carrying out useful analysis. Their
importance cannot be overemphasized, and the contents of
these files should provide realistic specifications for
the missile and target. A standard default file of each
type (missile warhead, target, and case) was prepared
and they are presented in Appendix D. These default
files are automatically loaded at the Novice level in
order to allow the user to proceed with the application
25
without having to prepare any input data. The Intermediary
level user is provided with the choice of selecting the
default files, or creating and utilizing custom files.
Two programs were developed for this purpose; each program
allows the user to change the primary descriptors within
each file interactively and provides instructive messages
and selective branching options. At the Experienced level,
the user is allowed complete freedom of choice in manipula-
ting the data files through the CMS XEDIT feature
incorporated into the control executive. Guidance for
manipulating each descriptor is provided in the User's
Guide given in Appendix A. Details of the two file
manipulation programs, are contained in Appendix B and
are flowcharted in Figures II-l and II-2.
The principle interactive program within the SCAN
package is SPDRAW. This program underwent several modifi-
cations during the progress of the thesis. As outlined
in Section A, translation of the graphics commands was
the initial change, followed by the later amalgamation
of both PLOTIO and GRAFF 77 into the same program, to
allow the user the choice of terminal types. These
changes are detailed in Appendix C.
The next change to SPDRAW was the restructuring of
the line generation routines to enhance the speed of the
graphics display process. This change required the
addition of two temporary storage files to the file
26
BoQtn
InUfalfzatfonand Format
Read Ftis
OTagnostIc MENU Select
true
false
Modtfy PolarZone Parameters
trv»
false
Modffy FuzingParameters
true
false
Modffy aiastParaiMters
true PrTnt Suwiiary
true
Store on Disk ENO
Value SuDToutTne
Value Subrouttne
Value Subroutfna
Figure II -1. Warhead Interactive Program Flowchart
27
false
false
false
Begin
InlttallzaUonana Formal
Reao FUe
MENU Select
trueAll Parameters
true
Value Sutroutlne
< J
MfsstleParameters
Value Subroutine
< 1
truePrint Summary
falseDiagnosticMessage
true
Store on Olsk
ENO
Figure II-2. Case Interactive Program Flowchart
28
definition for SPDRAW. A flowchart depicting the sequences
of actions for the original and new version is found in
Figure II -3.
The major additions and changes to SPDRAW were made
to accomodate the three levels of user. The breakdown
of command and option parameters for the three levels
are shown in Figure II-4. The Novice level is provided
with simple graphical capability including axes and
fragment impact plotting. Control actions are provided
through function key selection, with some numerical data
entry. The Intermediary level user is provided with
increased flexibility and options, while simplicity of
selection is maintained using function keys and basic
numeric data entry. The Experienced level user is provided
the complete spectrum of graphic commands and options
with control being maintained through more flexible
typed command and option descriptors. All levels of user
are provided with instructive messages, menu selection,
diagnostics, and access to a newly written dynamic
screen subroutine. This subroutine allows display mani-
pulation without reentering a new PICTURE command.
Details of this subroutine are flowcharted in Figure II -5.
Additions and changes to SPDRAW are provided in Appendix C.
Another major contribution was the development of
the control executive to replace the five original
execs used with the NPS version [Ref. 4]. These five
29
ODl'on Setting
NEW VERSION
SelectiveBranching
Calculate vector
T0$t Valtdlly
Scale Routine
Store vector InFl le
No
ye«
Plot nie
Return
OLD VERSION
Calculate vector
-i»
Test Validity
Scale Routine
Plot Vector
NOL*<tEritr>N2
Return
Figure II-3 Comparative Flowchart o£ Vector Plotting Sequence
30
t I
u (.:t.
OC;X
rv
oI t
LDtn
W
w
2:o
a.o
o
co•H+->
o
(/)
ouo+->
•M•H
CO
to
uu<
>
3
•H
31
Bogfn
cnange Factor
Tru«
OtsDl«y 'nfonessags
ActtonSelection MENU
ADO Factor
SUBTRACT Factor
FalM
Of agnostic
Figure II-5. Flowchart for Display Change Subroutine
32
programs ranged from three lines of code to ten lines of
coce and provided the file definitions, global statements,
and loading commands for SPLGEN, SCANMAIN, and SPDRAW.
The new version, called NPSCAN, is ten pages in length,
contains five hundred lines of code, and is designed to
be completely interactive. The exec is written to
encompass two (three with further expansion) graphics
languages and a variety of graphics displays. It can
also be used with the standard non-graphical terminals
to provide statistical data only. It provides the user
with maximum flexibility but requires minimum user
knowledge of the system by providing automatic program
control, three levels of interaction, and self -helping
instructions and diagnostics throughout the application.
The flowchart for NPSCAN is depicted in Figure II-6,
and details are contained in Appendix B.
33
Ivgtn
Inlro<X»ctopyM*«Mg«
Lfnk ScanPrograms and
Temtnal MENU
Sex Flag
Advf»ory ooNon-GrapH'cs
Tornlnal
CNO
Otagnostfc
CNO
Lfr* Graontc*Lfbrarfes and
add 10cyl !nder» of
y 01
No
Ym
Prtnt Suaaary
K)
Figure II -6. NPSCAN Executive Flowchart
34
Sei*ct UtorL«v«1 irx) S«t
nag/
/V\NV *>-••» -^ «• •».
T«rg*t MENU /—f
\\\/
/y
^ — . — ..—/
Ye« Copy lox
v««Copy A7
Ye*Copy 30M107
Ye*Read f\ lenaae
Olagnosttc
Set Extension
Yt«
<>No
Load and RunNPCEN
K)
Figure II-6. (Continued)
35
9Suwnary MENU
for IBUa FORTRAN
Ya«
Yes Type SunRary hXTer«tn«r
resPr tnt Suomary
Ye«Type Suaoary at
Terra (n«lPrint Sioaery
Ofagnosttc
cnecK U5«r Pi«g/\\
C N
. — _/
OefauUFf les CAS€ File
±_1
WARHEAD FTIe
CASE Ftle
WARHEAD Ft)*
Load and RunSCANHAIN ^
Figure II-6. (Continued)
36
>Ft1« Oplton Me»4U
Copy DefaultFile
Retvj-n
Read cu9to« rile j>|w^ T«« Copy Ftle
F40
Copy DefaultFTIe
CheckUser FlagLoad Program or
xEorr
^•« Read Custom F»ie od rr No
NO
D(agno«tfc
YM
Oieck User FlagLoad Progran or
XEOfr
Copy F!1eChanges
PEtu-n
Return
Figure II-6. (Continued)
37
No
OtaTVJstTc
YM
YW
Yes
Lottd ano RunSCANMAIN
Pr tnt Sun«erte»MENU **5AN£ AS
PREVIOUS** NOTE Refer to rtgurel-6(c)
Load and PunNPORAU
Brancntng MENU
Return to A
Rettrn to B
Return to C
Ye«3-0 PlotPackage
i '
Ye«Release Ofske
,/'I
END
Figure II-6. (Continued)
38
III. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
The SCAN package of programs is a valuable tool to
the Endgame analyst, and with the changes and additions
to the NPS version, should provide a useful and easy
to use supplement to the Warhead Lethality and Aircraft
Survivability courses taught at the School. The objectives
of this study outlined in the Introduction were achieved
and a summary of the results is given below.
Translation of the graphics commands to GIL'\F 77
resulted in four advantages. First of all, additional
flexibility with the addition of a new language is
evident by the increased useability, not only at NPS,
but at other institutions. Second, accessibility at
NPS is improved because of the large number of new IBM
terminals that were acquired for the NPS system. Third,
increased data transmission speed over that of the modem
connected terminals was achieved since all IBM terminals
are hardwired. Fourth, improved graphics support
available for the new system terminals, although not
optimal at present, will increase and improve as the
system matures.
Restructuring the vector generation routines to
calculate all values before commencing the plotting
sequence had a significant effect on the speed of the
39
display process. An example of some o£ the observed
time differences is as follows: display of a simple box
target using the old version, PLOTIO (1200 baud terminal)
was 69 seconds ; the new version GRAF 77 (hardwired) used
1 second; for a complicated A-7 target display, the old
version took 257 seconds; the new version took 24 seconds
(these times include the fragment impact and axes generation)
.
Testing times were taken during non-duty hours when
computer usage was not heavy.
Development of three user levels will ensure that
SCAN can be used to obtain desired results with minimum
prerequisite knowledge and to provide flexibility and
increased sophistication for the more experienced user.
A breaking-in period of application usage by non-
experienced users is necessary in order to assess effectively
the achievement of this aim. Further refinement may be
required at a later date after the revised version has
been implemented and used.
The objectives of simplicity, clarity, and efficiency
were achieved through the development of NPSCAN Control
Program and the file manipulation programs. User knowledge
of the computer system has been minimized. The addition
of instructional messages and diagnostics to all inter-
active segments should prove useful even to the most
seasoned users of SCAN.
40
The documentation that was compiled will provide each
level of user with only that information that is necessary
at that level and will eliminate the need to research
additional sources, except of course in the case of the
more advanced users.
One final note is concerning the research done to
translate the graphics commands for DISSPLA and implement
its use in the application. A custom executive was designed
and incorporated into the Control Exec and used successfully
in running a simple test program. When it was more carefully
analyzed, it proved to be unsuitable for an interactive
program such as SPDRAW, and was discarded. However, its
use in development of a 3-D Plot Package at the conclusion
of the application session could prove most useful and
is recommended for further research.
41
APPENDIX A
NPSCAN USER'S GUIDE
SECTION
I. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
A. Introduction
B. Description of Application Programs
C. NPSCAN Executive Program
II. NOVICE LEVEL
A. Introduction
B. NPGEN Program
C. NPDRAW Program
III. INTERMEDIARY LEVEL
A. Introduction
B. NPGEN Program
C. PROGl and PROGl File Programs
D. NPDRAW Program
IV. EXPERIENCED LEVEL
A. Introduction
B. Listing of Abbreviations
C. NPDRAW Program
V. TROUBLE SHOOTING
A. Principle Parameter Tables for Case and Warhead Files
B. Common System Difficulties
42
I. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
A. Introduction
NPSCAN refers to the Naval Postgraduate School version of
SCAN and specifically represents the control executive used
to drive the application programs herein referred to as:
1. SCANMAIN - Survivability assessment program
2. NPGEN - Graphics pre-processor
3. NPDRAW - Graphics post-processor
4. PROGl - Interactive case file raagnipulation program
5. PR0G2 - Interactive warhead file manipulation program
SCAN was originally developed at the Pacific Missile Test
Center for the purposes of analyzing aircraft survivability
to missile threats and providing detailed damage estimates
down to the component level. Users of the NPS version have
access to three target models and with special permission can
obtain codenames for additional models. Figures A-1 and A-2
depict a 3-D view of the A7 and BQM107 models that students
can work with. In addition, a simple BOX model is provided
and is recommended for first time users to familiarize
themselves with the commands and options in NPDRAW. It should
be noted that BOX has external components only. Figures A-
3
and A-4 depict an internal representation of the A7 target
and its computer generated counterpart.
43
Figure A-1. 3-D Representation of A-7 Target Model
44
-^—
^
Figure A- 2. 3-D Representation of BQM107 Target Model
45
TAIL POSITION LIGHT
FORMATION LIGHT
POSITION
LEADINGEDGE F
UPPERANTICQLLISIONLIGHT (Lowerlight not shown)
Formation light
AIR REFUELINGRECEPTACLE
FUEL SUMP TANK
SPEED BRAKE
AVIONICS BAYIRH not (hownl
LOX BOTTLE(10 Liltrl
EMERGENCY POWER(RAT) PACKAGE(RH Side)
AIR-CONDITIONINGTURBINE
AN/APQ-126RADAR
*On aircraft -* {361 center wing formation light •> aft and to Itft of anticollilion light.
