exploring our wonderful world –learning the materials that comprise our planet (and others)...

• Exploring Our Wonderful World– Learning the materials that

comprise our planet (and others)

– Investigating the processes that transform these earth materials and the environments of change

– Discovering how to read the earth and the history stored in the rocks

Dr. James M. Martin-HaydenAssociate Professor

(419) 530-2634Jhayden@UTnet.UToledo.edu

Dr. James M. Martin-HaydenAssociate Professor

(419) 530-2634Jhayden@UTnet.UToledo.edu

Groundwater Flow

ContaminatedWaterWellLeaking

Gasoline

Dissolved Gasoline

Underground Storage Tank

Water Table

Vapor

Aquifer of sedimentary rock

Floating Gasoline

www.EEEScience.UToledo.edu/Faculty/Hayden/Default.htm

• Hydrogeologist studying groundwater resources and contamination (Environmental Geology)

• Special interest in the geology and hydrogeology of the Oak Openings Region

A. Dr. Jamie Martin-HaydenA. Dr. Jamie Martin-Hayden

IntroductionIntroduction

IntroductionIntroduction

• Text: Essentials of Geology by Wicander and Monroe, 4th edition, Thompson Brooks/Cole, 2006.

• Course Website– Syllabus– Homework Posting– Other Web Links

www.EEEScience.UToledo.edu /Faculty/Hayden/Courses/PhysGeol/PhysicalGeologyHomeJMH.htm

World of GeologyWorld of Geology Geology is all around us.Geology is all around us.

• 1. Geological Resources• 2. “The Environment” • 3. Geological Hazards • 4. Planetary Geology• 5. Engineering • 6. Landforms and Surface Processes• 7. Artistic Inspiration

Geology forms the basis of our great civilizations

Environmental Geology

The Cradle of Civilization Sprung from geology of the region

Tigris River, Iraq

http://encarta.msn.com/

World of Geology

– The Cradle of Civilization (Fertile Crescent)

– Development limited by availability, e.g., soil, water, energy

– Conflicts based on resources, e.g., water, minerals, oil, energy… http://encarta.msn.com/

Geological Resources

Geologic Resources

• Mineral Resources: metals, fertilizers, minerals, petroleum, construction

Geologic Resources

• Mineral Resources: metals, fertilizers, minerals, petroleum, construction

• Water resources: Lakes, Rivers, Springs, Groundwater

Geologic Resources

• Mineral Resources: e.g., Metals, fertilizers, minerals, petroleum, construction

• Water resources: e.g., Lakes, Rivers, Springs, Groundwater

• Energy: e.g., Oil, natural gas, coal,

nuclear, silicon, hydroelectric (dams), hydrothermal (Earth’s heat)

• The Geologist’s Job– Locating and

Characterizing quantity and quality of geologic resources

– Extracting geologic resources efficiently

– Assessing environmental effects of extraction and use

Geologic Resources

E.g., Misuse of Resources

Misuse of ResourcesDesiccation of the Aral Sea, Kazakhstan

www.grida.no/aral/aralsea/english/arsea/arsea.htm

1980

See Page 6

2000

2005

Aral Sea Over Time

195719771982198419932000

Overuse of Geologic ResourcesOveruse of Geologic Resources

• 1.7 billion are joining the “consumer class” and the environment can’t sustain this standard of living. (Worldwatch Institute, 2004)

• Emissions of Greenhouse gasses are accelerating global warming. (IGPCC, 2007)

• Climate change is accelerating melting of glaciers and driving mass extinctions (The Centre of Biodiversity and Conservation, Leeds University, UK)

(Geology in the News)

Environmental GeologyEnvironmental Geology

– Environmental Sciences: How we influence the earth

– Geologic Hazards: How geology influences us

Geology in the News

• Two die in 6.5 magnitude Earthquake near San Lois Obispo California

• Earthquake triggers mudslides

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003

Geologic Hazards

San Andreas Fault

Assessing Risk“Major Quake Likely to

Strike San Francisco Bay Region Between 2003 and 2032”

• Assessing Risks• Avoiding Risks• Preventing Damage• Predicting Impact

Geologic Hazards

(http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/research/seismology/wg02/

Earthquake Bam, Iran• A Magnitude 6.5

Earthquake hits a stone- and mud-house city of 100,000 in Iran 12-26-03– 30,000 Dead– 30,000 Refugees

• US sends aid and releases sanctions

• Relations improved

Photos from AP

Geological HazardsVolcanoes (pg. 108)

Landslides (see pg. 250)

Earthquakes (pg. 202)

Floods (see pgs., 284)

Geology in EngineeringGeology in EngineeringSlope Failure Risk Assessment and Control

To prevent slope failure engineers must understand the geology that forms and controls the slope

Geology in EngineeringGeology in Engineering

Geology in EngineeringGeology in Engineering

Committee member John Burland, an engineer, promoted soil extraction as the best way to save the tower.

In Pisa the tilted one is back in In Pisa the tilted one is back in business after an 11-year effort business after an 11-year effort to keep it from collapsingto keep it from collapsing

The Leaning Tower Straightens UpThe Leaning Tower Straightens Up

www.smithsonianmag.si.edu

Engineers use knowledge of geology to design, protect and correct structures

Steve Squyres says that, even though the MER's work will have just begun, he'll feel like celebrating the moment he's got "six wheels in the dirt."

Guided by MER specialists back on Earth, each rover will travel dozens of yards a day while investigating sites of interest.

Geologists lead the mission“Robot geologist” explores Mars

http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/

Planetary Geology

Geologists Study Mars

• Canyons indicate a geologically active planet

• Rock layers, Gullies, and Sand Dunes; all geological landforms

• The largest chasm and volcano in the solar system

1,860 mi

340 mi

15 m

iles

high

Valles Marineris

Olympus Mons

5 m

iles

deep

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/mars/

PBS

Landforms and Surface Processes

• Glaciers (ch 14)

• Mass Wasting (ch 11)

• Streams (ch 12)

• Shorelines (ch 16)

• Deserts (ch 15)

• Ground water (ch13)

http://www.berann.com

H.C. Berann (1915-1999) Yosemite National Park, 1987

(Chapter 18)

– Deciphering Earth History and – Charting the evolution of life

Historical GeologyHistorical Geology

Landforms and Surface Processes

Albert Bierstadt (1830-1902) Merced River, Yosemite Valley 1866, Metropolitan Museum of Art “The Hudson River School”

Anonymous 19th Century Japanese

Geology in Art

ALBERT BIERSTADT (1830-1902)The Oregon Trail, 1869

Paul Cezanne (1839-1906)Mont Sainte Victoire, 1900Hermitage

Buttler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, Ohio

Objectives of Chapter 1Objectives of Chapter 1

• Introduce the broad field of Geology– Importance of understanding our planet– Specialties in geology (pg. 8)– How effects us (pg. 9-11)

• Origin and Structure of the Earth– Formation of the solar system (pg. 13)– Differentiation of the proto earth– Zones of the Earth (Fig 1.11)

Objectives of Chapter 1Objectives of Chapter 1• Introduce Earth Systems and Plate Tectonics

– Convection driving plate motion (pg. 15)

– Plates and plate boundaries (pg. 16-17)

– Geologic phenomena and landforms at plate boundaries

– Plate tectonics and the scientific method (pg. 15-16)

• Introduction to the Geologic Time Scale– Eons, Eras and Periods (pg. 21)