fungicides. disease control exclusion keeping pathogen out quarantine equipment cleaned and...

FUNGICIDES

Disease Control

ExclusionKeeping pathogen outQuarantine Equipment cleaned and sterilized

Disease Control

EradicationEliminate or destroySanitationDifficult to achieve 100%

Disease Control

ResistanceResistance is geneticTolerance is ability to endure

Still infected

Disease Control

AvoidancePrevent contact between host and pathogenModify environment

Planting time

Disease Control

ProtectionChemicalBarrier that prevents infection

FUNGICIDES

Fungicides kill or inhibit fungiInhibit growth and reproduction

Fungistatic

Not all fungicides are curative Some only preventative

CONTACT FUNGICIDES

Active on leaf surfaceInhibit fungal growthControl for 7 to 14

daysRapidly degrade

Light, MO, and exposure

CONTACT FUNGICIDES

Was most common fungicides Re-registration cost

Less expensiveBroad range of controlLess resistance

Multiple MOA

Leaf spot diseases

PENETRANT FUNGICIDES

Enter plant tissueProvide longer protection than contacts at

lower ratesAs long as 21 to 28 days

PENETRANT FUNGICIDES

Types of PenetrantsLocalized, little or no movement in the plant

Translaminar moves across leaf blade Mesostemic moves into cuticle and epidermis

PENETRANT FUNGICIDES

Types of PenetrantsAcropetal, upward translocation

Majority of penetrants are acropetal

PENETRANT FUNGICIDES

Types of PenetrantsSystemic, true systemic up and downward

movement Fosetyl-al (common name)

FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE

Selection of tolerant fungi by using the same class of chemical Same mode of action (MOA)

Fungal pathogens that produce more spores more susceptible to developing resistance Botrytis, powdery mildew, downy mildew, rust

Rotate fungicide classes http://www.frac.info codes

FRAC Code

FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE

Contact prevent fungal growth by interrupting >2 growth processes

Penetrants often interrupt only 1 process

FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE

Humans (Disease)Alien (Contact fungicide)

3 MOA Spit acid Tail spear Mouth #2

If humans develop thick acid-resistant skin, Alien just stabs them with tail or mouth #2

Resistance averted

FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE

Humans (Disease)Alien Jr. (Systemic fungicide)

1 MOA Suffocation

If humans develop ability to breathe out ears, Alien Jr. no longer works

Humans resistant

FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE

Avoiding resistanceRotate chemical classes (FRAC)Tank mix contacts and penetrants

Increases MOA and control spectrum

Incomplete list ofFUNGICIDE CATEGORIES

BenzimidazolesThiophanate-methyl very popular

Incomplete list ofFUNGICIDE CATEGORIES

DicarboximidesIprodione

Good on flower blight

Incomplete list ofFUNGICIDE CATEGORIES

Sterol InhibitorsMyclobutanilFenarimol (documented disease resistance)

Incomplete list ofFUNGICIDE CATEGORIES

StrobilurinsSynthesized version of antifungal substance

produced by fungus Strobilurus tenacellus Feeds on organic matter Inhibits competitive MO

Very low toxicity EPA calls reduced risk

Incomplete list ofFUNGICIDE CLASSES

Strobilurins Single target site

Resistance risk

Azoxystrobin (Heritage) Wide range of control Long residual

Incomplete list ofFUNGICIDE CLASSES

Strobilurins Trifloxystrobin (Compass)

Can travel 2” through air as vapor to other leaves

Incomplete list ofFUNGICIDE CATEGORIES

Oomycete ProductsOomycetes cause root rotNot true fungi

Phytophthora Phythium Downy mildew

Root rot fungicides Fosetyl-al (Aliette)

Only true systemic

Incomplete list ofFUNGICIDE CATEGORIES

Broad Spectrum ProtectantsContact fungicidesRare resistant problems

Chlorothalonil very popular Mancozeb

Incomplete list ofFUNGICIDE CATEGORIES

BiologicalAntagonistic rather than fungicidal

Protective

Rootshield (Trichoderma fungus) Root disease

Companion (Bacillus bacteria) Root and foliar disease

Incomplete list ofFUNGICIDE CATEGORIES

InorganicBordeaux mixture

Copper sulfate and lime

Copper controls bacterial disease

Incomplete list ofFUNGICIDE CATEGORIES

NaturalNeem oil

Foliar disease (contact) Various other functions

Insecticide Toothpaste Etc.

Incomplete list ofFUNGICIDE CATEGORIES

BiologicalInjection-based systems

Eco Soil Systems Bacteria (Pseudomonas sp.)

BioTrek injection Fungus (Trichoderma)

COST COMPARISON

PRODUCT COST OF PRODUCT

OUNCES PER 100 GAL

Subdue $210 / Quart 1 oz

Terrazole $143 / Quart 7 oz

Fenstop $278 / Quart 14 oz

Fosphite $48 / Gallon 64 oz

COST OF APPLCATION

$7

$31

$122

$24