fundmentals of ict in b2b on telecomms platform

ICT in B2B

Tunde OmitogunHisplus Systems Limited.info@hisplus.netwww.hisplus.net+234-809-505-2922+234-803-888-8701

Fundamentals of ICT in B2B on Telecom’s Platform An overview of ICT and applications in B2B. Touching on the most common ICT applications, and trends. Touching on the basic infrastructure that supports the use of ICT tools and services within organizations. Application Interface Data representation and Processing

• B2B stands for business to business. Some businesses only provide products or services to other businesses.

• B2B is frequently used as to describe different types of transactions and services between two businesses.

• Selling B2B selling applications allow a business to sell to other businesses through an electronic transaction. Some companies choose to sell through a private website while others may use an electronic selling service, or e-commerce site, run by another business.

• B2B buying applications involve a business purchasing goods and services from another company via an electronic transaction. This can also be done via an e-commerce site.

• E-commerce is the way shopping and selling is done on Internet. Credit cards can be used to purchase services and products in virtual stores. Marketing Businesses can also use electronic means to market their services and goods to other businesses.

• Email promotions and electronic newsletters are commonly used to promote B2B services.

• "Business to Business" markets, in which sellers sale to the other businesses instead of final consumers and Buyers purchase to resale the goods after finishing to end-users. An example of it is wholesale business in which Wholesalers buy from manufacturers in order to resell the products to "retailers".

B2B: Business-to-business (B2B) describes commerce transactions between businesses, such as • between a manufacturer and a wholesaler• between a wholesaler and a retailer. Contrasting terms are business-

to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-government (B2G). • B2B branding is a term used in marketing.• The overall volume of B2B (Business-to-Business) transactions is

much higher than the volume of B2C transactions.• The primary reason for this is that in a typical supply chain there will

be many B2B transactions involving sub components or raw materials, and only one B2C transaction, specifically sale of the finished product to the end customer.

• For example, an automobile manufacturer makes several B2B transactions such as buying tires, glass for windscreens, and rubber hoses for its vehicles. The final transaction, a finished vehicle sold to the consumer, is a single (B2C) transaction.

Applications of ICT in B2B

BANKING

INDUSTRY

EDUCATION

business

Oil and Gas

Real Estate

Entertainment

1.EDUCATION

E-learning

To manage booksEg: library automation

system

School mgt system

E-Learning– Student and lecturer can communicate

to each other if there is something problem or have to make discussion no matter how far the distance to each other.

Internet– We have an internet to get more

information about our learning.

B2B platform for bank

customers 2. BANKING

Assembling ATM Machine to dispense naira

E-Banking- Online services such as transfer money

and pay bill online.

ATM Machine - to withdraw and to transfer money

3. INDUSTRY

Automobile manufacturing

Industry using robotic / SCADA

Eg : factory

Advertising.Eg : billboard,

magazine

4. COMMERCE

E-commerce.

Buying and selling something from the internet

Eg : online payment

PartnershipManufacturers – Distributors

Applicationscommunicating applications newsletterswebsitesmultimedia presentationsmusic scorescartoonsflyers / postersinteractive communication applications blogswikissocial networking websitesEntertainment Animation Make belief Movie Morphing Music Games analysismeasurement applications scientific experimentselectronic timingenvironmental monitoring

data handling applications surveysaddress liststuck shop recordsclubs and society recordsschool reportsschool librariescontrol applications turtle graphicscontrol of lights, buzzers and motorsautomatic washing machinesautomatic cookerscentral heating controllersburglar alarmsvideo recorders / playersmicrowave ovenscomputer controlled greenhousemodelling applications 3D modellingsimulation (e.g. flight or driving)spreadsheets for personal financespreadhseets for tuck shop finances

