fire operations in the urban interface-tactics
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Fire Operations in theFire Operations in theUrban InterfaceUrban Interface
Fire Operations in theFire Operations in theUrban InterfaceUrban Interface
UNIT 4UNIT 4 ---- TACTICSTACTICSUNIT 4UNIT 4 ---- TACTICSTACTICS
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TACTICS: IntroductionTACTICS: Introduction
Key Points:Key Points: Structure defenseStructure defense
involves equipment andinvolves equipment and
e el a a (e el a a (
may not) normally bemay not) normally be
assigned to wildlandassigned to wildland
and/or structuraland/or structural
firefighting.firefighting. The moving fire controlsThe moving fire controls
the actionthe action. Resources. Resources
defending structuresdefending structures
must be mobile,must be mobile,
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Common ProblemsCommon Problemspg. 25pg. 25
Traffic congestionTraffic congestion
Concerned and even panicky citizensConcerned and even panicky citizensRoute traffic and establish accessRoute traffic and establish access
A lack of information on access, numberA lack of information on access, numberof structures and their locationof structures and their location
Deciding which structures to defendDeciding which structures to defend
ReconnaissanceReconnaissance
Structure TriageStructure Triage
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Routing Traffic andRouting Traffic andEstablishing AccessEstablishing Access
Turn the traffic controlTurn the traffic controlover to law enforcementover to law enforcement
e ee e
access roadsaccess roads
Come up with a trafficCome up with a traffic
planplanClear existing trafficClear existing traffic
Leave a clear path forLeave a clear path for
other incoming unitsother incoming units
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Advise ResidentsAdvise Residents
Evacuation may beEvacuation may be
desirabledesirableto clear area forto clear area forfirefightingfirefighting
operationsoperationsto minimize risk toto minimize risk tocitizenscitizens
Advise evacueesAdvise evacuees
to take a minimum ofto take a minimum ofbelongingsbelongings
to closeto close--up, but notup, but not
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Advise Residents (contd)Advise Residents (contd)
Residents that remainResidents that remain
can be helpfulcan be helpful they may know locations ofthey may know locations of
other structures, waterother structures, water
e e ee e e
hazards, etc.hazards, etc.
they can help prepare theirthey can help prepare their
homehome
advise them on wateradvise them on waterconservationconservation
Homeowners who remainHomeowners who remain
should be advisedshould be advised
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ReconnaissanceReconnaissance
Based on what youBased on what youhave seen:have seen:
establish your ownestablish your own
prioritiespriorities
consider timeconsider time
remainingremaining
considerconsider
defensibility of thedefensibility of the
structuresstructures
incoming resourcesincoming resources
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Structure TriageStructure Triage Each arrivingEach arriving
resource may have toresource may have to
perform structureperform structuretriagetriage
e e lee e le
learned in Unit 3learned in Unit 3
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ENGINE OPERATIONSENGINE OPERATIONSENGINE OPERATIONSENGINE OPERATIONS
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ENGINE OPERATIONSENGINE OPERATIONSENGINE OPERATIONSENGINE OPERATIONS
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Terra (1994)Terra (1994)Terra (1994)Terra (1994)
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Terra Fire (1994)Terra Fire (1994)Terra Fire (1994)Terra Fire (1994)
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Terra Fire (1994)Terra Fire (1994)Terra Fire (1994)Terra Fire (1994)
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Terra Fire (1994)Terra Fire (1994)Terra Fire (1994)Terra Fire (1994)
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Terra (1995)Terra (1995)Terra (1995)Terra (1995)
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Engine Access & PositioningEngine Access & PositioningEngine Access & PositioningEngine Access & Positioning
Negotiating the accessNegotiating the access
Pay attention to landmarks and hazardsPay attention to landmarks and hazards Mark the routeMark the route
If necessary, mark escape routes and safetyIf necessary, mark escape routes and safety
Negotiating the accessNegotiating the access
Pay attention to landmarks and hazardsPay attention to landmarks and hazards Mark the routeMark the route
If necessary, mark escape routes and safetyIf necessary, mark escape routes and safety
zoneszones Back the engine into position from the lastBack the engine into position from the last
known turn aroundknown turn around
zoneszones Back the engine into position from the lastBack the engine into position from the last
known turn aroundknown turn around
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Engine Access & PositioningEngine Access & PositioningEngine Access & PositioningEngine Access & Positioning
