focus on grammar

• Punctuation helps you understand the meaning of a sentence.

• Don’t forget all sentences start with a CAPITAL letter.

Punctuation Marks

End Marks

• Period .• Question Mark ?• Exclamation Point !

Periods are used

• at the end of declarative (statement) sentences.

• at the end of imperative (command) sentences.

• after initials and most abbreviations.

Periods and Declarative Sentences

The Statue of Liberty is more than 150 feet tall .

Periods and Imperative Sentences

Please board the boat carefully .

Periods and Initials and Abbreviations

• Gov. James R. Thomas had a brilliant idea that would save the state millions of dollars.

• Mr. Smith went home.

Question Marks

are used

at the

end

of

interrogative sentences.

Question Marks

• Use a question mark at the end of an interrogative sentence.

• How old will you be this year?

Exclamation Points are used

• at the end of exclamatory sentences.

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Exclamation Pointsand

Exclamatory Sentences • An exclamatory

sentence shows great emotion.

• What a great game!

• That’s terrific!

Parts of Speech

When we speak, we pronounce words next to each other in order to produce a clear sentence. These words are mostly:

• Nouns

• Verbs

• Adjectives

• Prepositions

Nouns

A noun is a word that names a:

• Person (Norah, Reem, Hala)

• Place ( Riyadh, street, house)

• Thing (table, computer)

• Idea (happiness, democracy, courage )

Nouns can be

• Singular (names one person, place, thing or idea)

Example: student, chair, apple

• Plural (more than one person, place, thing or idea)

Example: students, chairs, apples

Nouns are divided into:

• Common Nouns (names any person, place, thing or idea) Common nouns do not begin with capital letters because they are less specific.

Proper Nouns (nouns that begin with a capital letter are proper nouns. They have a specific name or title and refer to a particular person, place, thing, or idea. )

Common Nouns

Proper Nouns

country, language, mother, brother, teacher

England, German,

Nada

Sally

Verbs

• A verb is a word used to indicate an action or a condition.

Example: bring, happen, play

• A verb is what a subject is doing, What is being done or a state of being

Example: She is writing. The book was bought by the student. She seems sick

Subject Verb agreement

• A verb should be in the same person as its subject.

• A singular subject needs a singular verb.

• A plural subject needs a plural verb.

Singular vs. PluralSingular vs. PluralSingular

The person waits.

Plural

The people wait.

Subject-Verb Agreement

student knows

subject verb=

An “s” ending on a verb usually indicates that it is singular.

No “s” ending on a noun often indicates that it is singular.

Example Sentence

Good students knows the value of communication skills.

subject

verb

Some Common Rules

With… Use a…

I singular verb (no “s”)

You plural verb (no “s”)

He, She, It singular verb (“s”)

We plural verb (no “s”)

You plural verb (no “s”)

They plural verb (no “s”)

Verb Tenses

• The three parts are:

Base form : do, give, throw

Past: did, gave, threw

Past participle: done, given thrown,

Adjectives

• Words that are used to modify and describe nouns or pronouns

• There are many kinds of adjectives:

• Possessive: Possessive pronouns can be used as adjectives ex. That is his book.

• Demonstrative, My book is expensive.

• Descriptive: She has long hair.

Verb to be

• am , is, are

• Is used when you are naming people or things describing them.

• I am a teacher.

• She is a student.

• We are humans.

Prepositions

• A preposition is a word or phrase that is used before a noun or pronoun to show place, time, direction, etc..

• Commonly used prepositions: • above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at,

before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, into, like, of, off, on, over, past, since, through, throughout, to, toward, under, underneath, until, up, upon, with, within, without 

Prepositions of Place

• The book is on the table.

• The ball is in the box.

• The chair is next to the desk

• Sara is at the library.

Prepositions of time

At:

Use at + specific time on the clock

- We have a class at one o’clock.

- We sleep at night.

In:

Use in + specific month, year, the morning, the evening, the afternoon.

Prepositions of time

On:

- Use on + specific day of the week.

I have grammar on Monday.

-Use on+ specific date.

I was born on September 19.

From.. To:

Use from a specific time to a specific time.

We have class from 12 to 2.

Pronouns

• A pronoun is a word that takes the place of one or more nouns.

• You can use a pronoun to avoid repeating a noun or group of words with a noun.

Types of Pronouns• There are 2 types of pronouns: SUBJECT and OBJECT pronouns

• A subject pronoun takes the place of a noun that is the subject of a sentence. It comes at the beginning of a sentence.

.• An object pronoun takes the place of a

noun that is the object of a verb. It comes at the end of a sentence.

Subject Pronouns

SINGULAR:I you he she it

PLURAL:we you they

Object Pronouns

SINGULAR:me you him her it

PLURAL:us you them

Object Pronoun Usage

I bought that cheese.I bought it.

Sue can ride with Jim and me.Sue can ride with us.

I lost my glasses.I lost them.