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Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Health Impacts in Developing Nations
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Program Objectives
1. Describe agricultural biotechnology
applications currently utilized or being
studied for use in developing nations.
2. Identify biotechnology’s role in food
quality and availability, economic
development, and the health of farm
workers.
3. Describe guidance from international
authorities regarding safety testing and
regulation of agricultural biotechnology.
4. Compare and contrast examples of uses
and regulation of agricultural
biotechnology in specific developing
nations and world regions.
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Module Outline
I. Global Overview
a. Definition
b. Adoption
c. Regulation and Safety
II. Understanding Agriculture, Food, and
Health in Developing Nations
III. Developing Nations
a. Adoption
b. Benefits
c. Research & Development
d. Case Studies
e. What will the Future Hold?
IV. Resources & References
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Global Overview:
Definition
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Agricultural Biotechnology Defined:
• Various agricultural and food production
techniques that aim to improve agricultural
conditions and produce better food.
Modern Agricultural Biotechnology:
• Identification and transfer of specific
gene(s) that create(s) a desired
quality in a plant.
• More precise way to produce plants
with certain beneficial
characteristics— such as insect
protection or better nutrition.
Photos courtesy of Wayne Parrot, PhD, University of Georgia
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Global Overview:
Adoption
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Global Biotechnology: Adoption
• 60-fold increase in acreage, 1996 to 2006
• In 2006:
• 252 million acres (102 million
hectares)
• 22 countries
• 10.3 million farmers
%Global Crop
Acreage:
64% soybean
38% cotton
18% canola
17% maize
• Traits expressed in crops:
• Bt (insect protected)
• HT (herbicide tolerant)
• VR (virus resistant)
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Global Overview:
Regulation and Safety
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Global Biotechnology: Regulation and Safety
Deemed safe by scientific and regulatory
authorities globally for food, animal feed, and
environmental safety
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Global Biotechnology:
An Example of Safety Assessment Cooperation
• Assessing Allergenicity of Genetically
Modified Foods
– 2000: Decision tree adopted
– 2001: 28 experts reaffirmed and
recommended integrating emerging
research and modifying, as needed
– Decision Tree is utilized worldwide
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Global Biotechnology: Scientific Support
American Medical Association (AMA)
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)
Institute of Food Technologists (IFT)
Royal Society of London, U.S. National Academy of Sciences,
Brazilian Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Indian National Science Academy, Mexican
Academy of Sciences, and Third World Academy of Sciences
Society of Toxicology
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
US Department of Agriculture (USDA)
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
World Health Organization (WHO)
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Global Biotechnology: Challenges to
Cooperation regarding Trade Regulation
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
• Designed to address biodiversity
• Biotech crops and seeds require
approval and notification prior to
importation
• Complexity and extended scope raise
interpretation, implementation, and
resource challenges
• 195 nations have ratified the Protocol
• Critics, including the US, have
concerns that the Protocol is not
science-based
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Understanding
Agriculture, Food,
and Health in
Developing
Nations
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Agriculture, Food, and Health in Developing
Nations
• AGRICULTURE plays critical role:
• Engine of ECONOMIC GROWTH
• Employer to nearly ½ labor force
• Enhancing agricultural productivity to
include better quality, quantity and
consistency means:
• BETTER DIETS
• HIGHER INCOMES
1% increase in yield can
increase income by 100% for
44% of Sub-Saharan Africans
HUMAN
HEALTH
REDUCED
PESTICIDE
USE
HIGHER
FARM/
FAMILY
INCOME
TRANSITION TO
USE OF SAFER
PESTICIDES
IMPROVED AIR QUALITY
IMPROVED SOIL QUALITY
STIMULATION
OF LOCAL
ECONOMIES
Food & Agricultural Biotechnology:
Impact of Improved Agricultural Productivity on Human Health
PRODUCE
MORE CONSISTENT
FOOD SUPPLY
PRODUCE MORE
FOOD/NUTRITIONAL
VALUE PER CROP
REDUCED
SOIL TILLAGE
IMPROVED WATER QUALITY
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Agriculture, Food, and Health in Developing
Nations
• 854 million hungry people in world with 820
million (96%) of those individuals in
developing countries
• In Africa:
•1/3 undernourished
•1/4 of children underweight
•1/3 of children stunted
• Population growth compounding
problem!
• 40% more food needed from agriculture
to meet needs of projected population
“Hunger, poverty,
and disease are
interlinked, with
each contributing
to the presence
and persistence of
the other two.”
World Health
Organization, 1997
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
• Many BARRIERS to addressing hunger and
malnutrition through increasing agricultural
production
• Failure to address agricultural production,
however, would undermine self-
sustainability
• Fortunately biotechnology does not rely on
economies of scale. The power of
biotechnology is delivered via the seed
itself.
