final case study: reproductive sally anderson holly cobb christine douglas rachel drosselmeyer megan...
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Final Case Study: Reproductive
Sally AndersonHolly Cobb
Christine DouglasRachel Drosselmeyer
Megan Reid
Patient History
OB History
• A.J. is a white, gravid 25 y.o.
• G8P4034• 33 weeks
gestation• Breech
presentation• Oligohydramnios• H.A.’s last 2
months
Medications• Prenatal vitamins• Tylenol for
headache, prn
Patient History
Medical History• No allergies• 5’ 6 “, 135 lbs.• MRSA culture
positive, 2006• THC , last use
2005
Surgical History• D&C • Lap salpinectomy
Psychosocial History
• Married• Blended Family• Children with family members
while mother in hospital• Patient unemployed-stay at
home mom• Adequate support/resources• English speaking• Non-smoker
Case Study Initial
• From out of town• Reports migraine onset in
a.m., unrelieved by Tylenol.• Denies visual disturbances• Severe RUQ and epigastric
pain approx 1 hr after dinner.• Taken to local hospital by
husband
Clinical Findings at Local Hospital
• BP 143/95• FHR tracing “normal”,• No contractions• Morphine and Dilaudid for pain• Zofran and Phenergan for
nausea• Cholelithiasas per abdominal
U.S.
Initial Working Diagnosis
• Urinary tract infection
• Cholelithiasis• ^ BP thought
to be due to pain from UTI and gallstones.
Alternative Diagnosis
• Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (gestational hypertension)
Initial Lab Results
Labs Results
WBC 9.6
Hgb 12.6
Platelets 212,000
Creatinine 0.73
AST 22
ALT < 6
Amylase 56
Lipase 69
Initial Lab ResultsUrinalysis Results
Protein 75, 150
WBC 31-50
RBC 4-8
Bacteria Present
Treated with Rocephin 1 gm IV x1 dose for UTI
Outlying Hospital Final Diagnosis
Pregnancy induced hypertension:BP’s remained elevated despite:• Improved epigastric pain.• IV Labetalol 10 mg x 2 doses and
then Labetalol 20 mg x 1 dose administered.
Therefore decision made to transfer to tertiary care center. Magnesium sulfate drip started prior to transfer.
Physical Exam Findings at Tertiary Center
• LOC: sedated but responds appropriately to questions.
• Reports headache/light sensitivity/no vision changes.
• BP 165/120, 72, 18, SpO2 98%, • DTR’s: 2+ bilaterally/ clonus 1 beat
on left, 2 beats on right.• Fetal heart tracing: absent
variability, normal baseline.• Denies contractions, vaginal bleeding
or leaking of amniotic fluid.• Foley catheter placed with return of
small amount thick, brown urine.
Plan
• Continue magnesium sulfate for seizure prophylaxis.
• PIH labs with 24 hr urine collection.
• Antihypertensives• Corticosteroids (#2 of 2) for
fetal lung maturity.• GBS culture • C/S for breech if indicated• MFM consultation in a.m.
Labs Results
Hgb 11.6
Platelets 60,000, 50,000
ALT 453
Creatinine 0.8
Uric Acid 5.2
1 Hour After Admission
• C/S due to severe preeclampsia with HELLP Syndrome.
• EBL: 1000 ml• Viable baby girl to NICU.• Apgars 7/8/8.
6 Hours After C/S
• VS: 98.1 F, 106/69, 88, 18, 97%• Firm fundus• Bowels sounds x4• Incision: clean/dry/intact,
scant drainage on pressure bandage.
• No edema in extremities• Patellar reflexes: 1+• Brachoradialis reflexes: 2+
6 Hours After C/S Intake 500 ml
Output 99 ml
Net 401 ml
Labs Results
Hgb 9.4
HCT 26.9
Platelets 41,000
WBC 11.7
AST 1216
ALT 351
Creatinine 0.9
Plan
• Continue Magnesium Sulfate 2 gm/hr for 24 hours post-op.
• Continue Fluid restriction with accurate I/O.
• Continue close BP assessment.• Continue serial lab draws.• Monitor bleeding.• Continue antibiotics for UTI.• Continue PCA Morphine for
post op pain.
11 Hours After C/S
• VS: 117/76, 88, 16, 96% on 2 L. • Lethargic, slurred speech,
appropriate responses, Glasgow Coma Score = 14.
• Skin: yellow, dry and cool• DTR’s: Right patellar 3+/1 beat
clonus; left patellar 2+ (slow and delayed reaction)/1 beat clonus.
Labs: 11 Hours After C/S
Labs Results
AST 1264
ALT 305
Platelets 48,000
Hgb 6.5
Albumin 2.7
Creatinine 1.5
Sodium 133
Calcium 7.7
Potassium 6.6
Co2 20
Are Findings from Morphine? From Magnesium ? From
Worsening PIH?• Magnesium Sulfate stopped: patient
more alert• Slurred speech improved
Hospitalist Consult Exam Findings:
• No SOB/chest pain/hemoptysis• Lethargic• Skin: pale/yellowish• Heart: RSR• Lungs: Clear bilaterally• Kidneys: No urine output, no
peripheral edema• Abdomen: Fairly nontender.