••On aircraft (271 - (459) alter T.O. 1A-7O620
Figure A-3. A-7 Internal Representation
46
Figure A-4. A- 7 Computer Generated Representati on
47
Two files are provided to the user to describe the
encounter scenario and the missile/warhead parameters. These
are the case data file and the warhead data file. More
information will be provided on these files in the respective
user level sections.
B. Description of the Application Programs
SCANMAIN is the principle program in this package. It
simulates the missile-target encounter mathematically and
computes the expected damage. The three previously mentioned
files (target, case, and warhead) are the input to this
program and the output includes two printable summaries
called SCANl and SCAN2, and the machine coded impact data used
for NPDRAW. SCANl provides a descriptive summary of the
target geometry, and SCAN2 is a summary of all the inputted
endgame parameters, the damage results for the components,
and the system and subsystem survivability statistics.
NPGEN is the graphics pre-processor for the package.
This program accepts the predefined target geometry file
as input and sets up the machine coded target data for
NPDRAW. If desired, the user can obtain an echo print of
the inputted file at the end of program execution. This
print will also contain the number of target vectors generated
and can provide additional statistics on line generation if
debugging switches are preset (this is a user dependent option)
48
NPDRAW is the actual graphics processor. It accepts the
two machine -coded files generated by NPGEN and SCANMAIN as
input and provides the user with a graphical display of the
target and fragment impacts. It contains a variety of commands
and options for the user which vary in complexity depending
on user level selected.
PROGl and PR0G2 file manipulation programs allow the
Intermediary user the ability to interactively modify the
principle parameters in the case and warhead files to his own
design specifications. These programs will be described in
more detail in Section III.
C. NPSCAN Executive Program
NPSCAN was developed to automatically control the CP/CMS
system commands on the IBM 3033 required to run the above
listed programs, thus removing this burden from the student.
It will handle the graphics application in PLOTIO or GRAFF77
graphics languages, depending on which terminal type the
student logs in on, or alternatively, will generate statistical
data only if logged on to a standard data media terminal
without graphics capability. The program is written to be
used interactively to provide simplicity and clarity, however,
the user can experience difficulty or program crash if data
is incorrectly entered. Typical causes of user problems
are discussed in Section V - TROUBLE SHOOTING. The procedure
to be followed to get a copy of the NPSCAN EXEC on your disk
is as follows:49
1. Link to the SCAN disk.
Type - CP LINK 0559P 191 192 RR - and enter
2. When prompted for the pass word type - XXXX - and enter
Type - ACC 192 B - and enter
3. Copy the executive onto your A disk.
Type - COPY NPSCAN EXEC B = = A - and enter
4. Release the SCAN disk.
Type - REL 192 (DET - and enter
Once you have a copy o£ NPSCAN, simply enter NPSCAN and
the program will automatically run. It begins by requesting
the same password used in the previous procedure, which is
"XXXX". Applicable libraries and applications programs will
be linked. The primary terminal keys required to operate this
package are the CLEAR (PAGE) key, ENTER (RETURN) key, and
numeric keypad at the top of the keyboard, as depicted in
Figure A- 5. The numeric keypad doubles as a function key
select when followed by ENTER. Do not confuse these with
PF keys which have no use in this application. On the modem
connected terminals, such as the TEKTRONIX 4114, the alpha-
numeric portion of the screen can be cleared using the
scrolling knobs. Other non-hardwired terminals are not
recommended for two reasons: first the screen alphanumerics
tend to overwrite the graphics, making the application
display cluttered and confusing; second, all modem connected
terminals including the 4114 are much slower than the
hardwired terminals.
50
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l-l
<um
ot^
c,o
•H•MU
1^mQD;mQ^g^m
fi
Xs
5-t
c
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r
emi
W
wCL
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CO
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P-
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0)
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pu•HUc•H
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LD
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•H
51
Users begin an application run by selecting the numeric
key corresponding to the terminal type being used and is
self-explanatory.
******************************************** ** *^ TEKTRONIX 618 1 %
t TEKTRONIX 4012,4081,4114 2 ^
I NONE OF THE ABOVE 3 |
I EXIT PROGRAM 4 |* ********************************************
The program will then access ten extra cylinders of
storage space and link to the applicable graphics libraries
for the application. This procedure will vary in time
depending on how busy the system is. Upon completion of
the setup, the next menu block allows the user the choice
of viewing his revised disk space allocation before continuing
The user will then be requested to select the level he
wishes to use. Beginners should always start at the Novice
level to avoid confusing details and options.
****************************************A *
^ NOVICE LEVEL 1 I* *
% INTERMEDIARY LEVEL 2 t
I EXPERIENCED LEVEL 3 ^
I EXIT PROGRAM 4 t* *****************************************
After the user level has been selected, the target model
menu is presented. As previously mentioned, users should
select the simplest model to familiarize themselves with
52
the program before continuing with a more complicated target,
since the other models require much more computer time to
simulate. Returning to the simplest model should be repeated
each time a new level is selected so that valuable computer
time is not wasted in the NPDRAW segment experimenting with
new options and commands.
************************************** *
^ BOX 1 ^* *
^ A-7 2 ^it it
t BQM-107 3 t* *
3? SPECIAL (SEE PROF. BALL FOR ^* *
t AUTHORITY FIRST) 4 ^* **************************************
Choice of targets is self-explanatory for 1, 2 or 3. The
Special Target Option, 4, can be used if the correct codename
and required maximum extension are obtained from Professor
Ball. The program will the load and execute NPGEN. At its
conclusion, a summary menu for the printable output which is
self-explanatory will appear.
********************************************* *
I NO SUMMARY 1 %
i SUMMARY AT TERMINAL ONLY 2 %* A
^ SUMMARY AT PRINTER ONLY 3 ^* *
I SUMMARY AT TERMINAL AND PRINTER 4 t* *
% EXIT PROGRAM 5 %* *********************************************
The next segment involves the case and warhead file
selection, and since program flow is dependent on user level.