Engine positionEngine position
Park off the road. Do not block accessPark off the road. Do not block access
Do not park over flammable vegetationDo not park over flammable vegetation
Park on the side of the structure that willPark on the side of the structure that will
Engine positionEngine position
Park off the road. Do not block accessPark off the road. Do not block access
Do not park over flammable vegetationDo not park over flammable vegetation
Park on the side of the structure that willPark on the side of the structure that will
minimize engine exposure to heat and lowingminimize engine exposure to heat and lowingfirebrandsfirebrands
Park close enough, but not right next to, thePark close enough, but not right next to, the
structure to minimize the length of hose linesstructure to minimize the length of hose lines Avoid parking near hazardsAvoid parking near hazards
Leave the doors closed and windows rolled upLeave the doors closed and windows rolled up
minimize engine exposure to heat and lowingminimize engine exposure to heat and lowingfirebrandsfirebrands
Park close enough, but not right next to, thePark close enough, but not right next to, the
structure to minimize the length of hose linesstructure to minimize the length of hose lines Avoid parking near hazardsAvoid parking near hazards
Leave the doors closed and windows rolled upLeave the doors closed and windows rolled up
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Hose Lines and NozzlesHose Lines and NozzlesHose Lines and NozzlesHose Lines and Nozzles
Working linesWorking lines
Hose sizes (1, 1, )Hose sizes (1, 1, )
Deploy two lines, one around each side ofDeploy two lines, one around each side of
Working linesWorking lines
Hose sizes (1, 1, )Hose sizes (1, 1, )
Deploy two lines, one around each side ofDeploy two lines, one around each side of
structure, long enough to meet behindstructure, long enough to meet behindstructure (structure ( 200)200)
Attach lines to the same side of the engineAttach lines to the same side of the engine
with shutwith shut--off valve at engineoff valve at engine Lead lines behind the engine and not in theLead lines behind the engine and not in the
exit pathexit path
structure, long enough to meet behindstructure, long enough to meet behindstructure (structure ( 200)200)
Attach lines to the same side of the engineAttach lines to the same side of the engine
with shutwith shut--off valve at engineoff valve at engine Lead lines behind the engine and not in theLead lines behind the engine and not in the
exit pathexit path
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Hose Lines and NozzlesHose Lines and NozzlesHose Lines and NozzlesHose Lines and Nozzles
Supplementary linesSupplementary lines
Lines should be readily available forLines should be readily available foruse on the roof or interior of theuse on the roof or interior of the
structurestructure
Supplementary linesSupplementary lines
Lines should be readily available forLines should be readily available foruse on the roof or interior of theuse on the roof or interior of the
structurestructure
Interior line (1 )Interior line (1 ) Roof line ( hardRoof line ( hard--line or gardenline or garden
hose)hose)
Lines positioned for immediate useLines positioned for immediate use
should be charged and checkedshould be charged and checked
Interior line (1 )Interior line (1 ) Roof line ( hardRoof line ( hard--line or gardenline or garden
hose)hose)
Lines positioned for immediate useLines positioned for immediate use
should be charged and checkedshould be charged and checked
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Hose Lines and NozzlesHose Lines and NozzlesHose Lines and NozzlesHose Lines and Nozzles
Engine safety lineEngine safety line Protection of the engine and crewProtection of the engine and crew
Len th of hose 1 lon enou h to reachLen th of hose 1 lon enou h to reach
Engine safety lineEngine safety line Protection of the engine and crewProtection of the engine and crew
Len th of hose 1 lon enou h to reachLen th of hose 1 lon enou h to reach
around the enginearound the engine It must be easily reached and quickly chargedIt must be easily reached and quickly charged
by the crewby the crew
It must not fall off if the engine is in motionIt must not fall off if the engine is in motion
around the enginearound the engine It must be easily reached and quickly chargedIt must be easily reached and quickly charged
by the crewby the crew
It must not fall off if the engine is in motionIt must not fall off if the engine is in motion
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Hose Lines and NozzlesHose Lines and NozzlesHose Lines and NozzlesHose Lines and Nozzles
NozzlesNozzles Combination nozzle: best choiceCombination nozzle: best choice
In hi h winds strai htIn hi h winds strai ht--stream ti s on workinstream ti s on workin
NozzlesNozzles Combination nozzle: best choiceCombination nozzle: best choice
In hi h winds strai htIn hi h winds strai ht--stream ti s on workinstream ti s on workin
lines or roof lines work bestlines or roof lines work best
