february 7, 2014
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February 7, 2014
• Label the Greece and Asia Minor map with the key places and features.
• Then, color the water blue.
Early Greece
1. Minoans and Mycenaean
a. Minoans of Cretei. 2000 B.C.
1. Established colonies on islands in the Aegean Sea
2. Traded goods with these colonies
ii. Minoan Life1. Buildings
a. Solidly constructed
b. Private roomsc. Basic plumbingd. Brightly colored
artwork on the walls
2. Artworka. Has helped historians
understand Minoan lifei. Ships tell us that
they were tied to the sea
ii. Women appear to have major roles in society
iii. Also shows what they did for fun
3. Writinga. They did have a writing systemb. Called Linear A
i. We do not know how to read it.
Linear A script of the Minoans (1700 – 1550 BC)100 symbols, each representing a syllable
iii. Decline1. Minoan society suddenly fell apart2. One possible cause was a world-shaking disaster3. Eventually would be conquered by Mycenae
b. The Mycenaean Statei. Located on
mainland Greeceii. Language was a
form of Greek
iii. Society1. Dominated by intense competition2. Frequent warfare3. Powerful kings
iv. Kings1. Taxed trade and
farming2. Built great
palaces and high walls
a. Example: the Lion’s Gate
v. Inspired great legends1. Trojan War
a. Greeks fought a powerful city called Troyb. Historians are not sure if the war happened
i. Have found remains of a city they believed to be Troy
ii. Evidence suggests that the city was destroyed in Battle
2. Greek City-States
a. Life in a polisi. A Polis (city-state) became the
basic political unit in Greeceii. Each polis had their own law,
customs and government
iii. A polis was built around a high area called an acropolis1. Used as a fortress2. Housed temples
to the gods3. Spaces for public
ceremonies
iv. Below the acropolis was the agora (marketplace)1. People did business,
gossiped, and discussed politics
2. Shops, houses and more temples surrounded the agora
v. City wall surrounded the entire polis
b. Spartai. Located on the large
peninsula of southern Greece
ii. Took control of the towns around them
1. Made captured people become helots (state slave)
2. Helots were forced to do manual labor
iii. Spartans spent their time training for war1. Built up their army to keep the helots under
controliv. Military
2. Demanded toughness and strength from birth3. Babies were examined for strength after birth
a. If found to be unhealthy was left out in the wilderness to die
3. Boys were taught by their mothers until the age of 7
4. At 7 boys went to a school to be trained for combata. Created by King Lycurgusb. Goal was to prepare the boys for the
hardships they would face as soldiers
5. At the end of their training, boys were sent into the wilderness without food or supplies and were expected to survive
6. At 20, boys became hoplites (foot soldiers)7. Had to serve 10 years in the military, then
they could leave and take their place as citizens
v. Women1. Trained in gymnastics for physical
fitness2. Believed they had to be fit to have
strong children3. Had the right to own property
vi. Politics1. Sparta had 2 kings who served as
military commanders2. Council of Elders
a. Made the decisionsb. Considered an honor to be on this
council
3. Gods and Heroes
a. Olympic godsi. Greeks believed in hundreds of gods and
goddessesii. Deities governed one aspect of nature of
lifeiii. Believed 12 gods were particularly
influential in their lives1. These 12 gods lived together on Mt.
Olympus
a. Zeus- King of the gods; god of the Sky
b. Hera- Queen of the gods; goddess of marriage and women
c. Poseidon- god of the seas and earthquakes
d. Hades-god of the underworld
e. Demeter- goddess of agriculture
f. Hestia- goddess of the hearth and family
g. Athena- goddess of wisdomh. Apollo- god of prophecy,
healing, poetry, music and the sun
i. Artemis-goddess of hunting and the moon j. Ares-god of war
k. Aphrodite- goddess of love l. Hephaestus- god of metal work
iv. Did not consider the gods to be perfect1. Greek myths indicate this belief2. Each polis claimed one god or
goddess as its special protector
v. Believed some places to be sacred1. Example:
Delphivi. Olympic Games
2. Held every 4 years
b. Myths about Heroesi. Purpose of the myths
1. Used to teach Greeks where they came from and what sort of people they should be
a. Herculesi. Son of Zeusii. Had godlike strengthiii. Renown across Greece
b. Theseus1. Athenian prince
who killed the Minotaur of Crete
2. Famous only in his home city
ii. What they did1. Killed monsters2. Made discoveries3. Founded cities4. Talked with god almost on equal
terms
iii. Hubris1. According to Greek myths heroes
could only rise so far2. Hubris (great pride) brought many
heroes to tragic ends3. Deaths served as a lesson to not
overstretch one’s abilities
Minoans and Mycenaeans
• Use your notes, textbooks, and technology to complete the Minoans vs. Mycenaeans graphic organizer.– Use pages 127 – 129 (including maps)– Use the book with the black spine, pages 64 - 67
The Odyssey
• Read The Odyssey on page 133 of your text.• Write a one-page (minimum) news broadcast
about the Trojan War
February 10, 2014
• Analyze the map on page 126. With your partner, create a list of Greece's geographic advantages and disadvantages. Then, answer questions 1 and 2.
War and Democracy in Greece
1. Athenian Democracy
a. Developmenti. Birth place for democracy was
Athens1. A form of government run by
the people
ii. Significant Leaders1. Draco
a. Thought the only way to end unrest was through harsh punishment
b. He reformed city laws to accomplish this idea
c. Harshness of the laws only made things worse
2. Solona. Overturned Draco’s laws and reformed themb. Outlawed slavery c. Encouraged trade to help reduce povertyd. Allowed all men in Athens to take part in the
assembly that governed the city and serve on juries that heard trials
e. Only the wealthy could run and hold officef. First real steps toward democracy
3. Peisistratusa. Was a tyrant
i. A strong man who seizes power by force and claims to rule for the good of the people
b. Was popular with the peoplec. Pushed aristocrats out of officed. Increased trade to make Athens
richer
4. Cleisthenesa. Reforms set the stage for Athenian
Democracyb. Divided Athens into 10 tribes
i. These tribes would be the basis on for their elections
b. Nature of Athenian Democracyi. Only free male Athenians over the
age of 20, who completed military training could vote
1. Expected to take part in 4 areasa. Vote in all elections b. Serve in office if electedc. Serve on juriesd. Serve in the military during war
ii. Athenian democracy consisted of three main bodies1. Assembly
a. Included all people eligible to take part in the government
b. Made all the laws and important decisions for Athens
c. Direct Democracyi. A type of system in which all
people voted directly on the issue
2. Council of 500a. Main role was to write laws that
could be voted on in the assembly3. Courts
b. A complex system that heard trials and sentenced criminals
c. Had as many as 6000 members, chosen from the Assembly
iii. Elected Officials1. Generals
a. Would lead the city in war2. Archon
a. Chief of state in Athensb. Was the head of the Assembly and Council
of 500c. Served one year terms but could be re-
electedd. Could be removed from office or punished
if he failed to serve the people well
c. Golden Age of Athensi. Increased influence
1. Delian Leaguea. Alliance with the city-states of
Greeceb. Controlled by Athens
i. Controlled the league’s ships and money
c. League will in essence become an Athenian Empire
ii. Rebuilding Athens1. Used money from the Delian League’s treasury to rebuild the city after the Persian War2. Built temples on the acropolis
a. Grandest was the Parthenon3. Built new roads, expanded the port and constructed high walls around the city
iii. Age of Pericles1. Pericles
a. Elected as one of Athens generalsb. Also a politicianc. Introduced paid public offices and juriesd. Encouraged introduction of democracy
into other parts of Greecee. Commissioned the building of the
Parthenon
2. War in Greecea. The Persian Wars
i. Cause of Conflict1. Ionian Rebellion
a. A Greek city-state conquered by Persian and rebelled against them
b. Asked fellow Greeks to help them gain independence
c. Persians put rebellion down; wanted to punish those who helped
ii. 1st Persian Invasion1. Persians set out for
Greece with tens of thousands of soldiers
2. Landed at Marathon and fought the Athenians there
3. Athenians used a phalanx system to fight the Persians with a. It is a tight
rectangular formation in which the soldiers held long spears out ahead of the wall of shields
b. Forced Persians to retreat
4. Legend of Marathona. Messenger ran from Marathon to
Athens to tell the news…got there…gave it and then died. He ran about 26 miles.
