geotop 2.0
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Gin
o S
ever
ini, D
ance
r+Sa
ilin
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= B
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et, 1
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GEOtop 2.0: simulating the combined energy and water balance
S. Endrizzi, S. Gruber, M. Dall’Amico and R. Rigon
Dec. 10 2013 - AGU Fall Meeting S. Francisco
The inconceivable effectiveness of mathematics in natural sciences. E. Wigner
It is difficult to avoid the impression that a miracle confronts us here, quite comparable in its striking nature to the miracle that the human mind can string a thousand arguments together without getting itself into contradictions, or to the two miracles of laws of nature and of the human mind's capacity to divine them.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unreasonable_Effectiveness_of_Mathematics_in_the_Natural_Sciences
!3
A theory that describes whole hydrology ?
The miracle is hard to see in Hydrology where heterogeneity mixes with complexity, and phenomena across several scales.
The basics
!4
At the catchment scale: ancestors
Freeze and Harlan, Jour. of Hydrology, 1969
SHE, Abbot et al. 1986
Catchment hydrology
Dunne Saturation Overland Flow
Unsaturated Layer
Surface Layer
Saturated Layer:!
Horton Overland Flow
Modified from Abbot et al., 1986
Endrizzi et al.
!5
In What GEOtop is different ?
Water mass budgetR
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et
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00
6; B
erto
ldi
et a
l., 2
00
6
Endrizzi et al.
Par
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Hyd
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ere,
Th
erri
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Cat
flow
, Zeh
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tRIB
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et a
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DH
SVM
, Wig
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al., 1
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!6
In What GEOtop is different ?
Energy budgetR
igon
et
al, 2
00
6
Endrizzi et al.
BA
TS,
Dic
kin
son
et
al.,
19
86
,
Noah
LSM
, Ch
en e
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., 1
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6,
LSM
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SEW
AB
, Meg
elkam
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., 1
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9
CLM
, Dai
et
al.,
20
03
!7
In What GEOtop is different ?
Snow height, density, temperature)Freezing Soil - Permafrost
Snow and freezing soil: see also me on Thursday talk
Zanotti et al, 2004; Dall’Amico et al., 2011
Endrizzi et al.
CR
OC
US,
Bru
n e
t al
., 1
99
2
Alp
ine3
D, L
enh
ing e
t al
., 2
00
6
!8
Many models do the water budget
Many models do the energy budget
Many model do the snow budget
How many models do the whole stuff together ?
Obviously is also matter of the degree of
physical simplification (i.e. the equations) used.
To study the interactions all is modelled together
Endrizzi et al.
!9
Endrizzi et al.
Endrizzi et al.
see also http://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/search/label/GEOtop
!10
Richards equation +
van Genuchten parameterization +
Mualem derived conductivityEner
gy
bu
dget
(wit
h s
om
e as
sum
pti
on
s)
Flux-gradient relationship
(Monin - Obukov)
Diffusive approximation to shallow
water equation
Double layer vegetation
Rad
iati
on
Snow
met
amorp
his
m
Equations
Endrizzi et al.
!11
Se :=�w � �r
⇥s � �rC(⇥) :=
⇤�w()⇤⇥
Se = [1 + (��⇥)m)]�n
~Jv = K(✓w)~r h
K(�w) = Ks
⇧Se
⇤�1� (1� Se)1/m
⇥m⌅2
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Equations
Endrizzi et al.
!12
The “ What Else ?” Principle
I said: “Why to use Richards’ equation … do they work at hillslope scale ?”
M.P. said: “What else do you want to use (Topmodel) ? ”
I went home, and after comparing the alternatives, I decided to use Richards equations ?*
The same story applies more or less to the other processes.
* See also Cordano and Rigon, 2008, to see that alternatives are indeed often simplifications of RE. See also http://abouthydrology.blogspot.it/2013/06/ezio-todini-70th-symposium-my-talk.html
Guidelines
Endrizzi et al.
!13
The Occam’s Rasor ?
“Lex parsimoniae"
It states that among competing hypotheses, the hypothesis with the fewest assumptions should be selected
We all either try to formulate laws at one scale by guessing them, using the available knowledge, or try to deduce them by a mix of algebraic treatment of the basic laws of mass, energy and momentum conservation, and educated simplifications.
Guidelines
Endrizzi et al.
!14
https://code.google.com/p/geotop/
Is it feasible ? Is it usable ?
Does it works ?
We did it !
Endrizzi et al.
Is there ! It is Open source
!15
It is useful ?
e.g Beven, 2000, 2001 (for instance … but also many of my closest friends) criticized this approach of making models
Yes, it is!