Applicationscommunication applications the Internetelectronic mailfaxelectronic conferencingmobile telephonesInternet telephony (VOIP) servicespublicity and corporate image publications business cardsletterheadsflyersbrochuresapplications in manufacturing industries robotics in manufactureproduction line controlapplications for finance departments billing systemsstock controlpayrollschool management systems registrationrecordsReportsapplications in the retail industry stock controlPOSEFTPOSinternet shoppingautomatic re- ordering

booking systems travel industrytheatrecinemasapplications in banking Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)ATMs for cash withdrawals and bill payingcredit/debit cardscheque clearingphone bankingInternet bankingapplications in medicine doctors' information systemshospital and pharmacy recordspatient monitoringexpert systems for diagnosisapplications in libraries records of books and borrowersissue of booksthe use of expert systems mineral prospectingcar engine fault diagnosismedical diagnosischess games

Few ICT data from developing countries E-commerce (B2B, B2C, B2G sales and purchases) Use of ICT by SMEs (e-business) Use of ICT within economic sectors (wholesale & retail trade, services, manufacturing)

Emerging data collection For promoting competitiveness in enterprises in SMEs For measuring ICT impact on enterprise development For policy advice on development strategies incorporating ICTs

ICT data and B2B

E-tourism as case study

E-tourism is the digitisation of all the processes and value chains in the tourism, travel, hospitality and catering industries that enable organisations to maximise their efficiency and effectiveness

Tourisma. Hotel Reservation Systemsi. Reservation Systems (CRS)ii. Profilesiii. Groups and blocksiv. Rate and inventory controlv. Administrationvi. Reportingvii. Global distribution interfaceviii. PMS interfaceix. Tracking of inventory in real time.x. CVB access to real time inventory at participating hotels.xi. Notification for reservation.xii. Confirmation of reservation.b. Events Management Systemi. Event organizers for routingii. Customizable Events Managementc. Advertisement Managementi. Advertising Presentation Banners ii. Brandingiii. Marketing through the Global Distribution System (GDS) and Computerd. Technical supporti. Help-Desk Supportii. Knowledge Managementiii. Online Ticket Support

Managementf. Tourismi. Tour Operators Managementii. Tourist product suppliers andiii. Pre-travel arrangements1. general information2. availability/prices inquiries3. negotiations and bargaining4. reservations & confirmationsiv. ancillary services1. Travel related documentation2. lists of groups/visitors3. receipts/documents4. vouchers & tickets productionv. Post travel arrangements1. payments & commissions2. feedback & suggestions3. complaint handlingvi. Consolidation of distribution structure of organized toursvii. Business travelviii. Vacation packagesix. Location strategy targeting major world capitalsx. Location strategy in sun, sea and sand destinations with suitable accessxi. Tour Operators Marketing and promotion strategic management xii. Elite tourismxiii. Mass tourismxiv. Segmented tourismxv. Restaurants Managementxvi. Excursions with registered private guidesxvii. Low-price standardized tourxviii. Tourist class hotels

ICT Today

Cell phone applications (SMS)

Digital cameras

Internet

Wireless (WiFi and WiMAN)

GPS & GIS

Digital radio

Applications on demand

Characteristics (Cont) Dominated by small enterprise History of lengthy supply chains based

on commissions– Product suppliers– Consolidators– Wholesalers– Retailers– Consumers

ICT, b2b and Tourism

e-tourism is the leading B2B with B2C applications - 40% of all B2C e-commerce

50% of German tourists use Internet to get information on destinations.

"Internet will account for 25% of travel purchases within the next five years."

“…Predicted to be the next revolution in travel technology. … Waiting for the customer to come to you is no longer enough."

Brand: 80 percent of on-line customers prefer buying from companies they already know.

