fundamentals of biology
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Fundamentals of BiologyFundamentals of Biology
What is life???????What is life???????
Do we know?Do we know?• Biologists have never agreed upon a Biologists have never agreed upon a
definition. Soooooooooo………definition. Soooooooooo………
they describe the properties that living they describe the properties that living things have in common.things have in common.
Living thingsLiving things
The ingredients of lifeThe ingredients of life• Beside water, carbon, hydrogen and Beside water, carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen are necessary for life.oxygen are necessary for life.• Compounds made up of these three Compounds made up of these three
things are known as organic things are known as organic compoundscompounds
The four main groups of The four main groups of organic moleculesorganic molecules• CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• ProteinsProteins• Lipids Lipids • Nucleic acidsNucleic acids
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• Sugars and starches used for energySugars and starches used for energy• Structure – chitin (shells of marine Structure – chitin (shells of marine
organisms) and cellulose (the main organisms) and cellulose (the main ingredient of wood and plant fibers)ingredient of wood and plant fibers)
ProteinsProteins• Composed of smaller subunits called amino acids Composed of smaller subunits called amino acids • In addition to C, H, and O proteins contain NitrogenIn addition to C, H, and O proteins contain Nitrogen• Functions: make up muscles, enzymes, hormones, carry Functions: make up muscles, enzymes, hormones, carry
oxygen, and even act as antifreeze in Antarctic fishesoxygen, and even act as antifreeze in Antarctic fishes
LipidsLipids
• Fats, oils and waxesFats, oils and waxes• Functions: energy storage, waterproofing, Functions: energy storage, waterproofing,
insulation and help with buoyancyinsulation and help with buoyancy
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids• DNA and RNADNA and RNA• Functions: store and transmit the basic Functions: store and transmit the basic
genetic information of all living thingsgenetic information of all living things
EnergyEnergy• Photosynthesis – plants produce usable energy Photosynthesis – plants produce usable energy
(glucose) from the sun, carbon dioxide and nutrients.(glucose) from the sun, carbon dioxide and nutrients.• Respiration – use the energy formed by plants in Respiration – use the energy formed by plants in
addition to oxygen to gain the needed energy to addition to oxygen to gain the needed energy to function. function.
CellsCells• Prokaryotes vs Prokaryotes vs
Eukaryotes Eukaryotes • Prokaryotes – no Prokaryotes – no
organellesorganelles• Eukaryotes – Eukaryotes –
organelles : nucleus, organelles : nucleus, mitochondria, mitochondria, ribosomes, golgi ribosomes, golgi apparatus, etc..apparatus, etc..
Life in the seaLife in the sea• What is unique What is unique
about living in the about living in the ocean?ocean?
• Salt waterSalt water• Movement of water Movement of water
– tides and curents– tides and curents• TemperatureTemperature
Dealing with the saltDealing with the salt• Diffusion – molecules moving from high Diffusion – molecules moving from high
concentration to low. concentration to low. • Cells spend most of their energy actively Cells spend most of their energy actively
transporting materials opposite the direction of transporting materials opposite the direction of diffusion.diffusion.
•Marine fish have Marine fish have the ability to rid the ability to rid their body of their body of excess salt – excess salt – through their through their gills and in their gills and in their urineurine
TemperatureTemperature• Marine organisms are ectotherms Marine organisms are ectotherms
(cold-blooded) or endotherms (warm-(cold-blooded) or endotherms (warm-blooded).blooded).
• The organisms have adapted to live The organisms have adapted to live in particular temperature ranges in particular temperature ranges where their enzymes would work the where their enzymes would work the best.best.
ReproducingReproducing• Sexual – eggs, sperm Sexual – eggs, sperm
and fertilization – and fertilization – offspring inherits offspring inherits genes from each genes from each parentparent
• Asexual – budding, Asexual – budding, and fission – all and fission – all offspring are exact offspring are exact copies of parentcopies of parent
Why the diversity?Why the diversity?• Theory of evolution – Theory of evolution –
the gradual alteration the gradual alteration of a species genetic of a species genetic make-up.make-up.
• Why does this occur?Why does this occur?• Natural Selection – the Natural Selection – the
best adapted best adapted individuals produce individuals produce more offspringmore offspring
Classifying all the organismsClassifying all the organisms• KING PHILLIP CAME KING PHILLIP CAME
OVER FOR GOOD OVER FOR GOOD SPAGHETTISPAGHETTI
• KING PHILLIP CAME KING PHILLIP CAME OVER FROM OVER FROM GREECE SATURDAYGREECE SATURDAY
• KingdomKingdom• PhylumPhylum• ClassClass• OrderOrder• Family Family • GenusGenus• SpeciesSpecies
HumansHumans• KingdomKingdom Animalia (multicellular organisms that eat Animalia (multicellular organisms that eat
other organisms; mostly mobile other organisms; mostly mobile • PhylumPhylum Chordata (animals with a semi-rigid rod, a Chordata (animals with a semi-rigid rod, a
notochord, running down its back notochord, running down its back • Class Class Mammalia (chordates with hair and mammary Mammalia (chordates with hair and mammary
glands) glands) • Order Order Primates (mammals with well-developed hands Primates (mammals with well-developed hands
and a high level of intelligenceand a high level of intelligenceFamilyFamily Hominidae (primates which walk upright on two Hominidae (primates which walk upright on two legs, hands well structured for manipulating objects; legs, hands well structured for manipulating objects; cerebrum of the brain is relatively large cerebrum of the brain is relatively large
• Genus Genus Homo (tool-using hominids with very large brain Homo (tool-using hominids with very large brain • SpeciesSpecies Homo sapiens Homo sapiens (only surviving species of genus (only surviving species of genus
HomoHomo) )
Bottlenose Dolphin Bottlenose Dolphin
• KingdomKingdom Animalia Animalia • PhylumPhylum Chordata Chordata • Class Class Mammalia Mammalia • Order Order CetaceaCetacea• FamilyFamily Delphinidae Delphinidae• Genus Genus TursiopsTursiops• SpeciesSpecies Tursiops Tursiops
truncatustruncatus
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