Better wrong than “not even wrong”
R. Rigon
!16
<latexit sha1_base64="tYHCApFiY8slQcKMwQxwGacE74A=">AAAA+3icSyrIySwuMTC4ycjEzMLKxs7BycXNw8XFy8cvEFacX1qUnBqanJ+TXxSRlFicmpOZlxpaklmSkxpRUJSamJuUkxqelO0Mkg8vSy0qzszPCympLEiNzU1Mz8tMy0xOLAEKBcQLKBvoGYCBAibDEMpQZoACoHJDdElMRqiRnpmeQSBCG4e0koahuYNHQGhyStfknfsPQoQZGaHyggyo4BQAVIE48g==</latexit>
applicationsof
High Resolution Joint Water and Energy Balance Modeling and Observation in a Prealpine Environment
by Hingerl, L., Kunstmann, H., Mauder, M., Wagner, S. and Rigon R., submitted to Journal of Hydrometeorology 2013
A mountain catchment
Endrizzi et al.
<latexit sha1_base64="tYHCApFiY8slQcKMwQxwGacE74A=">AAAA+3icSyrIySwuMTC4ycjEzMLKxs7BycXNw8XFy8cvEFacX1qUnBqanJ+TXxSRlFicmpOZlxpaklmSkxpRUJSamJuUkxqelO0Mkg8vSy0qzszPCympLEiNzU1Mz8tMy0xOLAEKBcQLKBvoGYCBAibDEMpQZoACoHJDdElMRqiRnpmeQSBCG4e0koahuYNHQGhyStfknfsPQoQZGaHyggyo4BQAVIE48g==</latexit>
!17
Figure 2: The catchment of the Rott with the position of the discharge gauge in Raisting,
the TERENO-observatory “Fendt” and the climate stations used for the meteorologic
forcing in the model.
33
Root river in Germany - TERENO experiment
Endrizzi et al.
Zacharias et al., 2011 - http://teodoor.icg.kfa-juelich.de/
A mountain catchmentH
inger
l et
al., 2
01
3
Closing the hydrological budget after (Mauder et al., 2006)
!18
05
1015
2025
30
Dis
char
ge [m
³/s]
Prec
ipita
tion
[mm
]
11.2009 01.2010 03.2010 11.201005.2010 07.2010 09.2010
4030
2010
0
measuredsimulated
Figure 5: Simulated and measured discharge at the gauge in Raisting for the hydrologic
year 2010.
05
1015
2025
30
Dis
char
ge [m
³/s]
Prec
ipita
tion
[mm
]
11.2010 01.2011 03.2011 11.201105.2011 07.2011 09.2011
4030
2010
0
measuredsimulated
Figure 6: Simulated and measured discharge at the gauge Raisting for the hydrologic year
2011.
36
Endrizzi et al.
A mountain catchmentH
inger
l et
al., 2
01
3
“Traditional approach” by calibrating discharges
!19
Endrizzi et al.
Energy fluxes - NO calibrationH
inger
l et
al., 2
01
3
!20
Soil
tem
pera
ture
[C°]
−10
010
2011.2010 01.2011 03.2011 05.2011 07.2011 09.2011 11.2011
simulated 6cmmeasured 6cm
Soil
tem
pera
ture
[C°]
−10
010
20
11.2010 01.2011 03.2011 05.2011 07.2011 09.2011 11.2011
simulated 21cmmeasured 25cm
Soil
tem
pera
ture
[C°]
−10
010
20
11.2010 01.2011 03.2011 05.2011 07.2011 09.2011 11.2011
simulated 51cmmeasured 50cm
Fig. 9. Simulated soil temperatures for di↵erent depths compared to measurements fromthe TERENO prealpine observatory Fendt.
44
Temperature is among the prognostic variablesH
inger
l et
al., 2
01
3
Endrizzi et al.
!21
a)
c)
Fig. 13. Energy balance for the land-use types coniferous forest (a), pasture (b) and set-tlement (c) showing absolute monthly means of simulated energy fluxes and the longwaveand shortwave net radiation for the hydrologic year 2011. The upper panels of the plotshows incoming and outgoing radiation and fluxes above the canopy, the middle panels theabsorbed and emitted amount by the canopy, and the bottom panels the energy balance atthe soil surface.
48
Hin
ger
l et
al., 2
01
3
This is coniferous forest. But there is also pasture and settlements
Netto shortwave radiation
Netto longwave radiation
Sensible heat flux
Latent heat flux
Soil heat flux
Fig. 13. Energy balance for the land-use types coniferous forest (a), pasture (b) and set-tlement (c) showing absolute monthly means of simulated energy fluxes and the longwaveand shortwave net radiation for the hydrologic year 2011. The upper panels of the plotshows incoming and outgoing radiation and fluxes above the canopy, the middle panels theabsorbed and emitted amount by the canopy, and the bottom panels the energy balance atthe soil surface.