Tourism Site Selection, Management, Monitoring

Geospatial Information Technologies help delineate: – Boundaries of the proposed tourism attractions

– Location of surrounding communities

– Who has rights to which pieces of land

– Proximity of roads and lodging to proposed sites

– Areas in need of protection

– Location of utilities – water, power

– How land use is changing over time

V. Managing, monitoring site and destination

IV. Operations

III. Customer Relationship Management

II. Marketing

I. Selecting, designing, developing destination

Sites that Leverage Well-Known Brands & Niche Channels

Prevalence of PCs and access to Internet

Presence of website, intranet and extranet

Use of ICTs for business processes: Customer relationship management

Finance, budget and account management

Human resource management

Product design & development

Logistics (inbound & outbound) and inventory control

Product service and support

Knowledge management

ICT usage in b2b

Few official ICT data in developing countries despite increasing demand

Indicators and data are rarely comparable between countries

Insights

Businesses with PCs .. .. Employees using PCs .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Businesses with an intranet .. .. ..

Businesses with an extranet .. .. .. ..

Businesses with Internet access Employees using the Internet .. .. .. .. ..

Businesses with a website .. .. Businesses receiving orders over the Internet (Internet sales)

.. .. .. ..

Businesses placing orders over the Internet (Internet purchases)

.. .. .. .. .. ..

Indicator Argentina Chile ColombiaRussian

FederationSingapore ThailandMorocco Peru Philippines Romania

23 developing countries surveyed20 replies, of which 10 provided comparable results

Source: UNCTAD (2004)

Household data is more prevalent than business data

Readiness (access) data is more prevalent than intensity (usage) data Limited capacity for ICT data collection

Exercise

How have you been using

Information communication

Technology in you’re your business

as a provider of products and

services for other businesses?

Some examples of IT

Image Morphing– changing (or morphing) one image into another through a

seamless transition

Video Conferencing

Some examples of IT

GPS Tracking– Track your vehicles, wherever they go,

using GPS. Geo Spatial for O&G

Some examples of IT

Exercise

List some other uses in enterprises

– Computer Technology

– Communication Technology

Related IT terms The E-word ; E Stands for Electronic

–E-mail

–E-learning

–E-business

–E-commerce

–E-government

Exercise

Generate a list of ways the computer/IT has impacted the world. – Include both positive changes and negative

changes. – think creatively.

Exercise

How difficult would it be to live without computers?

ICT b2b In Society

Computers / mobile at home• Business• Entertainment• Communication• Education

Computers / mobile In Society

Computers in education– Computer literacy required at all levels

Computers in small business– Makes businesses more profitable– Allows owners to manage

Computers in industry– Computers are used to design products– Assembly lines are automated

Computers in government– Necessary to track data for population

• Police officers• Tax calculation and collection

– Governments should be the first computer users. Is it in Nigeria?

Computers in health care– Revolutionized health care– New treatments possible– Scheduling of patients has improved– Delivery of medicine is safer

Connectivity

Interactivity

MultimediaAuto PC

Where Is Information Technology Headed?Three Directions of Communication Development

When Computers & Communications Combine:Convergence, Portability, & Personalization

Convergence

Portability

Personalization

What should be the next Technology?– What can be the applications of that technology?– Your own ideas/thoughts

Infrastructures Support for ICT Tools

Infrastructure Backbone e.g. MTN

Information and Communication Infrastructure for Grenada

ICT Industry Development

Modernizing Government

Human Resource Development

Regulation & Legal Infrastructure

ICT Infrastructure

ICT Dynamic Industry

Knowledge-Based Society

Physical InfrastructureHuman Resource Development

Regulatory & Legal Infrastructure

LAN Development

Access & Connectivity

Pre-Literacy

Internet Access Facilities

IT Competence

E-CommerceE-Government E-Business

Infrastructure Backbone

LAN/WAN

Strategy & Action PlanStrategy & Action Plan

E-Transaction

ICT for Grenada-Physical Infrastructure

Integrated Voice, Data, Video

Ease Of Access

Connectivity

Tele-Density of 1:1

ICT for Grenada -Education & TrainingInfrastructural Support ( Business / Oil and Gas / SME)