53
it will be discussed in detail within each of the user level
sections ill ^ III, and IV). At the conclusion of file selection,
the primary program SCANMAIN will be loaded and executed. On
completion of the execution, two summary menus will appear
sequentially for each of the printable output files discussed
in the Introduction (SCANl and SCAN2) . The summary options
are identical in format to those shown above for the NPGEN
program. At this point, the program will either branch to the
final menu if the user is logged on to a non-graphics terminal,
or load and execute NPDRAW prior to branching if a graphics
terminal is being used. The final menu will allow the user
to return to any one of several locations in the package or
to exit the program. The options are as follows:
****************************************
% SELECT NEW USER LEVEL 1 ^
% SELECT NEW TARGET 2 ^* *
t MODIFY MISSILE FILES 3 %* 2t RE -LOAD NPDRAW 4 t* *
% 3-D PLOT PACKAGE 5 ^
^ EXIT PROGRAM 6 t* *****************************************
Option 3, Modify Missile Files, is useful only to the Intermediary
and Experienced levels. When the program executive is exited
correctly, the previously accessed disks and libraries will
be released. In case of a program crash anywhere during the
application, refer to Section V.
54
II. NOVICE LEVEL
A. Introduction
The Novice level is intended to quickly introduce the
new user to the overall application and familiarize him with
the basic capabilities of SCANMAIN and NPDRAW. All non-
selectable options will be automatically set to default values,
and predefined case and warhead files are generated at this
level. In addition to the information already outlined in
Section I, the user is provided with the subsequent guide
for NPGEN and NPDRAW programs.
B. NPGEN Program
This program contains the pre-processing necessary to
set up the target vector file. At the Novice level, the
debugging switches mentioned in Section I are not available
to the user and therefore are set to default values. The
target extension is automatically loaded from the executive
program, and the user is given the choice of selecting
either normal or high density for line drawings as depicted
below.
% *
$ NORMAL DENSITY 1 t
t HIGH DENSITY 2 %* $* ***********************************
At the end of program execution, the user is offered the
option of printed summary.
55
C. NPDRAW Program
Four commands and eight drawing options are made available
through use of Function keys and standard numerical data
input. These functions are purposefully restricted, but are
sufficient to allow the user to understand the primary functions
of NPDRAW and manipulate the more important parameters.
Command MENU
it it
^ DRAW TARGET 1 ^
I SET OPTIONS 2 t
^ LIST AXES 3 $
t EXIT PROGRAM 4 ^* ** ************************************
1. DRAW TARGET is enabled by entering numeric key 1.
It will prompt the user to enter desired values of azimuth,
elevation, and rotation for the display. These angles may
range from to 360 degrees and can be entered in either real
or integer format. An optional value can be entered for
size, but is not required. After the picture has been dis-
played, a special menu will appear. Function keys in this
menu allow the user to increment or decrement the azimuth,
elevation or rotation by a ten degree (default value) factor
without having to re-enter the draw command parameters.
The user may also reset this increment factor to any number
between and 90 degrees or reduce the screen display scale
to one-half, one-third or one-quarter the preset full
screen size.
56
**************************************************** *
t INCREMENT --- (FK) **** DECREMENT --- (FK) t* ** *
% AZIMUTH 1 AZIMUTH 2 ^
t ELEVATION 3 ELEVATION 4 t
J ROTATION 5 ROTATION 6 t* *
^ SCALING 7 SCALING 8 t* *
^ NEW COMMAND 9 RESET INCREMENT 10 ^* ****************************************************
2. SET OPTIONS is enabled by entering numeric key 2.
It will shift. the user from the command mode to the option
mode. The user will be presented a descriptive summary of
current option settings as shown in the example.
"1" - A one follows a component type that is set on
for display. There are two component types, external
and internal.
"0" - A zero follows a component type that is set off
and not to be displayed.
"T" -AT follows an option descriptor that is currently
true.
"F" - An F follows an option descriptor that is currently
false.
Example of Option Setting Display:
CURRENT OPTIONS
"1" = ON "0" = OFF "T" = TRUE "F" = FALSE
EXTERNAL COMPS 1 INTERNAL COMPS ERASE BACK LINES F
SPECIAL OPTIONS OFF T PLOT IMPACTS F DRAW AXES F
57
This describes a display that will plot external target
components without erasing hidden lines and that has no
special options. Following the option setting display, the
option menu will appear.
Option MENU
^ EXTERNAL COMPS * 1 *
t INTERNAL COMPS 2 ** *
% DRAW ALL LINES * 3 *ii it
% REMOVE HIDDEN LINES 4 *
t NO MORE CHANGES 5 t
I S PLOT IMPACTS 6 *
t S DRAW AXES 7 ** $% CANCELL S OPTIONS * 8 *
itititit^itii:k:kitititicieititifkifki(:kititicieititifit^itit:kitit
Items suffixed by an "asterisk (*)" refer to original default
settings when the program is loaded. Items prefixed by an
"S" refer to special options.
a. EXTERNAL COMPS is used to set display for
plotting external components only.
b. INTERNAL COMPS is used to set display for
plotting internal components only.
c. DRAW ALL LINES draws applicable component type
with all vectors found in target file.
d. REMOVE HIDDEN LINES tests each vector for
from user's perspective and erases all hidden
lines before plotting.
58
e. NO MORE CHANGES returns the user to conunand mode.
£. S PLOT IMPACTS enables the plotting of fragment
impacts over the target as calculated by SCANMAIN.
g. S DRAW AXES superimposes an XYZ axes through the
target model center. Tick spacing can be adjusted
through the LIST AXES command,
h. CANCELLS OPTIONS turns off all previously set
special options and returns them to false.
