general influences geographical: geological: climatic: religious: socio-cultural: historical:

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

General Influences Geographical: Geological: Climatic: Religious: Socio-Cultural: Historical:

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

GEOGRAPHICAL Simplicity of the long coast-line of the

Italian Peninsula

Apennines runs like a spine down the centre of Italy and much of the country is very mountainous

The central and commanding position of Italy in the Mediterranean Sea enabled Rome to act as an intermediary in spreading art and civilisation

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

GEOLOGICALRomans could procure terra-cotta,

stone, and brick, all of which they used, even for important buildings

Marble

Hard limestone from Tivoli

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

The building material, however, which led to great structural innovations

Pozzolana

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

CLIMATE North Italy has the climate of the

temperate region of Europe, Central Italy is genial and sunny, while the south is almost tropical.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Every house, whether palace, villa, or " domus," had an altar to the Lares or family gods

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

SOCIALThe early form of government in Italy

resembled that of Greece, and towns or districts were joined together in leagues

The government of Rome was at an early period carried on by chosen kings (B.C. 750–500) aided by a popular assembly, but about B.C. 500 Rome became a Republic

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

HISTORICAL

Etruscans came to Rome at around 12th Century BCE

- Archs and Vaults -Radiating Arch - Tuscan Column - Atrium Type of House - South Orientation of Temples

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Influence of Greek Architecture - Romans considered Greek

Architecture as the acme of perfection

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Distinct Roman Achitecture Flourished in the Augustan Age

-Rome as a city of marble from a city of bricks

- The purpose of construction

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

SPECIFIC INFLUENCES

Architectural Character: - Vastness-Magnificence-Ostentation-Omateness

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Romans had the desire to create buildings that would reflect the prestige, wealth and might of the Roman Empire. It has the motif of pretentiousness as they want to impress other people about what the have. Bonggasius, Elegant looking

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

BUILDING MATERIALS

Materials naturally found in mainland Italy:

-Travertine -Terracotta -Carrara -Pozzolana Sand

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Materials supplied by different Roman Colonies:

Marbles Alabaster

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM

This system of construction used by the romans have focused on the use of archs instead of a post and lintel construction which focuses on the usage of beams instead of archs

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

COMPERATIVE ANALYSIS

Plans- Mostly Roman plans are only one-

storey because of the diversity of their activities

-They also have some variety of multi-storey structures that were present

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Walls- The walls that the Romans made

were made of stone and concrete in general with different facings such as:

Opus -Quadratum Opus-Insertum Opus-Reticulatum Opus-TestaceumOpus-Mixtum

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Opus-InsertumOpus-Quadratum Opus-Reticulatum

Opus-MixtumOpus-Testaceum

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Arches  - An arch is a structure that spans

through a space while supporting weight. The Romans have developed this structure to be used in their buildings and eventually developed into different styles and shapes

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

RoofsSemi Circular Cross VaultCupula or Dome

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

3 Kinds of Buttress

A buttress is an architectural structure used to support and reinforce a wall. It is built against a wall or projecting from a wall.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Examples:

Hemicycle : semi circular in structure and made up of brick or stone

Spur: Buttress that is triangular in shape used to strengthen the bottom of a round tower

Pinnacle Buttress: additional weight to the Spur buttress

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Burial Places:

Cemeteria- Subterranean Tomb

Monumental Tombs- Large Cylinrical block, open of quadrangular podium topped with conical ground of eart

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Pyramidal- After the Egyptians

Temple Shaped- After the Greeks

Sculptured Memorial- tomb in varying forms and ornaments

Cenotaphs- burial place for soldiers

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ORNAMENTS Mosaic : Used on walls, floors, etc.

with the following patternsOpus-Tesselatum or Verniculatum Made up of square Tesserae cut in

square shapes

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Opus Sectile or Sculatum

Usually cut in various shapes and used on walls

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Opus Spicatum – Used specially on floors and is often in Chevron or Herringbone pattern

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Mural Paintings

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

EXAMPLES OF FAMOUS ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Forum – Described as a market place

It has been the center of Political and Civic Activities

Also considered as the business district

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Roman Temples :

Temple of Venus by Apollodorus Damascus

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Temple of Maison Carree Biggest existing Roman Temple  

Served as a model for the Capitol in the UA by Thomas Jefferson

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Circular temples Temple of Vesta The most sacred Shrine in Rome

Vesta is the virgin goddess of Hearth, Home and Family

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

The Pantheon The supreme example of Roman

structure of ingenuity and its aesthetic apogee

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

5,000 tons of concrete, but the content of the concrete varied to lighten the load as it ascended.

Mixed with heavy basalt at the bottom, the layers contained porous, lightweight pumice at the top.

The coffers of the dome also diminish in size and depth as the dome rises.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

The sole supports of the dome are 16 barrel vaults channelling weight to eight piers, disguised by cosmetic columns.

The 30 foot-wide oculus at the apex of the dome is the only natural source of light inside.

The geometry and details of design create a cosmic symbol to match the purpose of the temple.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Thermae – An elevated public bath over a platform with utilities underneath

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

In many ways, baths were the ancient Roman equivalent of community centers. Because the bathing process took so long, conversation was necessary. Many Romans would use the baths as a place to invite their friends to dinner parties, and many politicians would go to the baths to convince fellow Romans to join their causes.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

The thermae had many attributes in addition to the baths. There were libraries, rooms for poetry readings, and places to buy and eat food. The modern equivalent would be a combination of a library, art gallery, mall, restaurant, gym, and spa.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Main Building : Three Parths of the Themae

• Tepidarium-warm room

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

• Calidarium- Hot Water bath

• Sudatarium – also referred to as sweat bath with the hottest bath and tiscina(pool)

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Theatre Theatre Orange

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Amphitheatre – Place for Gladiatorial Combat

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

THE BASILICA: INFLUENTIAL FORUMRoman basilica was a place of public

assembly and commerce, as well as a hall of justice.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Triumphal ArchesArch of Titus- made to

commemorate the capture of Jerusalem

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Arch of Tiberius- this was made to commemorate the recovery of Roman Standards lost by Varus at the battle of the teutoburg forest

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Arch of Constantine- in honor of the victory over maxentius

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Pillar of Victory- A Column or Columns made to remember a victory

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Column of Marcus Aurelius-in commemoration of the victory over the Danube

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Rostal Column- made in commemoration of Rome’s naval victories

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Palaces-There are two prominent types of palaces made and used by the Romans During their time

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

The city of Spalato, which means "little palace", was founded by the emperor Diocletian on the coast of Dalmatia

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Dwelling Houses domus (plural domūs, genitive dom

ūs or domī) was the type of house occupied by the upper classes and some wealthy freedmen during the Republican and Imperial eras.

 They could be found in almost all the major cities throughout the Roman territories. 

a private house planned in the following manner

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE