general influences geographical: geological: climatic: religious: socio-cultural: historical:
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ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
General Influences Geographical: Geological: Climatic: Religious: Socio-Cultural: Historical:
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
GEOGRAPHICAL Simplicity of the long coast-line of the
Italian Peninsula
Apennines runs like a spine down the centre of Italy and much of the country is very mountainous
The central and commanding position of Italy in the Mediterranean Sea enabled Rome to act as an intermediary in spreading art and civilisation
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
GEOLOGICALRomans could procure terra-cotta,
stone, and brick, all of which they used, even for important buildings
Marble
Hard limestone from Tivoli
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
The building material, however, which led to great structural innovations
Pozzolana
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
CLIMATE North Italy has the climate of the
temperate region of Europe, Central Italy is genial and sunny, while the south is almost tropical.
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Every house, whether palace, villa, or " domus," had an altar to the Lares or family gods
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SOCIALThe early form of government in Italy
resembled that of Greece, and towns or districts were joined together in leagues
The government of Rome was at an early period carried on by chosen kings (B.C. 750–500) aided by a popular assembly, but about B.C. 500 Rome became a Republic
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
HISTORICAL
Etruscans came to Rome at around 12th Century BCE
- Archs and Vaults -Radiating Arch - Tuscan Column - Atrium Type of House - South Orientation of Temples
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Influence of Greek Architecture - Romans considered Greek
Architecture as the acme of perfection
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Distinct Roman Achitecture Flourished in the Augustan Age
-Rome as a city of marble from a city of bricks
- The purpose of construction
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SPECIFIC INFLUENCES
Architectural Character: - Vastness-Magnificence-Ostentation-Omateness
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Romans had the desire to create buildings that would reflect the prestige, wealth and might of the Roman Empire. It has the motif of pretentiousness as they want to impress other people about what the have. Bonggasius, Elegant looking
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
BUILDING MATERIALS
Materials naturally found in mainland Italy:
-Travertine -Terracotta -Carrara -Pozzolana Sand
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Materials supplied by different Roman Colonies:
Marbles Alabaster
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
This system of construction used by the romans have focused on the use of archs instead of a post and lintel construction which focuses on the usage of beams instead of archs
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
COMPERATIVE ANALYSIS
Plans- Mostly Roman plans are only one-
storey because of the diversity of their activities
-They also have some variety of multi-storey structures that were present
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Walls- The walls that the Romans made
were made of stone and concrete in general with different facings such as:
Opus -Quadratum Opus-Insertum Opus-Reticulatum Opus-TestaceumOpus-Mixtum
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Opus-InsertumOpus-Quadratum Opus-Reticulatum
Opus-MixtumOpus-Testaceum
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Arches - An arch is a structure that spans
through a space while supporting weight. The Romans have developed this structure to be used in their buildings and eventually developed into different styles and shapes
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
RoofsSemi Circular Cross VaultCupula or Dome
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3 Kinds of Buttress
A buttress is an architectural structure used to support and reinforce a wall. It is built against a wall or projecting from a wall.
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Examples:
Hemicycle : semi circular in structure and made up of brick or stone
Spur: Buttress that is triangular in shape used to strengthen the bottom of a round tower
Pinnacle Buttress: additional weight to the Spur buttress
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Burial Places:
Cemeteria- Subterranean Tomb
Monumental Tombs- Large Cylinrical block, open of quadrangular podium topped with conical ground of eart
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Pyramidal- After the Egyptians
Temple Shaped- After the Greeks
Sculptured Memorial- tomb in varying forms and ornaments
Cenotaphs- burial place for soldiers
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ORNAMENTS Mosaic : Used on walls, floors, etc.
with the following patternsOpus-Tesselatum or Verniculatum Made up of square Tesserae cut in
square shapes
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Opus Sectile or Sculatum
Usually cut in various shapes and used on walls
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Opus Spicatum – Used specially on floors and is often in Chevron or Herringbone pattern
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Mural Paintings
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EXAMPLES OF FAMOUS ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Forum – Described as a market place
It has been the center of Political and Civic Activities
Also considered as the business district
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Roman Temples :
Temple of Venus by Apollodorus Damascus
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Temple of Maison Carree Biggest existing Roman Temple
Served as a model for the Capitol in the UA by Thomas Jefferson
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Circular temples Temple of Vesta The most sacred Shrine in Rome
Vesta is the virgin goddess of Hearth, Home and Family
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The Pantheon The supreme example of Roman
structure of ingenuity and its aesthetic apogee
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5,000 tons of concrete, but the content of the concrete varied to lighten the load as it ascended.
Mixed with heavy basalt at the bottom, the layers contained porous, lightweight pumice at the top.
The coffers of the dome also diminish in size and depth as the dome rises.
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The sole supports of the dome are 16 barrel vaults channelling weight to eight piers, disguised by cosmetic columns.
The 30 foot-wide oculus at the apex of the dome is the only natural source of light inside.
The geometry and details of design create a cosmic symbol to match the purpose of the temple.
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Thermae – An elevated public bath over a platform with utilities underneath
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In many ways, baths were the ancient Roman equivalent of community centers. Because the bathing process took so long, conversation was necessary. Many Romans would use the baths as a place to invite their friends to dinner parties, and many politicians would go to the baths to convince fellow Romans to join their causes.
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
The thermae had many attributes in addition to the baths. There were libraries, rooms for poetry readings, and places to buy and eat food. The modern equivalent would be a combination of a library, art gallery, mall, restaurant, gym, and spa.
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Main Building : Three Parths of the Themae
• Tepidarium-warm room
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• Calidarium- Hot Water bath
• Sudatarium – also referred to as sweat bath with the hottest bath and tiscina(pool)
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Theatre Theatre Orange
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Amphitheatre – Place for Gladiatorial Combat
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THE BASILICA: INFLUENTIAL FORUMRoman basilica was a place of public
assembly and commerce, as well as a hall of justice.
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Triumphal ArchesArch of Titus- made to
commemorate the capture of Jerusalem
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Arch of Tiberius- this was made to commemorate the recovery of Roman Standards lost by Varus at the battle of the teutoburg forest
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Arch of Constantine- in honor of the victory over maxentius
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Pillar of Victory- A Column or Columns made to remember a victory
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Column of Marcus Aurelius-in commemoration of the victory over the Danube
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Rostal Column- made in commemoration of Rome’s naval victories
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Palaces-There are two prominent types of palaces made and used by the Romans During their time
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The city of Spalato, which means "little palace", was founded by the emperor Diocletian on the coast of Dalmatia
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Dwelling Houses domus (plural domūs, genitive dom
ūs or domī) was the type of house occupied by the upper classes and some wealthy freedmen during the Republican and Imperial eras.
They could be found in almost all the major cities throughout the Roman territories.
a private house planned in the following manner
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE