frozen frogs!!

FROZEN FROGS!!http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/lsps07_vid_frozenfrogs/

3

4

THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA

ABIOTIC FACTORS: TEMPERATURE

Temperature:

MACROCLIMATE

Macroclimate:

MICROCLIMATE

Fig. 5.3 in Molles 2008

Microclimate:

Taking Advantage of Microclimate Variation

Altitude and Temperature

Altitude and Temperature

Why?1

2

Slope Aspect and Temperature

Gomez Peak, Eighty Mountain

Slope Aspect and Temperature(Northern Hemisphere)

Ground Color and Temperature

Albedo:

Burrows and Temperature

Fig. 5.6 in Molle 2010

TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY: AIR VERSUS SOIL

Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge

TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY: AIR vs. WATER

Fig. 5.7 in Molles 2010

TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY: AIR vs. WATER

TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY: AIR vs. WATER

Gas Water

Specific Heat of Water: It takes 1 cal of energy to heat 1 cm3 of water 1o C

Specific Heat of Air: It takes .0003 cal of energy to heat 1 cm3 of air 1o C

A) Specific Heat

THERMAL STABILITY OF WATER

B) Phase Changes: Latent Heat of Evaporization

Quitobaquito, Organ Pipe National Monument, AZ

Evaporating WaterAbsorbs a TremendousAmount of HeatEnergy

THERMAL STABILITY OF WATER

(Cooling Effect on Surroundings)

C) Phase Changes: Latent Heat of Fusion

Freezing Water Releasesa TremendousAmount of Energy

THERMAL STABILITY OF WATER

(Warming Effect on Surroundings)

COPING WITH EXTREME TEMPERATURE

ADAPTATION: an anatomical, physiological or behavioral characteristic that improves an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce under prevailing environmental conditions.

ADAPTATION: Result from Evolutionary Processes

Reproductive OutputExceeds Capacity of

Environment

ADAPTATION: Result from EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES

Variation

ADAPTATION: Result from EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES

Intraspecific Competition

THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA

ADAPTATIONS: Physiology

Figs. 5.15, 5.14 in Molles 2010

THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA:Sulphur Oxidase Function

PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA:Population Growth Rate

ADAPTATIONS: Physiology

Boreal Moss Desert Shrub

ADAPTATIONS: PhysiologyPhotosynthesis

Fig. 5.12 in Molles 2010

ADAPTATIONS: Physiology(Photosynthesis)

(Sceloporus undulatus)

MEI = C – F - U

METABOLIZABLE ENERGY INTAKE(MEI)

ADAPTATIONS: Behavior/Physiology

Fig. 5.11 in Molles 2010

ADAPTATIONS: Behavior/Physiology

RAINBOW TROUTOo – 4o C 20o C

ADAPTATIONS: Physiology

ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE(promotes breakdown of acetylcholine)

ADAPTATIONS: Physiology

ADAPTATIONS TO TEMPERATURE

PRINCIPLE OF ALLOCATION

As a Population Adapts to a Set of Environmental Conditions, its Fitness in Other Environments is

Reduced

Levins, “Evolution in Changing Environments”

CONSEQUENCES OF ADAPTATION

Lab Experiment: Bennett and Lenski (2007)

Single Ancestral Strain Grown at 37o C

2,000 Generations

32oC 37oC 42oC 32oC / 42oCCultures Adapted to Different Temperature Regimes

Lab Experiment: Bennett and Lenski (2007)

2,000 Generations at 20O C

32oC 37oC 42oC 32oC / 42oC

Cultures Adapted to Different Temperature Regimes

Lab Experiment: Bennett and Lenski (2007)

Fig. 5.8 in Molles 2010

ACCLIMATION: Physiological adjustment to change in environmental factor within one organism during its lifetime

Grown in Cold Environment

Grown in Hot Environment

Demonstrating Acclimation(Grow shrubs from Same Population in Different Conditions)

Fig. 5.13 in Molles 2010

ACCLIMATION

HEAT EXCHANGE

Fig. 5.16 in Molles 2010

HEAT EXCHANGE

Hs:

Hcd:

Hcv:

He:

Hm:

Hr:

Temperature Regulation: Desert Plants

Desert Marigold

Temperature Regulation: Desert Plants

Alpine Chickweed

Temperature Regulation: Arctic / Alpine Plants

Temperature Regulation: Arctic / Alpine Plants

Temperature Regulation: Animals

ECTOTHERMS: Rely on external sources of energy toregulate temperature

(= Poikilotherms)

Temperature Regulation: Animals

Temperature Regulation: Animals

Coping with Extreme Temperatures

Clear-Winged Grasshopper(and Grasshopper Fungus)

Temperature Regulation: Animals

Fig. 5.19 in Molles 2010

Temperature Regulation: Animals

Grasshopper Fungus

Fig. 5.23 in Molles 2010

Temperature Regulation: Animals

ENDOTHERMS: Relies on internal sources of energyto regulate temperature(= Homeotherms)

Temperature Regulation: Animals

THERMAL NEUTRAL ZONE

Fig. 5.24 in Molles 2008

Temperature Regulation: Animals

OUTSIDE THE THERMAL NEUTRAL ZONE?

Countercurrent Circulation

Fig. 5.25 in Molles 2010

Temperature Regulation: Animals

TORPOR

ESTIVATION HIBERNATION

INACTIVITY

Temperature Regulation: Animals

Temperature Regulation: Animals

Temperature Regulation: Animals

Skunk Cabbage