3. LIST AXES is enabled by entering numeric key 3 from
the command menu. This provides the user with the current
XYZ grid extensions, origin, and tick spacing. The user
may adjust the tick space value. The default value is "LO".
4. EXIT PROGRAM is enabled by entering numeric key 4,
This returns the user to the NPSCAN executive program and
provides the final branching menu described in Section I.
59
III. INTERMEDIARY LEVEL
A. Introduction
The Intermediary level provides the user with two extensions
to the application. First and foremost is access to the
case and warhead files. The user can modify and customize
the principle parameters contained in these files interactively.
Second, expanded command and option descriptors are available
for display. The format for data entry is the same as
described for the Novice level. If you have not already run
the application at the Novice level, it is recommended that
you go back and do so before reading on.
B. NPGEN Program
In addition to the choice of line density setting, the
intermediary user has access to a set of debugging switches
which will provide additional line generation statistics
at the end of program execution. The listing of debugging
switches is shown below and is strictly optional.
2 - All prints concerned with line generation
3 - Line generation of bounding planes
4 - Line generation of elliptic cylinders
5 - Line generation of ellipsoids
6 - Line generation of paraboloids
7 - Line generation of elliptic cones
60
8 - Line generation of parabolic cylinders
9 - Line generation of hyperboloid 1
10 - Line generation of hyperboloid 2
11 - Line generation of parobolic hyperboloid
12 - Line generation of hyperbolic bounding planes
13 - Line generation of parabolic bounding planes
14 - Line generation of elliptical bounding planes
16 - Listing of target vectors
19 - Retrieval of components from target array
20 - Maximum extents, optical centers and number oflines for each component
- Null setting no activation takes place
Typing in the integer number representing switch will
activate it. The user will be prompted ten times. However,
if the user wishes only to activate a few switches, these
should be entered first, followed by "0" for all remaining
prompts. Following this, the program will continue with
normal execution. If the user wishes to have a printed
listing concerning a specific component, the component
number is entered as a negative value to distinguish it from
other switches. For example -2002 will turn on all line
generation prints for Quadric No. 2.
C. PRQGl and PRQG2
These two programs provide the intermediary user with
interactive control of the case and warhead data files.
The user will be provided with a file manipulation menu prior
to each file selection.61
-^ USE DEFAULT FILE 1 ^
t USE CUSTOM FILE 2 ^it it
t MODIFY DEFAULT FILE 3 t
t MODIFY CUSTOM FILE 4 ^* **itii***it**ifftitifkitifkitii*ititit*itifkitifititifftiiifii*
1. USE DEFAULT FILE will copy the applicable default
file from disk and load it into SCANMAIN as was done at the
Novice level.
2. USE CUSTOM FILE will copy and load a user defined file
that was previously created and saved under a user defined
name
.
3. MODIFY DEFAULT FILE will copy the applicable default
file and load it into the PROGl or PR0G2 program. The user
will then be given instructions on flipping through the file
parameters and selectively changing or saving current values.
The formats are as follows for the two program Menus.
PROGl (Warhead File) PR0G2 (Case File)********************************* *************************** if ** * *
^ FRAGMENT PARAMETERS 1 * *ALL PARAMETERS 1 ^
t FUZING PARAMETERS 2 t *MISSILE PARAMETERS 2*
t BLAST ENVELOPE PARAMETERS 3 t *PRINT SUMMARY 3 *
it it "^ ^
t PRINT SUMMARY 4 t *EDITING COMPLETE 4 *
t EDITING COMPLETE ^ *I *
********************************* **************************
To assist the user in identifying specific parameters, Tables
A-1 through A-9 are provided in Section V. These include
62
the parameter description, units of measure, and in some
cases a pictorial representation. Once the user has selected
a parameter segment from the particular menu, the current
values from the file will be given in sequence with their
definition and a request to accept the value or change it to
a new value.
***************************
I CHANGE VALUE 1 ^* *
t NO CHANGE 2 t***************************
On completion of one segment of parameters, the user will
be returned to the selection menu to select the next segment,
view a summary of parameters, or exit the program. These
segments can be accessed in any order and as often as desired
until the user is satisfied with all changes. The EDITING
COMPLETE key is final and terminates the program. Therefore,
it is recommended that the user carefully check all values
using the PRINT SUMMARY option first. Once the program is
exited, the user will be given the choice of making a
permanent copy of the modified file on his A-disk. To avoid
confusion, the user should not give it the same name as the
default files, but should select a name that is similar for
easy recall. Also, clear distinction between the filenames
of a case-type file and warhead-type file should be maintained
by the user to prevent inadvertent loading of a customized
case file into the warhead program (PROGl) or vice-versa,
resulting in a system crash.
63
4. MODIFY CUSTOM FILE will load a previously saved file
into the PROGl or PR0G2 programs for further modification,
after checking the validity of the file. The same procedure
described in MODIFY DEFAULT FILE is followed for accessing
and changing parameter values.
D. NPDRAW Program
The intermediary user is provided with eight commands
and fifteen options. The command menu is as follows:
*********************************
I DMW TARGET 1 ** 2^ SET OPTIONS 2 %
t EXIT PROGRAM 3 **
% SET APERTURE 4 *
t HIDDEN LINE LENGTH 5 *
t SET LINE TOLERANCE 6 %* tt SET ANGLE TOLERANCE 7 ** "
^ LIST AXES 8*
* **********************************
1. DRAW TARGET is enabled in the same manner as described
in the Novice level section, however, the type of data to
be input by the user will depend on the options that are
currently set and will be discussed in detail below.
2. SET OPTIONS will transfer the user to the option
mode, provide him with the current listing of option settings,
and present an option menu that is somewhat expanded from the
Novice level.
64
Option MENU (Intermediary)
A A ^
IEXTERNAL COMPS 1
|CARTESIAN COORDS 9 ^
t INTERNAL COMPS 2 t SPHERICAL COORS 10 f
IDRAW ALL LINES 3 ****SPECIAL OPTIONS********!