lines or roof lines work bestlines or roof lines work best
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Hose Lines and NozzlesHose Lines and NozzlesHose Lines and NozzlesHose Lines and Nozzles
Lines left or previously laidLines left or previously laid Working lines may be abandoned, but are stillWorking lines may be abandoned, but are still
usableusable
Lines left or previously laidLines left or previously laid Working lines may be abandoned, but are stillWorking lines may be abandoned, but are still
usableusable
Lines can be laid prior to taking up a positionLines can be laid prior to taking up a position PrePre--laid lines should be left so they are easilylaid lines should be left so they are easily
noticed (flagged) and within reach of anynoticed (flagged) and within reach of any
incoming engineincoming engine
Lines can be laid prior to taking up a positionLines can be laid prior to taking up a position PrePre--laid lines should be left so they are easilylaid lines should be left so they are easily
noticed (flagged) and within reach of anynoticed (flagged) and within reach of any
incoming engineincoming engine
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Confronting the Fire At theConfronting the Fire At the
StructureStructure
Confronting the Fire At theConfronting the Fire At the
StructureStructureSpotting ZoneSpotting Zone
Firebrands are the major problemFirebrands are the major problem Firebrands may ignite new fires a mile orFirebrands may ignite new fires a mile or
more ahead of the main firemore ahead of the main fire
Spotting ZoneSpotting Zone
Firebrands are the major problemFirebrands are the major problem Firebrands may ignite new fires a mile orFirebrands may ignite new fires a mile or
more ahead of the main firemore ahead of the main fire
Remain mobile enough to quickly reach anyRemain mobile enough to quickly reach anypoint within your area of responsibilitypoint within your area of responsibility
Constantly check for new ignitions; patrol andConstantly check for new ignitions; patrol and
post lookouts (w/ communication)post lookouts (w/ communication)
Quickly attack any spot fire; completelyQuickly attack any spot fire; completely
extinguishextinguish
Remain mobile enough to quickly reach anyRemain mobile enough to quickly reach anypoint within your area of responsibilitypoint within your area of responsibility
Constantly check for new ignitions; patrol andConstantly check for new ignitions; patrol and
post lookouts (w/ communication)post lookouts (w/ communication)
Quickly attack any spot fire; completelyQuickly attack any spot fire; completely
extinguishextinguish
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Full Containment (around structure)Full Containment (around structure)
The wildland fire can be stopped short of theThe wildland fire can be stopped short of thestructurestructure
The control line will com letel surround theThe control line will com letel surround the
Full Containment (around structure)Full Containment (around structure)
The wildland fire can be stopped short of theThe wildland fire can be stopped short of thestructurestructure
The control line will com letel surround theThe control line will com letel surround the
Confronting the Fire At theConfronting the Fire At the
StructureStructure
Confronting the Fire At theConfronting the Fire At the
StructureStructure
structure or will join adjacent control linesstructure or will join adjacent control lines If possible, simply put the fire out when itIf possible, simply put the fire out when it
reaches the control perimeterreaches the control perimeter
Otherwise, fire out from a control lineOtherwise, fire out from a control line
structure or will join adjacent control linesstructure or will join adjacent control lines If possible, simply put the fire out when itIf possible, simply put the fire out when it
reaches the control perimeterreaches the control perimeter
Otherwise, fire out from a control lineOtherwise, fire out from a control line
CCCC
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Partial Containment (around structure)Partial Containment (around structure)
The wildland fire will move past the structure before aThe wildland fire will move past the structure before a
control line can be establishedcontrol line can be established Attempt to reduce the fires intensity as it movesAttempt to reduce the fires intensity as it moves
towards the structuretowards the structure
Partial Containment (around structure)Partial Containment (around structure)
The wildland fire will move past the structure before aThe wildland fire will move past the structure before a
control line can be establishedcontrol line can be established Attempt to reduce the fires intensity as it movesAttempt to reduce the fires intensity as it moves
towards the structuretowards the structure
Confronting the Fire At theConfronting the Fire At the
StructureStructure
Confronting the Fire At theConfronting the Fire At the
StructureStructure
Use working lines to knock down the fire front that isUse working lines to knock down the fire front that ismoving directly toward the structuremoving directly toward the structure