O and G

Vocational Training

Tertiary Education

Skill TargetsReal Estate

Entertainment

Financial Institution

CompaniesCompaniesInfrastructure Backbone

ICT for Grenada - Regulation & Legal Infrastructure

Recognition of electronic records

Original

Writing

Formation & Validity

Signatures

Certification Service Providers

Standards & Code Of conduct

VirtualCompanies

Encryption

Liability Of Intermediaries

Personal Data

ICT for Grenada - Regulation & Legal Infrastructure

CompaniesCompaniesInfrastructure Backbone

Recognition of electronic records

Original

Writing

Formation & Validity

Signatures

Certification Service Providers

Standards & Code Of conduct

Virtual

Companies

Encryption

Liability Of Intermediaries

Personal Data

• Judicial admissibility for e-documents

• “ In Writing” requirements satisfied by e-documents

• e-records used in place of originals

• e-signatures authorize usage for evidentiary purposes

• Authentication of e- signature through issue of accredited certification

• e- contractual acceptance for all contractual negotiations• Electronic business

boundaries definition

• Lawful use of encryption programs, and authority to decode encrypted information

• Clear definition of the liabilities of ISP’s and protection against content

• Standards established to guide quality of transaction behavior

• Standards and protection criteria established for personal data

E- Government Local Area Network

Ministry Agriculture, Lands

Ministry Social Services

Ministry Finance

DEPARTMENTS

E-Government Server/Storage / Resources

Ministry Health

State GovtMinistry Foreign Affairs

Ministry Office

Ministry Implementation

Ministry Tourism,Civil Aviation

Ministry Carriacou & Petite Martinique

Ministry Education

Ministry Works, Com.

Ministry Legal Affairs

Youth,Sports & Community Dev

Customs

E- Business Local Area Network

ON-LINE SHOPPING

TELE-BANKING

E-Business

Server/Storage

ATMHelp Desk Services Professional

Services

Financial Transactions

ON-LINE PURCHASING

Global Advertising

E- Commerce Local Area Network

Manufacturing Placing Orders

E-Commerce

Server/Storage/

Resources

Real EstateInvestment Services Professional

Services

Financial Transactions

On-Line Marketing

Global Transaction

Application InterfaceAn application interface specifies how some ICT tools should interact with B2B.

Application Interface

Characteristics of different types of user interfaces.

Types of user interfaces which make them appropriate for use by different types of users or B2B.

Human Computer Interface (HCI) / User Interface (UI)

The means by which the human and the computer communicate.

Human Computer / User Interfaces

Graphical User

Interface (GUI)

Command Line

Interface (CLI)

NaturalLanguage

Windows Icons

Mouse Pointer (WIMP)

Windows, Apple Mac,

Menu-Based

Form -Based

e.g.Key:

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Most popular today is WIMP (windows, icons, menus, pointer). –View different applications or files in windows. –Use some sort of pointing device to select options in menus and small pictures (icons).

Uses of GUINon-experienced user

JustificationsJustifications

Largely intuitive and only requires a little knowledge of how a computer actually works.

It is possible to restrict access to certain parts of the system.

Command Line Interface (CLI)

User types a series of commands at the keyboard which tell the computer what their intentions are.

The user needs to:–Know what commands are available.–Understand the commands.–Understand the way that material is stored in the computer system.

Uses of CLItechnician looking after a network

Allows access to whole system.

Does not use large amount of memory

Menu Based Interface

Restricted number of choices offered to the user which may lead to further sub-menus.

Uses of Menu Based InterfaceTypically with touch screen e.g. information bureaus

Easy to use and very intuitive (even for non-computer users), requires almost no knowledge of how a computer actually works.

Limits user to choices required by the data structure Easy to test, administer and change Restricts access to computer system Helps customers to determine what they want

because choices are given at each stage.