I^RASE HIDDEN LINES 4
|S DRAW WITH DOTS 11 f
IOPTICAL CENTER 5
|S PLOT IMPACTS 12 I
IEXPLICIT CENTER 6 I S DRAW AXES 13 |
IPARALLEL PROJ 7
|CANCELL S OPTIONS 14 I
IPERSPECTIVE PROJ 8
|NO MORE CHANGES 15 I
********** *****-kiticic****i:it***i:it*i:i:f:*it***it***iiiiis*it*it**it**
"0", "1", "T", and "F" have the same significance as
with the Novice level. "2" signifies the applicable component
type is set on and to be displayed with dots vice interconnected
vectors. Options 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 13, 14 and 15 are the same
as described in the Novice level. Only the new options will
be discussed in this section.
a. OPTICAL CENTER is the default setting and places
the display center or origin in the center of the
target.
b. EXPLICIT CENTER allows the user to specify the
XYZ center of the plot during picture sequences.
c. PARALLEL PROJ is the default projection option
and displays the target at optimum viewing
distance from the viewer so that it fills the
full screen on each projection. This can be
overridden by the user during a picture sequence
65
in two ways; by specifying the optional size
parameter, or by changing the screen scaling.
When set, this option will result in user prompts
for azimuth, elevation and rotation.
d. PERSPECTIVE PROJ requires the user to specify
the range in addition to the azimuth, elevation,
and rotation.
e. SPHERICAL COORDS is the default setting and is
applicable with either of the two previously
mentioned options.
f. CARTESIAN COORDS overrides the three previous
options and requires the user to provide XYZ
viewer coordinates prior to the picture
sequence. Rotation and optional size remain
in effect.
g. DRAW WITH DOTS will set the component type to
"2" and display the components with dots instead
of the normal vectors. The spacing of dots will
depend on the line segment setting and is
normally more time consuming to draw.
3. SET APERTURE command displays the current viewing
aperture and allows the user to reset this value. The
default setting is ten degrees. For rectangular plotting
surfaces it is mapped to the full length of the smaller side.
66
4. HIDDEN LINE LENGTH displays the current maximum
length of a line segment to be drawn or removed based on
the visibility of its midpoint. The default value is 10.0
inches and can be reset by the user.
5. SET LINE TOLERANCE displays the current scale factor
for hidden line removal and prevents adjacent surfaces or
far side open surfaces from being eliminated during hidden
line removal. The default value is 0.500 and can be reset
by the user.
6. SET ANGLE TOLERANCE displays the minimum angular
limit for hidden line removal and is used to check line
segments of quadric surfaces only if the angle between the
line of sight and surface normal is greater than this
limit. The default value is 98 degrees and can be reset by
the user.
7. EXIT PROGRAM and LIST AXES commands are the same
as those described in Section II.
67
IV. EXPERIENCED LEVEL
A. Introduction
The experienced level provides the user with the full
range of commands and options available. Program control
is achieved by function keys, numerical data entry, and a
more flexible set of typed commands in the NPDRAW program.
The manipulation of case and warhead files is done by the
direct Xedit feature built into the control executive.
Therefore, normal Xedit commands used with the CP/CMS
system are fully usable. Care must be taken when making
changes to files to ensure that integers are right justified
and placed in the correct columns. Tables A-1 through
A-9 provide all the necessary information to assist the
user with this segment of the package. NPGEN features
are identical to those described at the intermediary
level
.
B. Listing of Abbreviations
The following listing of abbreviations is to be used
in conjunction with the examples given to describe each
of the experienced level commands in NPDRAW. All values
are free format.
68
Abbreviation Description
AZ Azimuth value in degrees
EL Elevation value in degrees
ROT Rotation value in degrees
R Range value used with sphericalcoordinates
SZ Size extension given as an optionalparameter
SN Debugging switch ID number
XC,YC,ZC XYZ coordinates for center of plot
XV,YV,ZV XYZ coordinates for viewer location
XL,YL,ZL XYZ extensions from the origin
NV New value entered by user to replacea default value
FR# Number of frames used in a SCENEsequence
D** D preceeding any other parameterrepresents an incremental change inthat parameter
CT Component type; examples are B(OX),Q(UADRIC), P(OLYGON)
CN Component identification number
TS Tick spacing value for axes drawing
T Viewing time in a SCENE command
C. NPDRAW Program
The commands available to the user are described in the
subsequent paragraphs. They are shown in upper-case leters
with their optional parts in parenthesis.
69
1. EN(D) terminates the execution of NPDRAW and
returns control to the executive program.
2. P(ICTURE) is the basic drawing command and may be
used alone or with numeric parameters as illustrated in
the examples. If typed without parameters, the appropriate
prompts will be given to the user interactively.
Example 1: P AZ^ EL ROT (SZ)
Current option setting; parallel projection; spherical
coordinates; optical center.
Example 2: P R AZ EL ROT (SZ)
Current option setting; perspective projection; spherical
coordinates; optical center.
Example 3: PXVYVZVXCYCZ_C ROT (SZ)
Current option setting; cartesian coordinates; explicit
center.
3. SC(ENE) allows the user to view a sequence of frames
and can be set like PICTURE in a variety of ways dependent
on current options. Prior to initializing the first SCENE
command, FRAMECOUNT must be typed in. Following this,
SCENE is initialized by typing it in alone or with the
appropriate numerical parameters. Next, type in FRAMECOUNT 1,
after which another SCENE command or a STEP command must be
used. If followed by SCENE, the program will display the
initial scene followed by the user specified number of frames
in sequence up to and including the final scene specified
70
in the second SCENE command. Alternatively if STEP is used,
the program will display the initial scene followed by the
user specified number of frames in sequence, with each frame
varying by some specified parameter change (s). See examples
for clarification.
Example 1 (Using Scene command twice)
:
FR
SC T R AZ EL ROT (SZ)
FR 1
SC FR#_ R AZ EL ROT (SZ)
Current option setting; cartesian coordinates; optical
center.
