global i ii review

Global I Review

Social Sciences

• Different ways to study the development of humans & human societies

Geography

• Location (where), place (what), (who) lives there, (how) do humans adapt to that place or move through it?

Impact

• How do the different characteristics of a place impact the way people live there?

Place Rivers & River valleys

Adaptation

Rivers provide water for:- Irrigation- drinking- travel- fertile soil (delta)

The first civilizations developed near rivers (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus)

Place Mountains

Adaptation Act as barriersBarriers can protect from invasion, but hamper cultural diffusion (India)

Less farmland = terrace farming (Inca, Japan)

Mountain barriers led to Greek city-states instead of Greek empire

Place Deserts

Adaptation Deserts act as BarriersNo farmland, very little travel or trade

Isolated societies

Gobi Desert = isolation & ethnocentrism in China

Place Plains

Adaptation Flat areas, fertile farmland, easy to travel through

People living on plains are easily invaded

Assyrians & Prussians developed great armies in order to defend themselves

Poland got run over

History

• The study of past events, particularly in human affairs.

Primary vs. Secondary Sources

• A primary source is a document which was written or created during at the time… they were there! (diaries, letters, speeches)

• A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event… they weren’t there! (textbooks, magazine articles, encyclopedias)

Economic$

• How to meet unlimited wants with limited resources– What is made?– How is it made?– Who makes it?– Who gets what is made?

Economic Systems

Capitalism (laissez-faire)

“hands off”

“allow them to do”

Known as the “free-market” system.

Government should not tell businesses what to do

All businesses owned by people, not government

Example: USA (sort of)

Socialism (Mixed)

Mix between communism & capitalism

Some businesses owned by people

Large industries owned by the government

Government can pass laws telling businesses what to do

Example: Sweden, Germany, UK

Command/communism

AKA “Marxism”Government owns all businesses, has complete control over the economy

No private ownership

Example: Cuba, North Korea

Mercantilism Focus on “favorable balance of trade” (sell more stuff to other countries than you buy from them)

Get as much gold & silver as possible

Led to European colonialism in the 1500’s

Neolithic Revolution = civilization

Farming (domestication of plants & animals)

Led to

Led to

Led to

Led to

Specialized jobs

Laws

Record-keeping

Governments

The Neolithic revolution led to organized societies, centralized, governments, towns, villages, & cities… in short, the Neolithic revolution led to EVERYTHING!

Ancient Mesopotamia:• Land

between Tigris & Euphrates rivers

• Modern day Iraq

• Earliest civilization

• 1st to do/create many things

Fertile Crescent

• Civilization began along the fertile crescent - a region stretching from Egypt to Iraq

City-State• An independent state consisting of an

independent city and its surrounding territory.

Cuneiform• Sumerian system of writing and record-

keeping. Reed stylus & wet clay

CIVILization

Cities; advanced

Institutions; complex

adVanced technology

Individual jobs (specialized workers)

Literate (record keeping)

= advanced civilization

Code of Hammurabi

• 1st written laws

• “an eye for an eye”

• People were = before the law

Ancient Egypt• Polytheistic, record-

keeping, silt from Nile flooding

Pharaoh

• God-king of Egypt

• Total control

• Descendent of Ra (the Sun God)

Hieroglyphics

• Ancient Egyptian writing system

• Pictograms (Ideas not sounds)

• Papyrus

River delta

• Triangular shaped area where river empties into the sea.

• Deposited rich soil from Central Africa

• Egyptians used that soil to grow crops.

Scribes

• Paid record-keepers in Egypt

• Used papyrus & hieroglyphics

• Example of specialized jobs

Gift of the Nile• Fertile soil, fresh water for drinking and

bathing, transportation and trade, materials for building, for making cloth for clothes, and even for making paper - made from the wild papyrus weed, that grew along the shores of the Nile.

• Because of the annual flooding of the Nile, the ancient Egyptians enjoyed a high standard of living compared to other ancient civilizations. Without the Nile, Egypt would be a desert.

Ancient India

• Indus River valley

• River provided:– Irrigation– Transportation– Food & drink

• Planned City: Mohenjo-Daro PLUMBING

• Writing system (seals)

Ancient China

• Huang He (Yellow) river provided irrigation, drinking water & transportation to this first Chinese civilization

Mandate of Heaven

• “Right to Rule”

• Mandate = god’s approval

• Bad things = god’s displeasure

Feudalism

• The peasants live on the king or lord’s land and give him crops in return for military protection

China’s Sorrow

• Huang He (Yellow) River provides necessities of life, but also floods often; these floods devastate communities near the river

• A dynasty would remain in power as long as it was providing good government. When a dynasty went into decline, and began to abuse its power, it was said to lose the Mandate of Heaven. A strong leader would emerge to claim the Mandate, and establish a new dynasty.

Writing System

• Shang Dynasty• The ancient

Chinese system of writing used pictographs, or drawings of objects, and ideographs, or drawings that expressed a thought or idea.

What Ancient River Valley Civilizations have in common

Location Near rivers or river valleys; fresh water, irrigation, transportation

Social structure

Hierarchical, rigid class system. You are born into your position in society & cannot move up

Government Centralized, monarchy

Record keeping

Cuneiform, hieroglyph, seals, & pictogram

Where When Who? What?

Hinduism India 1500 BCE

No founder

Caste system, polytheism, Dharma/Karma

Vedas

Buddhism India, spread all over Asia

500BCE

Siddhartha Gautama

4 noble truths, 8-fold path

“life is suffering”

Judaism Fertile Crescent

2000 BCE

Abraham 1st monotheistic religion

10 Commandments

Torah & Talmud

Christianity Middle East

30 BCE Yeshua of Nazareth

Monotheistic, based on Judaism

Love & forgiveness

Bible/New Testament

Islam Saudi Arabia

Mecca & Medina

600 CE Muhammad Monotheistic, based on Judaism & Christianity, 5 pillars of faith

Koran

The Indo-European Migrations

MAIN IDEAS• Culture: A group of nomadic people moved

into India and took over what was left of Harappan civilization

• Government: Under Aryan rule, Indian society developed a distinct system of social classes that still affects India today.

• Belief Systems: Over time, the belief of the Aryans developed into the religion of Hinduism.

• Language: Indo-European language becomes basis of Indian Language: Hindi

Phoenicians

Carriers of Civilization

• Traded throughout the Mediterranean

• Phonetic alphabet

• Cultural diffusion

• 1st naval & trading power in the world

Bantu Migration

• Most important migration in AFRICAN history

• Large group of people Bantu settled all over central & southern Africa

• Language spread

• Iron technology spread

Regents questions: related to what we’ve reviewed… so far

Base your answer this question on the passagebelow and on your knowledge of social studies.

Geneticists are tracing the movements of peoplein prehistoric Europe using our DNA as a time

machine. . . . — Joe Palca, “Tracing Human Migration Through DNA,”

NPR Weekend Edition Saturday, August 11, 2007 This passage suggests that modern science can be used to(1) aid historical analysis(2) show the development of a point of view(3) explain ancient medical practices(4) predict future events

Why is Southeast Asia considered a crossroads?

(1) Large deposits of oil are available.

(2) A number of trade routes intersect.

(3) A single culture is dominant.

(4) Rivers serve as highways

In which economic system used by early

civilizations are decisions about the distribution

of goods based primarily on customs, beliefs, and habits?

(1) mixed (3) traditional

(2) free-market (4) command

The Neolithic Revolution is often considered a

turning point in history because

(1) city dwellers learned to control fire

(2) societies became more nomadic

(3) nuclear families evolved into extended

families

(4) permanent settlements developed in river

valleys

Which name identifies the region located

between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers?

(1) Cape of Good Hope (3) Mesopotamia

(2) Sinai Peninsula (4) Horn of Africa

• Analyzing the design of a Shang bronze pot

• Deciphering the writing on the Rosetta Stone

• Examining the fabric of a Japanese kimono

These actions are most often performed by

(1) a political scientist (3) a sociologist

(2) a geographer (4) an archaeologist

An economist is a social scientist who focuses on

the study of the

(1) development of spiritual practices

(2) establishment of legal systems

(3) creation and implementation of social class

systems

(4) production and exchange of goods and

services

Which heading best completes the partial outline

below?

(1) Examples of Early Technology

(2) Results of Cultural Diversity

(3) Characteristics of Civilizations

(4) Causes for the Neolithic Revolution

Which statement about China is a fact rather than

an opinion?

(1) Flooding was the worst disaster to affect

ancient Chinese civilizations.

(2) The Mandate of Heaven was an idea

developed in ancient China.

(3) Early Chinese civilizations were the most

important civilizations in the world.

(4) Dynastic governments were highly effective in China

Which document is considered a primary source?

(1) encyclopedia article

(2) modern textbook

(3) biography

(4) personal correspondence

China… Warring States• Different warlords were fighting for control

of China

• No one felt safe

• Chaotic period led to new ways of thinking

Belief System

Founder Beliefs Impact

Confucianism Confucius Filial Piety (respect for elders)

5 Relationships (oldest male in charge)

Set up family & social roles that continue today

Civil Service exam system

Daoism Laozi Dao De Jing (book)

People must learn to live in harmony with nature (yin & yang balance)

Focus on nature & beauty (literature & paintings)

Legalism Han Feizi

Li Si

People are naturally evil

Harsh ruler & harsh punishments will make them behave

China has a strong government that does not tolerate dissent and uses harsh punishments

(Tiananmen Square Massacre)

Picture

Picture

Picture

The Qin Dynasty• Qin Shi Huangdi unified China following the

warring states period• Qin Shi Huangdi = 1st Emperor of China• Began Great Wall of China• Expanded China• Built infrastructure• Standardized language, currency, weights• Civil Service Exams• Cruel ruler, burned books• {Qin is where we get the word “China” from}

What are the most important What are the most important geographic features of Greece?geographic features of Greece?

Sparta

Athens

Ancient Greek Geography

• 1) Peninsula surrounded by water = travel & trade

• 2) Nice Climate = people exchanging ideas

• 3) Mountains – isolated people (city-states not empire)– Very little farmland = small population, need

for colonies

Athens & Pericles

• Greek Golden Age: The Ancient Greeks were the first to use democracy as a form of government.  Under Pericles, male citizens in Athens participated in the daily running of government.

• Athens = democracy

• Sparta = oligarchy

Art Literature Medicine Philosophy

-Paintings & sculptures of “ideal” people

-Architecture, columns

-Sophocles: tragic plays

-Homer: The Odyssey & The Iliad

-Hippocrates

“Father of Medicine”

Socrates

Plato

Aristotle

Greco- Roman or Classical tradition

Ancient Rome(Central location helped them conquer Europe)

Roman Achievements:

Writ

e th

is

RepublicanGovernment

Rome became a republic. People elected Senators to represent them (indirect democracy)

12 Tables Written laws. Everyone = before the law

Influenced the Enlightenment

Pax Romana Began with Augustus Caesar, 200 year long peace, time of cultural and intellectual achievements for Rome. Allowed Christianity to spread

Roman Architecture

Aqueducts, Roman Road, arches

Roman techniques & styles are still in use today

Adoption of Christianity

Constantine was the 1st Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity which became the official religion of the Empire & spread all over Europe

Julius Caesar

• Ended the Roman Republic by becoming “Dictator for Life”

• Assassinated

• Caesar = emperor, tsar, czar, kaiser

Causes of the Rise of the Roman Empire

1) Geographic: central location on Mediterranean

2) Political: centralized government: created infrastructure (roads, bridges, etc.)

3) Military: Well-trained, large military

Causes of the Fall of the Roman Empire

1) Economic: inflation (Roman currency worth less & less)

2) Political/social: series of terrible emperors, Romans less interested in politics

3) Military: Roman empire became too big to control, Roman army full of mercenaries

Effect of Rome’s Rise

1) Political: stable government throughout Europe, spread of Roman Laws (12 Tables)

2) Economic: Increased trade, universal currency

3) Social: Spread of Latin language, spread of Christianity

Effect of Rome’s Fall

1) Political: no government, no protection

2) Economic: decreased trade due to unsafe roads

3) Social: lack of education

The fall of the Roman Empire

European Feudal System

• King: Largest landowner, controlled country

• Noble: Given land by King, expected to protect the king

• Knights: Warriors hired by king/noble for protection

• Peasants/serfs: tied to land on manor, gave labor & crops in return for protection

Social

Feudal system

Strict social classes

Most of Europe was Catholic

10% tithe

Economic/Political

Manor System (Manoralism) … self-sufficient

– economic side of feudalism (serfs were bound to the land)

3 field system

Decentralized government

The only thing that united Europe during the Dark Ages was the Roman Catholic Church. Not only was almost everyone Christian, but they were all Catholics

Feudalism Around The World

• Japanese Feudalism: Similar to European Feudalism

Chivalry & Bushido

• Ways of controlling warriors in both feudal Europe & feudal Japan

• Codes based on loyalty & honor

• Samurai lived up to code of Bushido

• Knights usually failed to live up code of Chivalry

End of Feudalism in Europe

The Black Death

Plague killed 1/3 of Europe’s population Helped end Feudalism

End of Feudalism in Europe

The Crusades

Increased trade & travel to the Mideast Helped end Feudalism

The End of Feudalism

1) The Plague:-- Fewer serfs = wages

-- caused people to question the Catholic Church & other authorities

2) The Crusades:

-- led to the commercial revolution

-- More interest in classics

-- Cultural diffusion

The RenaissanceDefinition Location Artists Effects

Renewed interest in art & knowledge

“rebirth” of European culture based on Greco-Roman Classics

Began in Italy (Italian city-states grew wealthy from Crusade trade + Roman ruins)

Da Vinci (Renaissance Man)

Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel, Pieta)

-Increased literacy

-Secularism

-Humanism-Questioning authority

The ReformationDefinition Location Important

PeopleEffects

-Creation of new Christian churches

-Reaction against the RC Church’s corruption (indulgences)

Secular humanism

Began in Germany, spread all over Europe

Especially Northern Europe

Martin Luther: RC Priest who wrote 95 Theses

John Calvin:

predestination theocracy in Geneva

Guttenberg:

Printing press spread ideas

Decreased power of RC Church

Creation of many new Christian churches

Religious wars

The Counter-ReformationDefinition Location Important

PeopleEffects

Catholic Church’s reforms

Rome, Spain, New World

Ignatius of Loyola (founded Jesuits)

Reform in RC Church

Catholic Missionaries

Spanish Inquisition

Regent’s Questions

The information on this map suggests that the Black Death was primarily spread by theactions of(1) invading armies (2) merchants(3) nomadic peoples (4) explorers

The basic idea of this book is simple: to tell thestory of the Crusades as they were seen, lived,and recorded on ‘the other side’—in other words,in the Arab camp. Its content is based almostexclusively on the testimony of contemporaryArab historians and chroniclers. . . .— Amin Maalouf, The Crusades Through Arab Eyes,Al Saqi BooksThis passage indicates that the author’s emphasis is on(1) cause and effect (3) reenactment(2) chronological order (4) point of view

Which geographic factor contributed to the rise of the Renaissance in Italian city-states?

(1) mountainous terrain of the Alps

(2) location near the coast of the Mediterranean Sea

(3) navigable waters of the Danube River

(4) ease of travel on the Northern European Plain

What was a major characteristic of the

Renaissance in Europe?

(1) Secular achievements were emphasized.

(2) Suffrage was granted to men and women.

(3) Most literature was written in Arabic.

(4) Most ancient Greek and Roman ideas were

rejected.

Which advancement in technology revolutionized

the way ideas were spread throughout western

Europe in the 15th century?

(1) development of the astrolabe

(2) introduction of the telegraph

(3) improvements to the printing press

(4) creation of the telescope

• Classical Greco-Roman ideas were revived.• Wealthy patrons supported the arts andeducation.• Humanism spread throughout westernEurope.Which period in European history is most closelyassociated with these statements?(1) Early Middle Ages (3) Renaissance(2) Industrial Revolution (4) Hellenistic Period

One similarity between Martin Luther andHenry VIII is that they(1) argued against the establishment of a

theocratic state(2) protested against the ideas of the

Enlightenment(3) died during the Reign of Terror(4) challenged the teachings of the Catholic

Church

• Literacy rates rise.