Food, Agriculture, and Health in Developing
Nations
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Developing Nations:
Adoption
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Developing Nations: Adoption
2006
• 11 of 22 countries with biotech crop
acreage were developing nations
• 40% global acreage in developing nations
(vs. 14% in 1997)
• Of 10.3 million farmers who planted biotech
crops in 2006:
• 90% or 9.3 million were small, resource-
poor farmers from developing countries
• Increased income from biotech
crops contributed to poverty
alleviation.
• Most reside and work in China,
India, the Philippines, and South
Africa.
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Developing Nations:
Benefits
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Developing Nations: Solving Problems
Biotechnology is making and has the
potential to make further essential
contributions to resolving certain food and
agricultural issues in the developing world
• Human Health
• Environmental
• Economic
“Because trace minerals are important not only for human nutrition, but for
plant nutrition as well, plant breeding holds great promise for making a
significant, low-cost, and sustainable contribution to reducing micronutrient,
particularly mineral deficiencies in humans, and may have important spinoff
effects for increasing farm productivity in developing countries in a way that is
environmentally-beneficial.”
(Bouis, Graham, and Welch, 1999)
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Developing Nations: Human Health Benefits
• Improved nutrition
– Golden rice
– Golden mustard oil
– Higher protein potato
– Micronutrient-enhanced cassava, rice, etc.
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Developing Nations: Human Health Benefits
• Reduced toxin formation, in the field and
post-harvest
– Reduced mycotoxin formation in insect-protected (Bt) varieties
– Varieties developed to produce less naturally-occurring toxin
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Developing Nations: Human Health Benefits
• Increased food production
– Disease and pest resistance
– Resulting yield increases
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Developing Nations: Human Health Benefits
• Farmer health
– Reduced pesticide exposure during
spraying
– Economic gains translate into better diets
and health care
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Developing Nations: Environmental Benefits
• Global Reductions in Pesticide Use
– ↓ 224 million kg (6%) active ingredient,
1996-2005
– Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ)
↓15.3%, 1996-2005
Human health impact?
Reduce farmer exposure.
Improve air and ground water quality.
Improve diets through increased net income to farmer.
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Developing Nations: Environmental Benefits
(continued)
• Reductions in Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
Emissions
– Less fossil fuel used to spray pesticides and/or till the soil
→ ↓ 962 million kg CO2
→ Equivalent to 427,556 average family cars
– More organic carbon sequestered in soil with no-till and reduced-till systems
→ ↓ 8,053 million kg CO2
→ Equivalent to 3,579,298 average family cars
Human health impact?
Improve air quality.
Improve diets through increased net income to farmer.
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Developing Nations: Economic Benefits
• 2005 direct global farm income benefit*:
$5 billion
• 2005 direct developing nations farm
income benefit*: $2.75 billion
* Farm income benefit accounts for impact on yield, key costs of production
(seed, crop protection, fuel, labor), crop quality, facility of planting 2nd crop
within a season, price changes
Human health impact?
Allow farming families to eat better.
Channel resources into local economy,
allowing non-farming families to eat better.
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Developing Nations:
R&D
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Developing Nations: Research and Development
Research goals relevant to developing nations:
• Reduce need for agrochemicals
• Pest and disease resistance
• Increased tolerance to drought and saline soils
• Prolonged shelf life and other enhanced
product characteristics
• Improved nutritional value
R&D is active worldwide
• in specific countries, and
• through international collaborative research
groups
The reality is that
poor countries
have vibrant
programs of public
biotech research. Joel Cohen,
International Food
Policy Research
Institute, 2004
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Developing Nations:
Case Studies
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Case Study: South Africa
• HEALTH AND AGRONOMIC NEEDS
– 11% population employed in agriculture
– Ag is 4% of GDP
– Severe HIV/AIDS crisis, affecting ability to work
and economic status of families
– Common crops: cotton, maize, potato,
soybean, sugarcane, wheat
• ADOPTION
– 1999: One of first developing countries to
commercially approve biotech crops
– 2005 to 2006: 180% increase (3.5 million acres
in 2006)
– 8th largest acreage worldwide
– Planted by several thousand farmers, including
many female Bt cotton farmers
– Crops: • Bt and HT white maize for food
• Bt and HT yellow maize for animal feed
• HT soybean
• Bt, HT, and stacked (Bt + HT) cotton
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Case Study: South Africa
• ECONOMIC
– Farm income ↑$76 million, 1998-2005
– Makhatini Flats cotton farmer survey (‘98-’01)
– Gross margin increase: $86-93/hectare
– Revenue, yield, harvest labor, seed cost ↑
– Pesticide cost, pesticide spray labor ↓
– Social implications for female farmers
supporting families
• ENVIRONMENTAL
– EIQ ↓ ranged from 7% for HT soybean to
0.44% for HT maize
“Walking with a knapsack sprayer on his back, a farmer has to cover a