Justifications

Form Based Interface Replicates a hard copy paper form. Specified areas for the data which may have helpful

instructions (usually by clicking a ? mark by the text box). –E.g. boxes for input of coded material like the date or the sex

of the customer, and areas to be filled in with textual information.

Can contain radio buttons and/or drop down lists. A cursor moves to the next box to be filled in. Highlighted boxes make it clear where the data is to

be inserted User can be forced to enter data before being allowed

to continue. Checks can be made to make sure input is sensible

for that box before moving on to the next.

Uses of Form Based Interfacetelephone sales, order forms

User can be forced to enter data in a predetermined order

Does not allow information to be missed out

Simple to use and easy to validate data

Plenary

What is a or human computer interface or user interface?

– The means by which the human and the computer communicate.

Plenary

Describe the following types of user interface. For each type of interface give a suitable use, justifying your answer in each case.

Plenary

Form-based– Prompts operator for inputs / Specified areas for

the data / Data entered in order / in format– Operator taking information over phone– Does not allow information to be missed out /

simple to use Graphical User Interface (GUI)

– Icons used to stand for options/when selected, command code is run/normally accessed by use of mouse or other pointing device / WIMP

– Non-experienced user / child in school– Restricts access to certain parts of the system

Plenary

Command line– Set of commands recognised by the OS / typed in

at prompt/need to be learned by user– Technician– Allows access to whole system / does not use

large amount of memory Menu based

– Restricted number of choices offered to the user which may lead to further sub-menus.

– Typically with touch screen e.g. information bureaus

– Helps customers to determine what they want because choices are given at each stage.

Plenary

Wired Wireless VPN

Define e-business and discuss how it can help achieve business success.

Distinguish between a corporate and a marketing Web site.

List the major forms of B2B e-business.

Explain B2C e-business and identify the products most often sold online.

Describe some of the challenges associated with e-business.

Discuss how organizations use Internet communications to advance their objectives.

Discuss Web sites and identify methods for measuring Web site effectiveness.

Explain the global scope of e-business.

Exercises

World Internet

StatisticsGuess what Nigeria stats would be?

Developing a

Successful b2b

Website

It is easier to create a bad website than a good one. Organizations must think about:Planning and PreparationContent and ConnectionsCosts and Maintenance

Cloud Computing: Software-as-a-Service for b2b

The Changing Face of Infrastructure

Expressed Interest

Public ImpactLOW HIGH

FOIA Manager

Situational Landscape

Health Terminology Management

Grants Mgmt

Data Visualization

Call Center Management

Broad solution targeted at a specific function

Specialized solution targeted at specific activity or problem

Low Complexity, Low Cost,High Interest, High Impact

Low Complexity, Low Cost, Low Interest, Low Impact

High Complexity, High Cost, High Interest, High Impact

High Complexity, High Cost, Low Interest, Low Impact

Asset Management

Security-As-A-Service

Compute-As-A-Service

IT Service Mgmt

Storage-As-A-Service

Social Collaboration

E-Mail

Logistics

Innovations to Address Mobile Workforce in b2b

On Travel

Disaster ResponseIn the Office

PC On-A-Stick• Mobility: Desktop Travels with You

on a Flash Drive

• Tiered Security: Application White Listing and Wrappers, Hardware Encryption

• Enterprise Management: Complete Centralized Control

Mobile Solutions Incident Management – Aids Field

Tech Investigation, Diagnosis, Resolution, Problem ID

• Expert Help• Knowledge Base Access• Rich Capture

Asset Management – Integration with scanner technology

• By year-end 2015, 2.0 billion people will carry handsets capable of rich, mobile commerce providing a rich environment for the convergence of mobility and the Web (Gartner)

• By 2012, 70% of all workers will be mobile and 90% of all enterprises will develop at least one mobile application (Forrester & IDC)

Data Representation an Processing

Computing Systems Data Usually the computing systems are

complex devices, dealing with a vast array of information categories

The computing systems store, present, and help us modify:– Text– Audio– Images and graphics– Video