• Shakespeare’s sonnets circulated.

• Secular ideas spread.

Which innovation led directly to these

developments?

(1) printing press (3) paper currency

(2) astrolabe (4) caravel

Which belief system is most closely associated with the terms Eightfold Path, Four Noble

Truths, and nirvana?

(1) Buddhism (3) Judaism

(2) Christianity (4) Shinto

• What inference can be drawn from the location of the church in this drawing?

• (1) The mill was managed by the church.• (2) Religion played a significant role in the lives of

the residents.• (3) The church controlled trade within the manor.• (4) The church played a limited role in education.

Confucianism had a strong impact on the

development of China mainly because this

philosophy

(1) established a basic structure for military rule

(2) provided a basis for social order

(3) contained the framework for a communist

government

(4) stressed the importance of the individual

Mauryan EmpireLeader& Dates Importance

321 BCE

Chandragupta Maurya & Asoka

1st time India was unified. Very large, well-administered, & had an extensive system of roads

India was not permanently unified by the Mauryan Empire

Gupta Empire

Leader& Dates Importance

Chandra Gupta & Chandra Gupta II

320 CE

Golden Age. Advancements in Mathematics, science, literature, art & medicine

-concept of Zero

-plastic surgery

Mughal Empire

Leader& Dates Importance

Akbar the Great (absolute monarch)

1542

Expanded India, Taj Mahal, increased trade & cultural diffusion

Han Dynasty

Leader& Dates Importance

Wudi

206 BCE- 220 CE

GOLDEN AGE, silk road trade cultural diffusion, Confucianism Civil Service Exams

Tang Dynasty

Leader& Dates Importance

618-907

Taizong

Strict social structure

Gunpowder

Block printing

Smallpox vaccine

Song Dynasty

Leader& Dates Importance

960-1279

Song Taizu

Wu Zhao (only female emperor)

Increased trade with foreign countries

Gunpowder

Moveable type printing

Ming Dynasty

Leader& Dates Importance

1368 – 1644  

Took over from Mongol emperors

Porcelain

Voyages of Zeng He (Zeng He travelled a lot & wrote about it)

Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire)

Leader& Dates Importance

Justinian Justinian Code of Laws (based on 12 Tables)

Constantinople

Kept Greek & Roman traditions alive

Ottoman Empire

Leader& Dates Importance

Late 1200’s

Suleiman the Magnificent

Absolute monarchs

“Sick man of Europe” destroyed by Nationalism & WWI

Armenian genocide

Mongol Empire

Leader& Dates Importance

Genghis Khan, 1279

One of largest empires on earth

Pax Mongolica: time of peace throughout empire, trade increased along the Silk Road

Took over China… Kublai Khan (Marco Polo)

Empires of ancient Africa

Empires gained wealth through GOLD & SALT

Mansa Musa’s hajj put Mali on the map

ansa usa

ali uslim

ecca

The Maya

Mayan EmpireLeader& Dates Importance

250 CE – 800’s -Only advanced writing system in the Americas

-Solar Calendar (almost perfect)

-Advanced architecture

Aztec EmpireLeader& Dates Importance

Montezuma II

1325-1519

-Tenochtitlan: planned city built in a lake, largest in the world at the time-Chinampas (floating farms) & causeways (roads) = Aztec adaptation to geography-Conquered by Cortes (Spain)

The IncaThe Inca

Inca EmpireLeader& Dates Importance

Pachacuti

1483-1532

-Terrace Farming-Inca trail-Quipu: knotted cords used to keep track of things-Conquered by Pizarro (Spain)

What happened to the Aztec & Inca Empires?