Example 2 (Using Scene command twice)
:
FR
SC T XV YV ZV ROT (SZ_)
FR 1
SC FR# XV YV ZV ROT (SZ)
Current option setting; cartesian coordinates; optical
center.
Example 3 (Using Scene and Step command)
:
FR
SC T XV YV ZV ROT (SZ_)
FR 1
ST FRJ DXV DYZ DZV DXC DYC DZC DROT DSZ
Current option setting; cartesian coordinates; optical
center.
71
Any one or more numerical parameters may be varied in the
STEP command, but all must be specified.
4. SY(STEM) or SU(BSYSTEM) allows the user to specify
a list of components and display them as an independent sub-
system. To create the list the user must specify those
components by type and component number following the
command, as illustrated in subsequent examples. If the
command is typed without a listing of parameters, it will
display the currently defined subsystem list if one exists.
Example: SY CT CN CT CNl CN2_, etc.
CT and CN must correspond to existing component types and
identification numbers in the current target being simulated
5. AX(ES) allows the user to either display the
current origin, extensions, and tick increments, or change
them accordingly. To actually view the axes, the AXIS
option must first be set to true before using the P(ICTURE)
or SC(ENE) command.
Example: AXTSXCYCZCXLYLZL
To change the' current setting from:
CENTER AT 0.0 0.0 0.0
LENGTH 50.0 50.0 10.0
TICK SPACE 1.0
to the following;
CENTER 5.0 5.0 0.0
LENGTH 100.0 100.0 10.0
TICK SPACE 5.0
72
the user would type in:
AX _5 _5 5^ 100 1^
6. D(EBUG) allows the user to set a variety of debug
switches similar to those discussed in NPGEN when working
with a new target model. The swtiches are set by entering
the integer number representing the switch following the
command. Typing the command alone will provide a listing
of the current switches. Useful switches available to the
user are as follows:
Switch Description
1 Command text analysis.
15 Trace of target line data as it is read.
17 Hidden line removal, line segment generation.
18 Hidden line removal, hidden algorithm results
19 Hidden line removal, component retrieval.
21 Cross section intermediate results.
25 Axes intermediate results.
Example: D SN will output DEBUGGING SWITCHES SN and
will list the results prior to the next graphics display.
7. O(PTION) is the most versatile command in this
grouping and allows the user to reset any one or more of
twenty-four different option parameters. The parameter (s)
is typed in after the command O(PTION) and is followed by
a descriptive summary of the current option settings.
Available options to the experienced user are listed below:
73
Parameter Description
EXTL Draw external components with lines.
EXTD Draw external components with dots.
NOEX Do not draw external components,
INTL Draw internal components with lines.
INTD Draw internal components with dots,
NOI Do not draw internal components,
DR Draw all vectors in target file,
HI Remove vectors hidden from viewerperspective.
CTRO Optical center of target = centerof plot,
CTRE User specified center = center ofplot,
NOP Generate parallel projection
P Generate perspective projection.
SP Viewer position given in sphericalcoordinates with 3-D plot center asorigin,
CA Viewer position given in targetmodel coordinate system,
NOS Cancels all special plot options.
Special Options
AX Draw cartesian axes through targetmodel
.
SU Draw user defined component system
DO Draw user defined system using dots.
MSKI Save the current frame and storein file 35,
74
Parameter Description
MSKD Draw the previously saved rame.
IM Plot impacts generated by SCANMAIN.
NOEJ Inhibits normal screen erasureallowing multiple pictures on sameframe.
EXP Generates exploded view above centerof plot.
X Draw a cross-sectional view bypassing a plane through the targetmodel
.
Example: HI_ AX IM will set the drawing for hidden line
removal and superimpose a cartesian axis and generated impacts
over the target model.
8. AP(ERTURE) is used to display or reset the aperture
setting as described in the intermediary level. It can be
typed in alone to display the current setting or with a new
value.
9. HLCENGTH) is used to display or reset the incremental
length for hidden line removal.
10. HTL is used to display or reset the scale factor
for hidden line removal.
11. HTA is used to display or reset the angular limit
factor for hidden line removal.
12. EJ(ECT) allows the user to advance a frame when in
multiple picture mode.
13. HE(LP) allows the user to list a descriptive summary
of each of the above commands. Typed in alone it will simply
75
recopy the complete list of available commands already given.
Followed by a specific command, it will provide the user with
instructions about using that command.
Example: HE will provide the user with information on
the O(PTION) command.
76
V. TROUBLE SHOOTING
A. Principle Parameter Tables for Case and Warhead Files
These tables provide a detailed listing of all case/warhead
file parameters together with descriptive and pictorial
information to assist the intermediary and experienced level
users
.
B. Common System Difficulties
When working with a complex application, it is easy to
make errors. Errors can result in program diagnostics with
standard fix-up, system diagnostic with program crash or
worse, an application crash. This brief section will attempt
to describe some of the more common pitfalls to avoid when
using NPSCAN.
1. The SCAN password is incorrectly typed and an improper
access occurs. The program will malfunction during the
application. The user must exit with the first EXIT PROGRAM
function key and restart the application.
2. Insufficient storage space is available because the
system is too busy. The user must exit the program at the
next menu block containing an EXIT PROGRAM function key.
3. User inputs a non-existent function key number. A
diagnostic will appear and return the user to reselect a
correct function key.
77
4. The user inputs a letter or a real number when an
integer function key is required. The program will crash.
If the user is returned to CMS, immediately type in the command
CLERE to release the previously accessed disks and libraries
before restarting the program. If the user is returned to
the control executive, exit the program at the next menu
block and restart.
5. User inputs an integer when a real is expected or a
real when an integer is expected during a numeric data entry
sequence. Standard fix-up will be taken and the program will
continue. Problems in 4 and 5 can b easily avoided if the
user slows down and checks each entry before hitting the
ENTER key.