When the fire front is split, use the working lines toWhen the fire front is split, use the working lines to
lead the fire around the structurelead the fire around the structure After the main fire passes, put out any fire along theAfter the main fire passes, put out any fire along the
structures perimeterstructures perimeter
Quickly check the structure for fireQuickly check the structure for fire
Use working lines to knock down the fire front that isUse working lines to knock down the fire front that ismoving directly toward the structuremoving directly toward the structure
When the fire front is split, use the working lines toWhen the fire front is split, use the working lines to
lead the fire around the structurelead the fire around the structure After the main fire passes, put out any fire along theAfter the main fire passes, put out any fire along the
structures perimeterstructures perimeter
Quickly check the structure for fireQuickly check the structure for fire
C f i h Fi A hC f i h Fi A hC f i h Fi A hC f i h Fi A h
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No Containment (around structure)No Containment (around structure)
The wildland fire will blow throughThe wildland fire will blow throughessentially unchecked; efforts are directed toessentially unchecked; efforts are directed to
No Containment (around structure)No Containment (around structure)
The wildland fire will blow throughThe wildland fire will blow throughessentially unchecked; efforts are directed toessentially unchecked; efforts are directed to
Confronting the Fire At theConfronting the Fire At the
StructureStructure
Confronting the Fire At theConfronting the Fire At the
StructureStructure
Direct all hose lines onto the structure andDirect all hose lines onto the structure and
allow the wildland fire to burn pastallow the wildland fire to burn past
If safety of the crew is jeopardized, retreat to aIf safety of the crew is jeopardized, retreat to a
prepre--identified safe zone and reidentified safe zone and re--enter the areaenter the area
when the fire has passedwhen the fire has passed
Direct all hose lines onto the structure andDirect all hose lines onto the structure and
allow the wildland fire to burn pastallow the wildland fire to burn past
If safety of the crew is jeopardized, retreat to aIf safety of the crew is jeopardized, retreat to a
prepre--identified safe zone and reidentified safe zone and re--enter the areaenter the area
when the fire has passedwhen the fire has passed
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Fighting Roof FiresFighting Roof FiresFighting Roof FiresFighting Roof Fires
Flammable roofs are frequently ignited byFlammable roofs are frequently ignited by
wildland fireswildland fires
Flammable roofs are frequently ignited byFlammable roofs are frequently ignited by
wildland fireswildland fires
the key is quick attackthe key is quick attack
extinguished from the outsideextinguished from the outside
make sure the fire is out; remove shinglesmake sure the fire is out; remove shingles
the key is quick attackthe key is quick attack
extinguished from the outsideextinguished from the outside
make sure the fire is out; remove shinglesmake sure the fire is out; remove shingles
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Fire spread across roofFire spread across roof
assume fire has spread into and through theassume fire has spread into and through theroofroof
Fire spread across roofFire spread across roof
assume fire has spread into and through theassume fire has spread into and through theroofroof
Fighting Roof FiresFighting Roof FiresFighting Roof FiresFighting Roof Fires
exterior and interiorexterior and interior
Only agency personnel trained andOnly agency personnel trained and
equipped for structural firefighting areequipped for structural firefighting are
permitted to make an interior attackpermitted to make an interior attack
exterior and interiorexterior and interior
Only agency personnel trained andOnly agency personnel trained and
equipped for structural firefighting areequipped for structural firefighting are
permitted to make an interior attackpermitted to make an interior attack
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Water & Foam UseWater & Foam UseWater & Foam UseWater & Foam Use
Water Supplies:Water Supplies:
Save a 100Save a 100--gallon reserve in your enginegallon reserve in your engine Take advantage of any opportunity to addTake advantage of any opportunity to add
Water Supplies:Water Supplies:
Save a 100Save a 100--gallon reserve in your enginegallon reserve in your engine Take advantage of any opportunity to addTake advantage of any opportunity to add
Know the characteristics of the water supplyKnow the characteristics of the water supply
System capacitySystem capacity
Flow rateFlow rate
PressurePressure
ReliabilityReliability
Know the characteristics of the water supplyKnow the characteristics of the water supply
System capacitySystem capacity
Flow rateFlow rate
PressurePressure
ReliabilityReliability
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Water application:Water application:
Effective application is the key to conservingEffective application is the key to conservingwater and using it effectivelywater and using it effectively
Timing of water applicationTiming of water application
Water application:Water application:
Effective application is the key to conservingEffective application is the key to conservingwater and using it effectivelywater and using it effectively
Timing of water applicationTiming of water application
Water & Foam UseWater & Foam UseWater & Foam UseWater & Foam Use
Wetting down with waterWetting down with water Reducing the heat buildReducing the heat build--upup
Duration of the heat waveDuration of the heat wave
Peak heat wave tacticsPeak heat wave tactics
Wetting down with waterWetting down with water Reducing the heat buildReducing the heat build--upup
Duration of the heat waveDuration of the heat wave
Peak heat wave tacticsPeak heat wave tactics
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Water ApplicationWater ApplicationDuration of the Heat WaveDuration of the Heat Wave
Water ApplicationWater ApplicationDuration of the Heat WaveDuration of the Heat Wave
The duration of the intense heat producedThe duration of the intense heat producedby burning wildland fuels depends uponby burning wildland fuels depends uponthe fuels involved and on the overallthe fuels involved and on the overall
The duration of the intense heat producedThe duration of the intense heat producedby burning wildland fuels depends uponby burning wildland fuels depends uponthe fuels involved and on the overallthe fuels involved and on the overall
urn ng con t onsurn ng con t onsurn ng con t onsurn ng con t ons
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Water ApplicationWater ApplicationPeak Heat Wave TacticsPeak Heat Wave Tactics
Water ApplicationWater ApplicationPeak Heat Wave TacticsPeak Heat Wave Tactics
Do not waste water by spraying at a wallDo not waste water by spraying at a wallof flame during the peak of the heat andof flame during the peak of the heat andsmokesmoke
Do not waste water by spraying at a wallDo not waste water by spraying at a wallof flame during the peak of the heat andof flame during the peak of the heat andsmokesmoke
ee re uge n t e s a e o somet ng t atee re uge n t e s a e o somet ng t atblocks intense radiant heatblocks intense radiant heat
Wait until you have an opportunity to doWait until you have an opportunity to dosome good with your watersome good with your water
Use water when and where you have theUse water when and where you have theadvantage, not on fire that is burning at itsadvantage, not on fire that is burning at itspeak intensitypeak intensity
ee re uge n t e s a e o somet ng t atee re uge n t e s a e o somet ng t atblocks intense radiant heatblocks intense radiant heat
Wait until you have an opportunity to doWait until you have an opportunity to dosome good with your watersome good with your water
Use water when and where you have theUse water when and where you have theadvantage, not on fire that is burning at itsadvantage, not on fire that is burning at itspeak intensitypeak intensity
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Foam UseFoam UseFoam UseFoam Use ClassClass--A foam is an aggregation of smallA foam is an aggregation of small
bubbles created by injecting air into a mixturebubbles created by injecting air into a mixtureof water and foam concentrate.of water and foam concentrate.
When correctly applied, foam:When correctly applied, foam:
ClassClass--A foam is an aggregation of smallA foam is an aggregation of small
bubbles created by injecting air into a mixturebubbles created by injecting air into a mixtureof water and foam concentrate.of water and foam concentrate.
When correctly applied, foam:When correctly applied, foam:
excludes the air from the fuel and envelopes theexcludes the air from the fuel and envelopes thevolatile combustible vapors at the fuel surfacevolatile combustible vapors at the fuel surface
reflects radiant heat and absorbs heat ofreflects radiant heat and absorbs heat of
combustioncombustion
clings to vertical surfacesclings to vertical surfaces
releases water from its bubble structure at areleases water from its bubble structure at a
reduced ratereduced rate
excludes the air from the fuel and envelopes theexcludes the air from the fuel and envelopes thevolatile combustible vapors at the fuel surfacevolatile combustible vapors at the fuel surface
reflects radiant heat and absorbs heat ofreflects radiant heat and absorbs heat of
combustioncombustion
clings to vertical surfacesclings to vertical surfaces
releases water from its bubble structure at areleases water from its bubble structure at a
reduced ratereduced rate
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Attack Methods Using FoamAttack Methods Using FoamAttack Methods Using FoamAttack Methods Using Foam Direct AttackDirect Attack
Indirect AttackIndirect Attack Structure TreatmentStructure Treatment
Direct AttackDirect Attack
Indirect AttackIndirect Attack Structure TreatmentStructure Treatment
Begin treating the structure 10Begin treating the structure 10--15 minutes15 minutes