• They were destroyed by Spanish conquistadores

• Superior technology (guns & steel) combined with European diseases wiped out New World population

Reasons for New World Exploration • Seeking route to spices of the East that

would cut out Italian & Ottoman middlemen

• God (convert natives to Catholicism), Gold, & Glory

Technology of exploration:• The The astrolabeastrolabe (navigation) and the (navigation) and the CaravelCaravel

(new ship) made long voyages possible.(new ship) made long voyages possible.

Columbian exchange:

Encomienda System:

• System of forced labor set up by the Spanish. Native Americans had to work for Spanish lord. Feudalism imported to the New World

• Encomienda System = slavery

At least 10 million Native Americans killed through conquest or Disease

This led to…

Massive importation of slaves from Africa.

Spanish & Portuguese colonies needed labor to grow cash crops

Part of Mercantile System

Atlantic Slave Trade:

• Millions of Africans were kidnapped and taken to the New World as forced labor

Middle Passage• At least 20% of kidnapped Africans died

during the journey across the Atlantic (The Middle Passage)

Effects of the Atlantic Slave trade

• Societies throughout the continent of Africa were disrupted or destroyed

Triangular Trade

Regent’s Questions

The use of the terms Encounter and Columbian exchange represents attempts to describe the

(1) nature of cultural interactions

(2) establishment of land grants

(3) results of scientific innovations

(4) origins of divine right theory

Which element of civilization is most clearly

shown in this Maya artwork?

(1) urbanization

(2) a system of education

(3) a code of laws

(4) social classes

Which achievements are most closely associated with the Tang and Song dynasties of China?

(1) wheel and stirrup

(2) chinampas and calendar

(3) gunpowder and movable wooden type

(4) mosaics and domes

Which institution served as the primary unifying force in medieval western Europe?

(1) legislature (3) monarchy

(2) church (4) military

The trans-Saharan trade carried out by West

African civilizations was primarily based on an exchange of

(1) gold and salt

(2) ivory and silk

(3) silver and tea

(4) hardwoods and animal skins

China’s image of itself as the Middle Kingdom is

associated with

(1) welcoming foreign ideas and influences

(2) mixing Western religions with traditional

Chinese philosophies

(3) controlling how contact occurs with other

cultures

(4) building the Grand Canal to expand trade

within China

Which factor most influenced the development of diverse cultures in pre Columbian South America?

(1) trade agreements

(2) geographic features

(3) imported religious ideas

(4) peasant revolts

Based on the information shown on this map, most manufactured goods were produced in

(1) the West Indies

(2) English colonies

(3) Europe

(4) Africa

One similarity between the Gupta Empire and

the Arab dynasties of the Islamic Golden Age is

that they

(1) made advances in mathematics and literature

(2) gained wealth by obtaining gold from the

Americas

(3) stressed the importance of dharma and karma

(4) controlled territories around the Mediterranean

seacoast

Which conclusion about Zheng He’s voyages is valid based on the information on this

map?(1) His fleet traveled only as far as the Bay of Bengal.(2) His expeditions sailed to ports in Asia and Africa.(3) His fleet conquered and controlled Luzon.(4) His expeditions traded directly with the interior of Africa.

Technological achievements made during the Tang and Song dynasties were important because they

(1) were used to defeat Kublai Khan

(2) contributed to economic growth and cultural

advancement

(3) increased contact with the Americas

(4) led to social equality between men and

women

Absolute Monarchs in Europe (1500-1800) • Absolute monarch had absolute power

over country & citizens

Causes of absolutism

- Decline of Feudalism in the Middle Ages As Feudal lords lost power, kings gained it.

- Decline of the Catholic Church As the Church’s influenced weakened, kings gained power.

Divine Right

• Absolute monarchs believed they were chosen by God

• They answered to God, not their people

Country Leader(s) Absolute monarch?