6. System incorrectly accesses disk space; program
will malfunction during the application. This has been
known to happen on rare occasions, and the user should always
make use of the Query Disk function key provided at the
beginning of the application. If the following two entries
are not as shown below, he should exit the program and
restart.
BALL 192 B R/0 8 3330 1024 (Additional numericinformation)
TEMP 193 C R/W 10 3350 1024 (Additional numericinformation)
7. Numeric data is incorrectly formatted while using
NPDRAW commands. Diagnostic appears and the user reinstates
the command procedure correctly.
78
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APPENDIX B
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APPENDIX D
DEFAULT WARHEAD AND CASE FILES
The following outline describes the default Case and
Warhead Data files that are provided for use with the NPS
version of SCAN:
1. CASE DATA - Encounter Geometry Summary.
Trajectory Type 1: Fixed detonation point measured fromtarget CG.
Detonation Point: X = 35.0 feet aft of CG
Y = 0.0 feet centered on CG.
Z = 25.0 feet above CG.
Number of runs in Sample 5:
Target Parameters: Velocity .1000.0 feet/sec
Roll Angle 0.0 degrees
Pitch Angle 0.0 degrees
Your Angle 0.0 degrees
Sideslip 0.0 degrees
Angle of Attack 0.0 degrees
Missile Parameters Velocity 2000.0 feet/sec
Pitch Angle 0.0 degrees
Azimuth 0.0 degrees
Aimpoint Target CG
Angle of Attack 5.0 degrees
Sideslip 0.0 degrees
Encounter Altitude 10,000 feet
145
2. WARHEAD DATA - Fragment, Fuzing and Blast Envelope Summary
a. Fragment Parameters
Number of Polar Zones 3
Number of Mass Classes 1
Polar Zone Number 1
Limiting Angles 50-60 degrees
Upper/Lower Velocity of Fragments 5000 ft/sec
Fragment Mass 100 grains
Fragment Number 2000
Fragment Initial Position from Center 5.0 feet
Fragment Material Mild steel
Fragment Shape Rectangular
Polar Zone Number 2
Limiting Angles 60-70 degrees
Upper/Lower Velocity of Fragments 4750 ft/sec
Fragment Mass 100 grains
Fragment Number 2000
Fragment Initial Position from Center 2.5 feet
Fragment Material Mild Steel
Fragment Shape Rectangular
Polar Zone Number 3
Limiting Angles 70-80 degrees
Upper/Lower Velocity of Fragments 4500 ft/sec
Fragment Mass 100 grains
Fragment Number 2000
146
Fragment Initial Position from Center 0.0
Fragment Material Mild Steel
Fragment Shape Rectangular
b. Fuzing Parameters
Fuze Type
Fuze Position 3.5 feet
Fuze Delay 0.0 seconds
Fuze Look Angle 75.0 degrees
Fuze Cut-off Range 25.0 feet
Radius of Missile Body 1.0 feet
Nose of Missile 5 feet in front of warhead
c. Blast Envelope
Fuselage blast radius 20.0 feet
Wing blast radius 25.0 feet
Cylinder length forward of CG 20.0 feet
Cylinder length aft of CG 20.0 feet
Starting point of wing cylinder 2.5 0.0 1.5
Endpoint of wing cylinder 20.0 5.0 1.5
147
LIST OF REFERENCES
1. Weapons Evaluation Department, Pacific Missile TestCenter Publication, SCAN, A Computer Program forSurvivability Analysis, Volume I. User Manual , July 1976
2. Directorate of Mission Analysis, Deputy for DevelopmentPlanning Publication, SCAN, A Computer Program forSurvivability Analysis, Volume II. Analyst Manual ,
May 1981.
3. Fair, C. K. , A Comparison of Computer Warhead - TargetEndgame Simulations and Recommendations Pertaining toFuture Endgame Programs , M. S. Thesis , Naval PostgraduateSchool, Monterey, California, June 1981.
4. Hayes, T. M. , The Installation of Computer Graphics forSurvivability Studies and Discussion of PK/D Functions^M. S. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey,California, June 1981.
5. Ball, R. E. , Notes on Warhead Lethality,presented on
course AE-3702 at Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey,California, March 1981.
6. Parr, J. E. , Attack vs. SCAN: A Comparison of EndgameAircraft Survivability Computer Programs , M.S. Thesis,Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey^ California, 1980.
7. Mozeico, H. , A Human/Computer Interface to AccommodateUser Learning Stages , February 1982.
148
INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST
No. Copies
1. Defense Technical Information Center 2
Cameron StationAlexandria, Virginia 22314
2. Library, Code 0142 2
Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940
3. Department Chairman, Code 67 1
Department of AeronauticsNaval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940
4. Professor R. E. Ball, Code 67Bp 4
Department of AeronauticsNaval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940
5. Pat Caulfield 1
AFATL/DOYDEglin Air Force Base, Florida 32542
6. Commander, Naval Weapons Center 1
Attn: Ken Grant, Code 3386China Lake, California 93555
7. Bruce Nofrey, Code 1245 1
Pacific Missile Test CenterPoint Mugu, California 93042
8. Director Ammunition Maintenance Engineering 1
National Defence HeadquartersOttawa, Ontario KIA 2A0
9. Director Professional Education and 1
DevelopmentNational Defence HeadquartersOttawa, Ontario KIA 2A0
10. Captan J. P. Fourny 1
176 Monterey DriveNepean, Ontario
149
11. Mr. Dale AtkinsonAIR - S164Naval Air Systems CommandWashington, DC 20361
12. Combat Data Information CenterAFWAL/FIES/CDICWright-Patterson AFB , Ohio 45433
150
ir^ 200764ThesisF66355 FournyfC-1 Expansion of the SCAN
endgame program for air-craft survivabilitystudies and developmentof a supporting user'sguide.
ThesisF66355 Fourny
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1 Expansion of the SCANendgame program for air-craft survivabilitystudies and developmentof a supporting user'sguide.
SF66355
Expansion of the SCAN endgame program fo
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