Questionable palpable liver edge.• Asymmetrical reflexes (right is
areflexic, left is hyperreflexic).
Exam Impression:
Transfer to ICU
Plan:• Magnesium level• Metabolic Panel• Possible hemodialysis (consult
nephrology)• EKG• Administer Insulin,
Bicarbonate, Calcium chloride, glucose
Diagnosis
• Working Diagnosis – Preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome, DIC
• Alternative Diagnosis -Infection/sepsis, placenta abruption (ruled out)
• Other Diagnosis- Cholilithiasis
Diagnostics and Labs for Preeclampsia
New onset of HTN and proteinuria after the 20th with BP greater than 140 mmHg systolic and/or greater
than 90 mmHg diasystolicAND
Proteinuria must also be present, .3 grams protein in 24hours or persistent 1+ on dipstick, 30 mg/dL
Patient Findings on Arrival:
BP- 143/95 164-120
Proteinuria- 75mg/dl 150mg/dl
Does patient meet diagnostic criteria for preeclampsia? Yes
Eclampsia –No, l presents of grand mal seizures.
Diagnostics and Lab for HELLP Syndrome
Lab Normal HELLPAST 7-30 U/L -3 times above normalALT 9-25U/L -3 times above normalPlatelet 150-350/mm3 -under 150 Blood smear schistocytes present Patient Labs: AST 1216 1240 1264U/L
ALT 357 453 305U/L
Plts. 41 51 48/mm3
> D-Dimer 20
Does patient meet criteria for HELLP? YES!
Diagnostic/labs for DIC
Platelet count decreasedFibrin degradation product (FDP)increasedFactor assay decreasedProthrombin time (PT) prolongedActivated PTT prolongedThrombin time prolongedFibrinogen decreasedD-dimerincreasedAntithrombin decreased
Not one specific test for DIC! Treat the Condition!
Other Labs
• Urine Analysis
• Ultrasound
• WBC DIFF
• Comp Met Panel
• Chest xray
HELLP Syndrome
H – hemolysisEL – elevated liver
enzymesLP – low platelet
count(PubMed Health, 2010)
Etiology of HELLP Syndrome
• Exact cause is unknown• Thought to be a variant of severe
preeclampsia or eclampsia– Occurs in about 1 out of 1,000 births and
in 10-20% of pregnant women with preeclampsia or eclampsia
• Possible underlying coagulopathy• Developmental defect of the uterus or
placental ischemia• Develops before the 37th week of
pregnancy or within the week after pregnancy
(Curtain & Weinstein, 1999; O’Hara Padden, 1999; PubMed Health, 2010)
Mechanisms of Disease
Genetic Factors• Believed to have a
strong genetic component
• Most cases are sporadic
• Not fully understood
Environmental Factors• Poor prenatal care
(National Institutes of Health website, 2010)
Mechanism of DiseaseMaternal
Characteristics• Preeclampsia• Hypertension• Multiparous• Maternal age >24
years• White race• Hx of poor pregnancy
outcomes• Hx of autoimmune
disease• Liver disease• Previous diagnosis or
family history of HELLP Syndrome
ClinicalManifestations
• Malaise• Right upper quadrant
pain• Headache• Nausea & vomiting• BP elevation• Hypertension• Edema• Proteinuria
(Curtain & Weinstein, 1999; Henderson, 2010; O’Hara Padden, 1999)
Normal Placental Development
Uterine spiral arteries are transformed increasing uterine blood flow
Trophoblast cells enter artery dilates, allowing
for increased blood flow
(Rogers & Dittus-Yaeger, 2006)
Pathogenesis
Artery remodeling is incomplete or absent, causing placental hypoxia and ischemia
Platelet activation
Thromboxane A and serotonin
VasospasmFurther endothelial damage!
(O’Hara Padden, 1999; Rogers & Dittus-Yaeger, 2006)
Pathophysiology:Hemolysis
• Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
• RBCs become fragmentedSpherocytes
Burr Cells
Schistocytes
(O’Hara Padden, 1999)
Pathophysiology: Elevated Liver Enzymes
Secondary to fibrin deposits in the sinusoids, obstructing hepatic blood flow
Leads to periportalnecrosis, intrahepatic hemorrhage, subcapsular hematoma formation or hepatic rupture
(Curtain & Weinstein, 1999; O’Hara & Padden, 1999)
Pathophysiology:Low Platelet Count
• Thrombocytopenia– Increased consumption and/or
destruction of platelets
DIC!!!
Pathology and the Patient
• Preeclampsia• Hypertension• Multiparous• Maternal age >24 years• White race• Hx of poor pregnancy outcomes• Gestational age• Hemolytic anemia• Elevated liver enzymes• Low platelet count
Disseminated Intravascular
Coagulation (DIC)DIC is life threatening acquired
disorder caused by an imbalance in the coagulation
system. DIC is characterized by
widespread coagulation and bleeding in the vascular
department.