Important Events

Spain Philip II YES Spanish Armada defeated by British

Spanish colonies in New World

France Louis XIV YES Built Versailles

Mercantilism

War of Spanish succession

Russia Ivan the Terrible

Peter the Great

YES Ivan = 1st Czar

Peter tried to westernize & modernize Russia

England Charles I

Charles IINO, but Charles I tried

English Civil War, Petition of Right, England became a Constitutional Monarchy

The Scientific Revolution:• Inspired by the Renaissance

• New ways of thinking about the natural world

• Scientific method & observation

Scientific RevolutionDescription Important

PeopleEffects

Heliocentric Theory

Theory of

Gravity

Copernicus & Galileo

Isaac Newton

Conflict with Catholic Church, questioning the Catholic Church

People want to order politics & government (Enlightenment)

The Enlightenment:

• philosophers using reason & scientific method to bring about positive change (progress) in both government and society

Description Important People

Effects

European thinkers inspired by Renaissance secular humanism & the Scientific Revolution began to develop new and better ways to govern

John Locke (Natural Rights)

Montesquieu (Separation of Powers)

Voltaire (Religious tolerance)

Rousseau (Social Contract)

Beginning of the end for European divine right monarchies

American Revolution

French Revolution

Latin American Revolutions

Turning point: The Enlightenment changed EVERYTHING

• Inspired the American Revolution

• American Revolution inspired French Revolution… which led to European nationalism

• Improved women’s rights

• Increased educational opportunities

• Led to the Industrial Revolution

• Religious freedom

• Abolishment of torture

Revolutions around the World… inspired by the Enlightenment

French Revolution• 97% people in France had no power, but

paid all the taxes

The French Revolution, Overview

Causes Revolution Effects

1) Social Estates General End of French

Inequality Meeting Monarchy

2) Absolute Violent Global Spread of

Monarchy Revolution Revolution

3) Economy Robespierre’s Napoleon Reign of Terror

conquers

Europe

Napoleon Bonaparte

• Took over France in a coup d’ etat• Became emperor of France• Conquered most of Europe,

EXCEPT…

• Defeated by Russian winter

• Strong Central government• Napoleonic Code• Spread Enlightenment ideas

Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna

Triumph of Diplomacy, Triumph of Triumph of Diplomacy, Triumph of ConservatismConservatism

Restored monarchies of Europe after Restored monarchies of Europe after Napoleonic WarsNapoleonic Wars

BALANCE OF POWERBALANCE OF POWER

Nationalist Revolutions• Nationalism = the desire to form your own

country (nation)

• Powerful force that created new countries & destroyed old empires

+ -Italy & Germany Ottoman Empire &

Austro-Hungarian Empire

Latin American Revolutions

• Causes:– Spread of Enlightenment ideas– America & French Revolutions– Creoles & mestizos had no power

Latin American social classes• Peninsulares - men born in Spain

– held highest offices• Creoles - Spaniards born in Latin

America– officers in army, but not in

government– often resented power of the

peninsulares• Mestizos - mixed European and

Indian• Mulattos - mixed European and

African• Indians• Slaves

Country or Region

Colonizer Causes Leader Description

Haiti

France Slave Revolt

Enlightenment

French Rev.

American Rev.

Toussaint

L’OvertureFrench sugar plantation colony, African slaves led by L’Overture successfully overthrew French

Spanish South

America

Spain Creoles & Mestizos had no political power & were inspired by Enlightenment & American & French Revolutions

Simon Bolivar

Jose de San Martin

Bolivar & San Martin led successful armed rebellions creating new, independent countries

Mexico

Spain Creoles & Mestizos had no political power & were inspired by Enlightenment & American & French Revolutions

Father Hidalgo

Hidalgo led a successful revolt of mestizos, creating an independent Mexico

European Nationalism

Causes

• French Revolution

• Enlightenment– Certain people

had same: history, language, culture, religion, etc.

Italy Garibaldi, Cavour, helped to unite the different kingdoms within Italy into one country; 1861

Germany Otto von Bismarck, “Blood & Iron” Chancellor.

United Germany through wars (Franco-Prussian war) and politics; 1871

Definition

• Time period in the late 1700’s through the 1800’s when more and more products were produced by machines, and new inventions completely changed travel & communication

Why England?