iii. Preparations for 2nd Invasion1. Darius planned a 2nd attempt but died before he
could execute it2. Xerxes continued with the planning3. Set out with hundreds of thousands of troops4. Athens seeks help from other city-states; Sparta
answersa. Athens would command the navyb. Sparta would command the army
iv. 2nd Persian invasion1. Thermopylae
a. Spartans gathered at the mountain pass of Thermopylae to slow the Persians march on Athens
b. Held them off for several days
c. Persians found a way to surround the Spartans
d. Spartan sacrifice allowed time for the Greek defense
2. Salamisa. Persians headed south
to Athensb. Used their fleet to
deliver supplies
c. Athenian commander lured the Persian fleet into the Strait of Salamisi. Strait was narrow and did not allow for the much
larger Persian fleet to maneuver wellii. Greek warships cut down the Persian fleet
d. This battle changed the nature of the war
3. Plataeaa. The Greek army led by
the full might of Sparta crushed the Persians
b. After the defeat Persians gave up on the invasion and agreed to a peace settlement
b. The Peloponnesian Wari. The Peloponnesian League
1. Headed by Sparta2. Fear the Athenian fleet would cut
off their supplies3. Both sides will declare war on the
other
ii. War in Greece1. Lasted for years2. First part of the war no one gains ground
a. Agreed to a truce3. War starts again when Athens attacked
one of Sparta’s allies4. Sparta takes to both land and sea and
defeat the Athenians
5. Athens is forced to surrender6. Sparta tried to control all of Greece but was
unable to do so7. Sparta will be conquered by Thebes
a. Even they cannot control all of Greeceb. Leaves a power vacuum in Greece
Choose one…
• Write a dialogue in which at least two leaders discuss Athenian government.– One page minimum
• Create a comic strip depicting a conversation involving at least one Athenian leader.
• Imagine you are an Athenian leader. Write a one-page journal entry (including a visual component) discussing your ideas and experiences.
** You may use technology to do additional research **
Athens vs. Sparta Graphic Organizer
• Use the following resources to help you be successful:– Notes– Textbook– A History of Western Society (orange spine) pages
66- 68, 70, 75-79– Personal technology
• When you’re finished, please complete the Minoan and Mycenaean Graphic Organizer
February 11, 2014
• Can someone teach something so controversial that they should be put to death (or punished harshly)? Explain.