(Kruger 2006, page 1)
Etiology of DIC• Causes may be
acute or chronic, systemic or localized, and may be a result of a single or multiple conditions
• Severe Trauma• Hypothermia• Pregnancy
complications• Malignancy• Liver disease• Vascular disease • Infection is most
common cause
(Kruger 2006, p. 31)
Mechanism of Disease
Genetic Factors
• Presence of Factor V Leiden
• Activated C Protein Resistance
Environmental Factors
• Heat Stroke• Snake bites• Trauma• Hemolytic
Transfusion reactions
(Siminioni, Prandoni, Lennsing, Scudeller, Sardella, Prins,
Villalta, Dazzi, Girolami, p. 1 2006).
Alteration in Defenses
• Injury• Stress: inflammatory • Inflammation: cytokines • Immunity: innate• Neoplasia
(Gando 2001)
Pathogenesis of DIC
(Porth 2009, p.275-276)
Pathogenesis and Patient
• S/P c/s of breach infant– Altered mental status– Respiratory failure – Acute Renal Failure – Elevated liver Enzymes– Anemia
Treatment of Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia:• Bed-rest with left side
down• C-section (indicated
>26 weeks)• Delivery is only cure• BP control for severe
HTN (SBP >160; DBP >110)
Goal:• Prevent
cerebrovascular and cardiac complications
• Maintain uteroplacental blood flow
• Maintain BP around 140/90• Hydralazine 5-10
mg IV q 20-30 min• Labetolol 20-80 mg
IV bolus q 10 min or 0.5-2 mg/min IV gtt
Treatment of Preeclampsia
• Magnesium Sulfate– Loading dose of 4
g IV, followed by 1 to 2 gm/hr IV infusion
– Stabilizes seizure threshold, reduces BP
– Indicated in all patients with severe preeclampsia as prophylactic treatment
• Minimize maternal risk, maximize fetal maturity
• Fluid management– Avoid diuretics– Fluid restriction
as possible (total 80 ml/hr or 1 ml/kg/h)
– Careful measurement of I&O
• Daily blood tests - LFTs, CBC, uric acid, LDH
Treatment of HELLP
• Delivery is critical – carried out in the most controlled situation possible
• Strict bed rest with left lateral decubitus position
• For <34 weeks, give MgSO4 and glucocorticoids
• Plasmapheresis – improve platelet counts
Treatment of DIC
• Transfer to ICU (if not already) for close observation
• Treat underlying disease – deliver appropriate obstetric care
• Platelet and plasma transfusion– Should not be instituted based on
lab results alone– Indicated in active bleeding and
those requiring invasive procedure
Treatment of DIC
• Serial labs - coags, fibrinogen, CBC, CMP, LFT
• If vitamin K deficiency – administer vitamin K
• PRBC, FFP, plateletpheresis• Treat complications– Multisystem organ failure– Renal failure – hemodialysis– Respiratory failure, suspected
ARDS – intubation
ReferencesBecker, J. (2011). Disseminated
intravascular coagulation in emergency medicine. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/779097-overview
Curtain, W. M. & Weinstein, L. (1999). A review of HELLP syndrome. Journal of Perinatology, 19(2), 138-143.
Gando, S. (2001). Disseminated intravascular coagulation in trauma patients. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, 27, (6), p. 585-592
Henderson, T. (2010). HELLP syndrome in pregnancy and premature delivery. http://trilby-henderson.suite101.com/hellp-syndrome-in-pregnancy-and-premature-delivery-a236464.
Hypertension in pregnancy. (n.d.). In Skyscape ipad application.
Kruger. D. (2006). Acute Systemic disseminated intravascular coagulation: Managing a complex medication condition. Journal of the American Academy of Physicians Assistants, 19, (5), p 28-32.
Lim, K. (2011). Preeclampsia. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1476919-overview
National Institutes of Health website. (2010). HELLP syndrome. Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center. http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/GARD/Condition/8528/QnA/25433/HELLP_syndrome.aspx
O’Hara Padden, M. 1999. HELLP syndrome: Recognition and perinatal management. Journal of the American Academy of Family Physicians, 60(3). Retrieved from http://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0901/p829.html
Porth, C., Matfin, G. (2009). Pathophysiology: Concepts of altered health states. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Portis, R, Jacobs, M. A., Skerman, J. H. & Skerman, E. B. (1997). HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets) pathophysiology and anesthetic considerations. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, 65(1), 37-47.
PubMed Health website. 2010. HELLP syndrome. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001892/
ReferencesRogers, N. & Dittus-Yaeger, L. (2006).
Preeclampsia: Behind the scenes [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from faculty.alverno.edu/bowneps/MSN621/.../Preeclampsia.ppt
Simioni, P., Prandoni, P., Lensing, A., Scudeller, A., Sardella, C., Prins, M.,… Girmlami, A. (2006). The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with an Arg 506 G1n mutation in the gene for factor V (Factor V Leiden). British Journal of Hematology, 336, (6), p. 336- 403.
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