48
Endrizzi et al.
We close the budget
!22
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applicationsof
Modeling the variability of snow, evapotranspiration and soil moisture along inner alpine elevation gradient
Small mountain catchment ecohydrology
X - 40 DELLA CHIESA ET AL.: ELEVATION GRADIENT GRASSLAND DRY ALPINE VALLEY
Figure 1. Study area is a side slope in the upper Vinschgau watershed in South Tyrol, Italy
D R A F T May 17, 2013, 9:20am D R A F T
Endrizzi et al.
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Della Chiesa, S., Bertoldi, G., Niedrist, Obojes, .G., Albertson, J. D., Wohlfahrt,G.,
Tappeiner U.
!23
Well, it is not my merit
but the guys here added (off-line) a dynamic vegetation model and study alpine
grassland along a transect at varying elevation from 1000 m to 2000 m
Small mountain catchment ecohydrology
Endrizzi et al.
There are effects of temperature and precipitation quantity and phase
varying with height, of variable snow cover, climate interannual variability
… There is irrigation.
DELLA CHIESA ET AL.: ELEVATION GRADIENT GRASSLAND DRY ALPINE VALLEY X - 43
Apr/11 May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct050
100150200250300350400450
ET c
umul
ative
[mm
]
ET obsET mod
Figure 4. Observed and modeled time series a) and Cumulative b) ET at the B1500 station for
the period where EC tower data was available (from end April till October 2011). Notice missing
values were discarded. Dashed lines show cutting dates.
D R A F T May 17, 2013, 9:20am D R A F T
Del
la C
hie
sa e
t al
., 2
01
3
ET at 1500 m
!24
Small mountain catchment ecohydrology
Endrizzi et al.
Del
la C
hie
sa e
t al
., 2
01
3
DELLA CHIESA ET AL.: ELEVATION GRADIENT GRASSLAND DRY ALPINE VALLEY X - 45
Figure 6. E↵ects of the two di↵erent years and elevation gradient on SWE a), cumulative ET
b) and SWC frequency distribution ✓ 5cm depth c). The black dashed line represents to water
limitation point. Notice that SWC results refer to the snow free period only.
D R A F T May 17, 2013, 9:20am D R A F T
Snow Water Equivalent at different elevations
What can we observe ?
DELLA CHIESA ET AL.: ELEVATION GRADIENT GRASSLAND DRY ALPINE VALLEY X - 45
Figure 6. E↵ects of the two di↵erent years and elevation gradient on SWE a), cumulative ET
b) and SWC frequency distribution ✓ 5cm depth c). The black dashed line represents to water
limitation point. Notice that SWC results refer to the snow free period only.
D R A F T May 17, 2013, 9:20am D R A F T
!25
Small mountain catchment ecohydrology
Endrizzi et al.
Del
la C
hie
sa e
t al
., 2
01
3
This reflects in different soil moisture distributions
different at different elevations and different years
DELLA CHIESA ET AL.: ELEVATION GRADIENT GRASSLAND DRY ALPINE VALLEY X - 45
Figure 6. E↵ects of the two di↵erent years and elevation gradient on SWE a), cumulative ET
b) and SWC frequency distribution ✓ 5cm depth c). The black dashed line represents to water
limitation point. Notice that SWC results refer to the snow free period only.
D R A F T May 17, 2013, 9:20am D R A F T
This has influences on the ecosystems. Details in the paper
!26
Could have been used another model instead of GEOtop
Certainly we needed a model with all the hydrological components
simulated. A model where lateral subsurface and surface redistribution is
accurately described. A model were snow is modelled. A model were
temperature is an explicit prognostic variable… SO …
Endrizzi et al.
So far
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!27
Richards equation +
van Genuchten parameterization +
Mualem derived conductivityEner
gy
bu
dget
(wit
h s
om
e as
sum
pti
on
s)
Flux-gradient relationship
(Monin - Obukov)
Diffusive approximation to shallow
water
Double layer vegetation
Rad
iati
on
Snow
met
amorp
his
m
Going to a conclusion: are the equations right ?
Endrizzi et al.
!28
Going to a conclusion: what happens at the interfaces
Vegetation-ABL
Surface Water-Groundwater
Snow
-AB
L in
tera
ctio
ns
Endrizzi et al.