Digital vs. Analog (1) Computing systems are finite machines. They store a limited

amount of information, even if the limit is very big.– The goal, is to represent enough of the world to satisfy our

computational needs and our senses of sight and sound. The information can be represented in one or two ways:

analog or digital. – Analog data is a continuous representation, analogous to the actual

information it represents. • In example, a mercury thermometer is an analog device. The mercury rises in a

continuous flow in the tube in direct proportion to the temperature.– Digital data is a discrete representation, breaking the information up

into separate (discrete) elements. • Computers can’t work with analog information, so a need do digitize the analog

information arise. • This is done by breaking the analog information into pieces and representing those

pieces using binary digits

Digital vs. Analog (2) Why digital signal?

– Both electronic signals (analog and digital) degrade as they move down a line. The voltage of the signal fluctuates due to environmental effects.

– As soon as an analog signal degrades, information is lost. Since any voltage level within the range is valid, it is impossible to know that the original signal was even changed

– Digital signals jump sharply between two extremes (high and low state). A digital signal can degrade quite a bit until the information is lost, because any value over a certain threshold is considered high value and bellow the threshold is considered low value

Answer: Signal Integrity can be maintained!

Digital vs. Analog (3)

Threshold1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Digital Signal

Analog Signal

Digital Signal Degradation

Analog Signal Degradation

• You can still retrieve the information from a reasonably degraded digital signal

• Periodically a digital signal is reclocked to regain its original shape. As long as it is reclocked before too much degradation, no info is lost.

Binary Representation (1) Why binary representation (as suppose to

decimal or octal, etc..)?– Because the devices that store and manage the

digital data are far less expensive and complex for binary representation.

– They are also far more reliable when they have to represent one out of two possible values.

– Because the electronic signals are easier to maintain if they carry only binary data.

Binary Representation (2) One bit can be either 0 or 1. Therefore, one bit can

represent only two things. To represent more than two things, we need

multiple bits. Two bits can represent four things because there are four combinations of 0 and 1 that can be made from two bits: 00, 01, 10,11.

In general, n bits can represent 2n things because there are 2n combinations of 0 and 1 that can be made from n bits. Note that every time we increase the number of bits by 1, we double the number of things we can represent.

Review Question 1

Why digital signal is better than analogue signal in computing systems

A. Signal integrity can be maintained relatively easy

B. Information is never lost

C. Digital signal is more precise

D. I don’t know …

Review Question 2

How many things can a bit represent ?A. One

B. Two

C. Ten

Review Question 3

How many things a byte can represent ?A. One

B. Two

C. 256

D. I don’t know

Data Formats - How to Interpret Data Meaning of internal representation must be

appropriate for the type of processing to take place:– i.e. Images & sound: have to be digitized

• Images – need detailed description of the data, how color is represented at each data point

• Sound – need sampling rate Proprietary formats

– Unique to a product or company– E.g., Microsoft Word, Corel Word Perfect, IBM Lotus

Notes Standards

– Evolve two ways:• Proprietary formats become de facto standards (e.g., Adobe

PostScript, Apple Quick Time)• Committee is struck to solve a problem (Motion Pictures Experts

Group, MPEG)

Why Standards? They exist because they are:

– Convenient – sometimes the time to market is very important whenever trying to finish a product, therefore existing standards may be used to save time elaborating own protocols and interfaces

– Efficient – most of the standards are put together by committees with a wide experience in the specific area

– Flexible – usually the standards allow for manufacturer or OEM specific extensions

– Appropriate – address a specific problem in a specific domain

Allow communication and sharing of information Allow computing systems and software to

interoperate (at both hardware and software levels) Sometimes standards are arbitrary and have some

“blast from the past” (due to historical evolution)

Standards Organizations ISO – International Standards

Organization IEEE – Institute for Electrical and

Electronics Engineers CSA – Canadian Standards Association ANSI – American National Standards

Institute NSAI – National Standards Authority of

Ireland

Examples of StandardsType of Data Standards

Alphanumeric ASCII, Unicode

Image JPEG, GIF, PCX, TIFF, BMP, etc

Motion picture MPEG-2, MPEG-4, etc

Sound WAV, AU, MP3, etc..