Greek Achievements
1. Philosophy
a. Socratesi. First great Athenian philosopherii. Interested in broad concepts: truth, justice and
virtueiii. Believed philosophers could learn what made
good people and good societiesiv. Believed in order in find answers you have to ask
questions1. Developed what we call the Socratic Method
b. Platoi. Student of Socratesii. A writer
i. Most famous work is the Republiciii. Writings covered topics on truth, goodness and the
ideal form of governmentiv. Believed most qualified to lead in government were
philosophersv. Wanted to make philosopher’s education more formalvi. Founded the Academy
c. Aristotlei. Studied at the Academyii. Concerned with the nature of the world around himiii. Emphasis on reason and logic
1. Reason- clear and ordered thinkinga. Used to learn about the world
2. Logic- process of making inferencesa. People use what they already know to infer
new facts
2. Literaturea. Homer’s epics
i. Tell about great events and heroesii. Both tell stories about the Trojan war
1. The Iliada. Starts with the last year of the Trojan Warb. Story about two mighty heroes: Achilles and
Hector2. The Odyssey
a. Tells the story of Odysseus (who angered the gods)
b. Forced to wander the seas for 10 years
b. Other forms of Poetryi. Descriptive
1. Tells storiesii. Lyric Poetry
1. Deals with emotions and desires
3. History
a. Herodotusi. Lived during the Persian warsii. Wrote The Histories
1. Describes major events: wars, battles, debates
b. Thucydidesi. Lived during the Peloponnesian
Warii. Used primary sources
1. Looked at sources critically and ignored what seemed unreliable and irrelevant
4. Drama
a. Art of playwritingb. Two types
i. Tragedy1. Three main writers
a. Aeschylus1. Wrote plays on ancient Greek
myths and on events from Athenian history
b. Sophoclesi. Concentrated his plays on suffering
that people brought upon themselvesc. Euripides
ii. Wrote about characters whose tragedy was not brought about by flaws but by chance or irrational behavior
ii. Comedy1.Many were satires, plays
written to expose the flaws of their society
5. Greek Architecture and Art
a. Architecturei. Parthenon
1. Great and grandest example of Greek architecture
2. Housed the statue of Athena3. Had no windows4. Parts of the temple were painted
b. Sculpturei. Greeks adept at human formii. Tried to recreate what they observediii. Wanted statues to look lifelike and
activeiv. Did not portray figures as they really
were but as physically perfect
c. Paintingsi. Best examples are found on vases, plates, and
other vesselsii. Decorated with scenes from everyday life, myths
or legendsiii. Two colors used: black or rediv. Lifelike and full of movement
The Hellenistic World
1. Macedoniaa. Philip II
i. Reorganized Macedonian army
1. Adopted the Phalanx system but modified it by using longer spears
2. Also had larger bodies of archers and cavalry
ii. Conquered every major city-state in Greece except Sparta
iii. Assassinated in 336 B.C.; Son Alexander became king
b. Alexander the Greati. 20 years old when
he became kingii. Student of Aristotleiii. Re-established
control over Greece
iv. Attacked Persia in 334 B.C.1. Alexander’s army was smaller but was loyal to
him and was well2. Defeats Persian army
v. Attacked Egypt3. Welcomed as a liberator4. Named the new pharaoh
vi. Will try to take India but army refused to go on
vii. 323 B.C. Alexander dies in Babylon; he was 33 years old
viii. Had no heir
ix. Empire divided between his top 3 generals1. Antigonus- King of
Macedonia and Greece
2. Seleucus- Persian Empire
3. Ptolemy- Egypt
a. Blending Culturesi. Alexander helped create a new type of culture
called Hellenistic or “Greek-like”
2. Hellenistic World
b. Alexandriai. Built by Alexander, in Egyptii. Location of the Nile River was ideal for tradeiii. Built great palaces and grand monuments
1. The Museuma. Held many works of art
2. The Library of Alexandriaa. Contained many works on philosophy, literature, history and
the sciences
c. Life in the Hellenistic Worldi. Government
1. City-states were replaced with kingdoms2. Democracies became monarchies
ii. Women1. Gained the rights to receive an education and to own
property2. Legally they were not equal to men though
a. Philosophyi. Cynicism
1. Called cynics2. Rejected pleasure, wealth and social responsibility3. Believed man should live according to nature
3. Hellenistic Achievements
ii. Epicureans1. Believed people should seek out pleasure
a. Pleasure is viewed as goodb. Pain was viewed as evil
2. Believed one should develop close friendships with people who shared similar ideas
iii. Stoicism1. Called Stoics2. Placed emphasis on reason, self-discipline,
emotional control and personal morality3. Believed people should find their role in society
and strive to fulfill it
b. Science and Technologyi. Euclid
1. Formulated many of the ideas of geometry that we still use today
ii. Eratosthenes1. Calculated the size of the globe
iii. Archimedes1. Developed the
compound pulley2. Invented the
mechanical screw
Mechanical Screw
Compound Pulley
Historical Head
• Create a historical head for any of the figures:– Socrates– Plato– Aristotle– Homer– Herodotus
– Thucydides– Alexander the Great
• Include words and symbols to show what your character is thinking
• Use color!
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