!29
Some misconceptions about distributed modelling
“Distributed model are overparameterised”
“Model parameters cannot be identified”
“These models require too high computational time”
“They cannot be used for ungauged basins”
“Reality is simpler than that (and we learn just from simple models)”
see also http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7328/abs/469038a.html
To sum up our position
not completely wrong but not completely true.
eat the apple before talking!
Endrizzi et al.
!30
Looking at larger sites
Dall’Amico et al.
!31
And operationally
Snow height by Mountain-eering
Dall’Amico et al.
More details on the cryospheric processes
in session C44B 02 - On thursday
!32
Several options for going ahead
Making of GEOtop a library
Embedding in Object Modeling system vs. 3
Parallelizing it
Going ahead
Endrizzi et al.
Making easier its use
Data assimilation and real time
Develop the R and Java (uDig) interfaces
!33
Process-wise
Re-think the processes schemes
Going ahead
Endrizzi et al.
Change them, without loosing the old work
Test, Test, Test
Create a community
Actually it includes 4 core research groups: Quebec (was Zurich),
Trento (CUDAM and Mountain-eering), Bozen, KIT (Garmisch) and some group
!34
applicationsof
So can we go on ? Formetta et al. to be submitted to EM&S, 2013
Endrizzi et al.
Splitting GEOtop
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!35
Towards GEOtop 3.0
OMS v3 - David et al., 2013
Endrizzi et al.
and embedding it in OMSFo
rmet
ta e
t al
., 2
01
3
!36
Drake river soil moisture
Formetta et al. to be submitted to EM&S, 2013
Endrizzi et al.
and embedding it in OMSFo
rmet
ta e
t al
., 2
01
3
!37
Endrizzi et al.
and embedding it in OMS
Formetta et al., 2013
!38
Thank you
Ulr
ici, 2
00
0 ?
Riccardo Rigon
presentation available at about http://hydrology.blogspot.com
For giving information about hydrology and receiving news about positions,
conferences, session, subscribe to abouthydrology@googlegroups.com
!39
Another Application
A lab case
Rigon et al.
Soil Moisture, Water Setention Curves, (Landslides,) and all that
!40
Thanks to Neaples Group: the IWL3 experiment
R. Greco1, L. Comegna1, E. Damiano1, A. Guida1,2, L. Olivares1, and L. Picarelli1
1Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Design Edilizia e Ambiente, Seconda Università di Napoli, via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa (CE), Italy 2Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, via Maiorise, Capua (CE) 81043, Italy
GEOtop in the lab
Rigon et al.
!41
Tes t
nr.
Soi l Thickness (cm)
Slope Length (cm)
Initial porosity n0
Rainfal l intensity (mm/h)
Init ial mean suction (kPa)
Duration of test (min)
D3 10.0 100 0.75 55 17.5 36
D4 10.0 120 0.76 56 41.0 30
The inclination of the slope is 40°. !The test are carried out with constant and spatially homogeneous rainfall intensity.
Several devices (tensiometer, pore pressure transducer, TDR and laser
GEOtop in the lab
Rigon et al.
!42
. !!
first displacementfailure
first displacement
factor of safety here is 1.2
Suctions and pressures
-5 cm
-10 cm
Analysis of the data
Rigon et al.
!43
Water Content
Analysis of the data
Rigon et al.
!44
Water Content talks
Hydraulic conductivity was measured in the lab. The value given was around one order of magnitude less than the artificial rainfall
So we expect an Hortonian flux: saturation at the top and movement downward.
Which we do not have!
Analysis of the data
Rigon et al.
!45
So we expect an Hortonian flux: saturation at the top and movement downward.
red line is more ore less what we expect just after the beginning of irrigation in a Hortonian interpretation of infiltration
Analysis of the data
Rigon et al.
!46
What about the Darcy scale here ?
Questions
Rigon et al.
!47
Water Content talks
Is irrigation really stationary ? What happens after the 28th minute ? Lateral flow triggers ?
Analysis of the data
Rigon et al.
!48
Two hydraulic conductivities
One hypothesis we did is that, despite the homogeneity of the
preparation of the experiment, hydraulic conductivity (at
saturation) at the bottom is different from hydraulic conductivity at
the top of the mock-up.
Due to packing of particles ? Due to some unavoidable imperfection
in preparation ? Due to avoidable imperfection of the preparation ?
What else ?
Let’s go !
Rigon et al.
!49
Suction talks
Both suction and water content data were used to calibrate van Genuchten parameters. Also the hydraulic conductivity is among
Se :=�w � �r
⇥s � �r
Se = [1 + (��⇥)m)]�n
Also hydraulic conductivity at saturation is a calibration parameter
K(�w) = Ks
⇧Se
⇤�1� (1� Se)1/m
⇥m⌅2
Which parameters ?