distance of 10-20 km to apply pesticide to one hectare of cotton. Water
has to be carried by hand from communal water sources, and in dry
areas clean water is a very scarce commodity. Illness due to exposure
to pesticides is not uncommon among small-scale farmers.” Gouse, Pray, Schimmelpfennig 2004
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Case Study: South Africa
• R&D
– University of Cape Town
– Maize resistant to virus, drought
– Tobacco to produce vaccines against
HIV and HPV
– South African Sugar Experiment Station
– HT sugar cane (see photo at left:
control in middle, HT crop on either
side; courtesy of AgBioForum)
– India-Brazil-South Africa Trilateral
Commission, biotech research
collaboration
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Case Study: India
• HEALTH AND AGRONOMIC NEEDS:
– Green Revolution history
– Still, home to most hungry in world–
300 million food insecure
– 60% employed in agriculture
Ag represents 22% of the GDP
Feeds into cotton industry (4%
GDP)
• ADOPTION:
– 9.4 million biotech crop acres: 3-fold
or 192% increase, 2005 to 2006
– 5th largest biotech cultivator worldwide
– 2.3 million farmers
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Case Study: India
• ECONOMIC:
– 2002 to 2005, farmer income increased
US$463 million due to biotech
– Yield of Bt vs. conventional cotton was
45% higher in 2002 and 63% higher in
2003
• ENVIRONMENT
– 78% less pesticide sprayed in 2002 on Bt
vs. non-Bt cotton; 83% less in 2003
– EIQ ↓3%, 1996-2005
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Case Study: India
• R&D
– Dept of Biotech, Ministry of Science and
Technology: 6 centers of plant molecular
biology in 1990
– IBSA Trilateral Commission
– Crops under study in India: chickpea,
banana, blackgram, brassica, cabbage,
cauliflower, coffee, cotton, eggplant, maize,
muskmelon, mustard/rapeseed, pidgeonpea,
potato, rice, tobacco, tomato, and wheat.
– Agricultural Biotechnology Support Program
II (ABSPII): Fruit and Shoot Borer Resistant Eggplant
(photo at left courtesy of ABSPII)
Drought Tolerant Rice
Salinity Tolerant Rice
Late Blight Resistant Potato
Tobacco Streak Virus Resistant
Groundnut and Sunflower
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Case Study: The Philippines
• HEALTH AND AGRONOMIC NEEDS:
– 36% population employed in ag sector
– Ag is 14.8% GDP
– Major crops: banana, cassava, coconut,
corn, mango, pineapple, rice, sugarcane
• ADOPTION:
– 100% increase, 2005 to 2006, to 0.2 million
hectares
– 10th largest biotech cultivator worldwide
– 100,000 farmers
– Crops: – Bt, HT, and stacked maize for animal feed
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Case Study: The Philippines
• ECONOMIC
– $8 million farm income ↑, 2003-2005
– Yield ↑25%
• ENVIRONMENT
– Potential for reduced pesticide
usage
• HEALTH
– Potential for reduced mycotoxin
formation
– Potential for reduced pesticide exposure
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Case Study: The Philippines
• R&D
– Agricultural Biotechnology Support Program
II (ABSPII): Fruit and Shoot Borer Resistant Eggplant
Drought Tolerant Rice
Salinity Tolerant Rice
Late Blight Resistant Potato
Tobacco Streak Virus Resistant Groundnut
and Sunflower
– Philippine Rice Research Institute Golden Rice
Virus and Blight Resistant Rice
– Institute of Plant Breeding of the University
of the Philippines at Los Baños VR papaya (photo at left: virus-resistant on
right, control on left; courtesy of
AgBioForum, Gonsalves 2004)
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Developing Nations:
What will the future hold?
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
Critical Factors for Continued Benefits in
Developing Nations
• Science-based regulatory and trade policies
• Infrastructure and access issues
• Responsible farm management and
environmental stewardship
• Public-private partnerships
• Consumer acceptance
“Biotechnology is not the enemy…hunger is”
Jimmy Carter
Former President of the U.S. and current activist against global hunger
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
"GM technology, coupled with important developments in other
areas, should be used to increase the production of main food
staples, improve the efficiency of production, reduce the
environmental impact of agriculture, and provide access to food
for small-scale farmers.”
National Academy of Sciences
To Learn More:
Agricultural Biotechnology Support Project II
http://www.absp2.cornell.edu/
AgBio World
www.agbioworld.org
Biotechnology Industry Organization
www.bio.org
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
www.cgiar.org/
Council for Biotechnology Information
www.whybiotech.org
Institute of Food Technologists
www.ift.org
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
To Learn More…continued
Institute of Medicine, National Academies of Science
www.iom.edu/report.asp?id=21496
International Food Information Council Foundation
www.ific.org/food/biotechnology
International Food Policy Research Institute
www.ifpri.org
International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech
Applications
www.isaaa.org
Society of Toxicology www.toxicology.org/information/governmentmedia/gm)_food.html
US Regulatory Agencies Unified Biotechnology Web Site
http://usbiotechreg.nbii.gov/
Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
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Food &
Agricultural
Biotechnology
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Food &
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Food &
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Biotechnology
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Food &
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Biotechnology
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