Outline graphics/fonts PostScript, TrueType, PDF

Alphanumeric Data Three standards for representing letters

(alpha) and numbers– ASCII – American Standard Code for Information

Interchange– EBCDIC – Extended Binary-Coded Decimal

Interchange Code (not used anymore, used to be used in IBM mainframes)

– Unicode

Codes and Characters

The problem:– Representing text strings, such as

“Hello, world”, in a computer Each character is coded as a byte ( = 8

bits) Most common coding system is ASCII ASCII = American National Standard

Code for Information Interchange

ASCII Features

7-bit code 8th bit is unused (or used for a parity bit) 27 = 128 codes Two general types of codes:

– 95 are “Graphic” codes (displayable on a console)

– 33 are “Control” codes (control features of the console or communications channel)

000 001 010 011 100 101 110 1110000 NULL DLE 0 @ P ` p0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s0100 EDT DC4 $ 4 D T d t0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v0111 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {1100 FF FS , < L \ l |1101 CR GS - = M ] m }1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL

Most significant bit

Least significant bit

Replace any with naira

i.e. ‘a’ = 11000012 = 9710 = 6116

95 Graphic codes

33 Control codes

Alphabetic codes

“Hello, world” Example

============

Binary010010000110010101101100011011000110111100101100001000000111011101101111011100100110110001100100

Hexadecimal48656C6C6F2C20776F726C64

Decimal72

1011081081114432119111114108100

Hello, world

============

Note: 12 characters – requires 12 bytesEach character requires 1 byte

Numeric codes

Audio Information Representation (1) Sound is perceived when a series of air

compressions vibrate a membrane in our ear, which sends signals to our brain

A stereo sends an electrical signal to a speaker to produce sound. This signal is an analog representation of the sound wave. The voltage in the signal varies in direct proportion to the sound wave

To digitize the signal we periodically measure the voltage of the signal and record the appropriate numeric value. The process is called sampling

In general, a sampling rate of around 40,000 times per second is enough to create a very good high quality sound reproduction

Audio Formats Several popular formats are: WAV, AU, AIFF, VQF,

and MP3. Currently, the dominant format for compressing audio data is MP3.

MP3 is short for MPEG-2, audio layer 3 file. Compressed formats usually employ both lossy

and lossless compression. – Analyzes the frequency spread and compares it to

mathematical models of human psychoacoustics (the study of the interrelation between the ear and the brain) and it discards information that can’t be heard by humans.

– Then the bit stream is compressed using a form of Huffman encoding to achieve additional compression.

Representing Images and Graphics (4)RGB Value

ColorRed Green Blue

0 0 0 black

255 255 255 white

255 255 0 yellow

255 130 255 Pink

146 81 0 brown

157 95 82 purple

140 0 0 maroon

Digitized Images and Graphics

Digitizing a picture is the act of representing it as a collection of individual dots called pixels.

The number of pixels used to represent a picture is called the resolution.

The storage of image information on a pixel-by-pixel basis is called a raster-graphics format.– Several popular raster file formats including

bitmap (BMP), GIF, and JPEG.

BMP Raster Image Example

The smiley face in the top left corner is a bitmap image.

When enlarged, individual pixels appear as squares.

Each pixel is described by a value for red, green and blue.

Review Question 6

Given a raster image with a 16x12 resolution, what would be the number of pixels:

A. 192 pixels

B. 256 pixels

C. 512 pixels

Review Question 7

Given a raster image with a 16x12 resolution, what would be the aspect ratio:

A. 16:9

B. 4:3

C. 3:2

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