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Calibrated Parameters
alfa n m0.052 1.805 0.445983
Ksat_layer superficiale (0-5cm) = 0.178 mm/s
Ksat_layer di fondo (5-10cm) = 0.117 mm/s
Which parameters ?
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Suctions
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Averaging does not get the right result
even if water contents are reproduced fairly well until the 21th minute
Water content
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Lesson Learned
The relation assumed between Soil Water Retention Curves and
hydraulic conductivity could not be correct :
!• does van Genuchten parameterisation needs to be substituted ?
• does Mualem theory really works ?
• Well, in some some the model does not work. However, in the
science perspective, certainly it does !
Who says that we do not learn from comps models ?
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Journal Papers
Bertoldi, G., Notarnicola, C., Leitinger, G., Endrizzi, S., Della Chiesa, S., Zebisch, M., & Tappeiner, U. (2010). Topographical and ecohydrological controls on land surface temperature in an Alpine catchment. Ecohydrology, 3(doi:10.1002/eco.129), 189–204. !Bertoldi, G., Rigon, R., & Over, T. M. (2006). Impact of Watershed Geomorphic Characteristics on the Energy and Water Budgets. Journal of Hydrometeorology,, 7, 389–403. !Bertoldi G.; Della Chiesa, S; Notarnicola, C.; Pasolli, L.; Niedrist, G; Tappeiner, U. (2013), Estimation of soil moisture patterns in mountain grasslands by means of SAR RADARSAT 2 images and hydrological modeling, submitted to Journal of Hydrology
Dall’Amico, M.; Endrizzi, S., Gruber, S; and Rigon, R. (2011), An energy-conserving model of freezing variably-saturated soil, The Cryosphere.
Della Chiesa, S.; Bertoldi, G.; Niedrist, Obojes, N.G.; Albertson, J. D.;
Wohlfahrt,G.; Tappeiner (2013), Modeling the variability of snow, evapotranspiration and soil moisture along inner alpine elevation gradient , submitted to Ecohydrology.
!!
The Bibliography
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Journal Papers
Endrizzi S. and Marsh P. Observations and modeling of turbulent fluxes during melt at the shrub-tundra transition zone 1: point scale variations, (2010) Hydrology Research
Endrizzi S., Gruber S., Investigating the effects of lateral water flow on spatial patterns of ground temperature, depth of thaw and ice content, Peer reviewed proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Permafrost, 25–29 June 2012, Salekhard, Russia, 91–96, 2012
Endrizzi S., Gruber S., Dall’Amico M., Rigon R., GEOtop 2.0.: Simulating the combined energy and water balance at and below the land surface accounting for soil freezing, snow cover and terrain effects, Geosci. Model Dev., 2013 (submitted)
Fiddes J., Endrizzi S., Gruber S., Large area land surface simulations in heterogeneous terrain driven by global datasets: a permafrost test case, (2013), The Cryosphere (submitted)
Formetta, G., Rigon R., David, O., Green, T. R., Capparelli, G. (2013), Integration of a spatial hydrological model (GEOtop) into the Object Modeling System (OMS), To be submitted to EM&S !!
The Bibliography
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Journal Papers
Gubler S., Endrizzi S., Gruber S., Purves R. S., Sensitivity and uncertainty of modeled ground temperatures and related variables in mountain environments, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 1319–1336, 2013.
!Gebremichael, M., Rigon, R., Bertoldi, G., & Over, T. M. (2009). On the scaling characteristics of observed and simulated spatial soil moisture fields, Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 16, 141–150.
!Hingerl L., Kunstmann H., Mauder M., Wagner S., Rigon R. (2013), High Resolution Joint Water and Energy Balance Modeling and Observation in a Prealpine Environment, 2013, submitted to Journal of Hydrometeorology.
!Rigon, R., Bertoldi, G., & Over, T. M. (2006). GEOtop: A Distributed Hydrological Model with Coupled Water and Energy Budgets. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 7, 371–388. !!
The Bibliography
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Journal Papers
Simoni, S., Zanotti, F., Bertoldi, G., & Rigon, R. (2007). Modelling the probability of occurrence of shallow landslides and channelized debris flows using GEOtop-FS. Hydrological Processes, doi: 10.10.
!Zanotti, F., Endrizzi, S., Bertoldi, G., & Rigon, R. (2004). The GEOtop snow module. Hydrol. Proc., 18, 3667–3679. DOI:10.1002/hyp.5794. !!!!
The Bibliography
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A fool with a tool is still a
fool
Epilogue
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top related