before the expected front beginsbefore the expected front begins
Foam should be applied to a structure byFoam should be applied to a structure by
lofting the foam from a distancelofting the foam from a distance
Fuel tanks and LPG containers can be coatedFuel tanks and LPG containers can be coated
Begin treating the structure 10Begin treating the structure 10--15 minutes15 minutes
before the expected front beginsbefore the expected front begins
Foam should be applied to a structure byFoam should be applied to a structure by
lofting the foam from a distancelofting the foam from a distance
Fuel tanks and LPG containers can be coatedFuel tanks and LPG containers can be coated
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MobilityMobilityMobilityMobility
Stay mobileStay mobile Do not Do not dig indig in
Stay mobileStay mobile Do not Do not dig indig in
structure:structure: abandon the hoseabandon the hose
take only the fittingstake only the fittings
structure:structure: abandon the hoseabandon the hose
take only the fittingstake only the fittings
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Retreating & ReturningRetreating & ReturningRetreating & ReturningRetreating & Returning
It may be necessary to retreat due toIt may be necessary to retreat due tointensity of the fireintensity of the fire
If returning to a structure after the main fireIf returning to a structure after the main fire
It may be necessary to retreat due toIt may be necessary to retreat due tointensity of the fireintensity of the fire
If returning to a structure after the main fireIf returning to a structure after the main fire
has passed, watch for hazards:has passed, watch for hazards: Downed power linesDowned power lines
Burning snagsBurning snags
Rock & logs on roadRock & logs on road SmokeSmoke
Weakened bridges or cattle guardsWeakened bridges or cattle guards
has passed, watch for hazards:has passed, watch for hazards: Downed power linesDowned power lines
Burning snagsBurning snags
Rock & logs on roadRock & logs on road SmokeSmoke
Weakened bridges or cattle guardsWeakened bridges or cattle guards
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Extinguishment & FollowExtinguishment & Follow--upupExtinguishment & FollowExtinguishment & Follow--upup
Within the limits of time available,Within the limits of time available,there are important things youthere are important things youshould do to assure that the structureshould do to assure that the structure
Within the limits of time available,Within the limits of time available,there are important things youthere are important things youshould do to assure that the structureshould do to assure that the structure
rema ns sa erema ns sa e Covered in Unit 5, Public RelationsCovered in Unit 5, Public Relations
and Followand Follow--upup
Video:Video: Engine OperationsEngine Operations
rema ns sa erema ns sa e Covered in Unit 5, Public RelationsCovered in Unit 5, Public Relations
and Followand Follow--upup
Video:Video: Engine OperationsEngine Operations
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FIRING OUT (BURNING OUT)FIRING OUT (BURNING OUT)FIRING OUT (BURNING OUT)FIRING OUT (BURNING OUT)
Firing out (burning out) means to set fireFiring out (burning out) means to set firealong a control line in order to remove fuelalong a control line in order to remove fuelbetween the line and the main fire.between the line and the main fire.
The main fire may (or may not) be activelyThe main fire may (or may not) be activelyadvancing.advancing.
Crew Bosses have the authority to initiateCrew Bosses have the authority to initiate
burnout procedures unless specificallyburnout procedures unless specificallyordered not to.ordered not to.
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BACKFIREBACKFIREBACKFIREBACKFIRE A backfire means to set fire along the innerA backfire means to set fire along the inner
edge of a control line to consume the fueledge of a control line to consume the fuelin the path of a wildfire and/or change thein the path of a wildfire and/or change thedirection of force of the fires convectiondirection of force of the fires convection
The decision to backfire is normally madeThe decision to backfire is normally madeby the operations section chief, approvedby the operations section chief, approvedin the incident action plan, and put intoin the incident action plan, and put intoeffect at the division leveleffect at the division level
FIRING OUT IS VALUABLEFIRING OUT IS VALUABLEFIRING OUT IS VALUABLEFIRING OUT IS VALUABLE
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FIRING OUT IS VALUABLEFIRING OUT IS VALUABLE
WHEN . . .WHEN . . .
FIRING OUT IS VALUABLEFIRING OUT IS VALUABLE
WHEN . . .WHEN . . . YOU CANNOT WAIT for the main fire toYOU CANNOT WAIT for the main fire to
reach your established control line.reach your established control line. The CONTROL LINE WILL NOT HOLDThe CONTROL LINE WILL NOT HOLD
..
The INTENSITY of the main fire at theThe INTENSITY of the main fire at thecontrol line would be great enough tocontrol line would be great enough tothreaten the structure.threaten the structure.
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