• The Scientific & Commercial Revolutions

• England had coal, iron, a large workforce, stable government, & financial institutions

Important inventions of the later Industrial Revolution

• Bessemer Process = faster, better steel

• Chemicals = medicine, soap, & fertilizers

• Dynamo = electricity everywhere

• Interchangeable parts & assembly line = products made faster & cheaper by unskilled workers

Urbanization: People moved from farms to cities, cities grew

New Society:Rise of the middle class, rise of wealthy factory owners, increase in poor workers

Longer life-spanNew developments in soap, medicine & food production = people living longer

Education:Public schools mandatory to create an educated workforce

Slums & Poverty:

Factory workers underpaid, large families in cramped housing. Women & children working in factories

Need for Natural Resources:

Desire for raw materials leads many industrial countries to colonize

Pollution:New coal-powered plants & factory waste badly pollute the air & water

Capitalism (Free Market, Laissez-Faire)

Government should not interfere with economy

Prices determined by supply & demand

Private property for all

Communism (Marxism)

Everything is owned by the government

Government closely regulates the economy (sets prices, tells factories what to make, etc.)

No private property

Labor Unions

• Workers organizing to make their jobs and pay better led to 8 hour workday, safer workplaces, weekends off

Increased Democracy & Suffrage:

• Reforms passed in many countries allowing more people to vote… including women.

Imperialism

Definition

• when a strong nation takes over a weaker nation or region and dominates its economic, political, or cultural life.

White Man’s Burden• Justification for

imperialism:– Imperialism is OK

because we are making savage people’s lives better with our superior technology & bringing them the good news of Christianity Social Darwinism

Africa; The Berlin Conference

• To avoid conflict with one another in Africa, European leaders met in Berlin, Germany. The European powers set about carving up Africa. No African leaders were invited

THE MAIN REASON FOR IMPERIALISM:

RAW MATERIALS/NATURAL

RESOURCES

India, “The Jewel in the Crown”

• Most valuable colony of the British Empire.

• Many natural resources

• British divided & conquered Hindus & Muslims

The Sepoy Mutiny

-“Sepoys” Indian soldiers who worked for the British-Sepoys revolted-India officially became a British Colony-Sepoy rebellion = 1st act of Indian nationalism

The Amristar Massacre

-British soldiers killed hundreds of Indians who were peacefully protesting- After the massacre most Indians turned against the British became nationalists

China

N RA ET SI I O SN TA AL NI CS ET

Spheres of Influence

European nations forced China to sign unequal treaties giving them control over Chinese land

Opium Wars

Britain imported opium to China (balance of trade), Chinese fought back, Britain defeated them & forced them to sign an unequal treaty

Taiping Rebellion

Chinese citizens fought back against Spheres of Influence, crushed by Chinese gov’t & European armies

Boxer Rebellion

Chinese martial artists fought back against Open Door Policy, crushed by European armies

Japanese Geography

• Japan has very few natural resources, they needed colonies to get natural resources

Meiji Restoration:

• Westernizing & modernizing Japan• In response to Europe colonizing most of Asia,

the Japanese Emperor modernized & westernized Japan

• MEIJI = MODERNIZE• MEIJI = MODERNIZE• MEIJI = MODERNIZE• MEIJI = MODERNIZE• MEIJI = MODERNIZE• MEIJI = MODERNIZE

No more isolationism

Wars:

• Japan defeated China & Russia in war– Gained

territory– Gained

experience– Gained respect– Japanese

military gained political power

Greater East Asia Co Prosperity Sphere

• Japan colonized much of East Asia including Korea & China

• They committed human rights violations (Rape of Nanking)

• Used natural resources for military (WWII)

Effects of Imperialism

(+)Positive(+) (-)Negative(-)

Infrastructure

Education

Medicine

Improved agriculture

Improved communications

Loss of natural resources

Loss of traditional culture

Racism

Forced labor

Artificial boundaries (civil war)

Again, the main reason for imperialism is…

Which statement accurately reflects population

changes that occurred as a result of the Age of

Exploration?

(1) Most Latin American populations became

more culturally diverse.

(2) One third of Europe’s population died due to

exposure to diseases from the Americas.

(3) The introduction of goods from the Americas

caused a decline in Asian populations.

(4) Native Americans migrated to Africa causing

increases in African populations.

Enlightenment thinkers encouraged the

improvement of society through the

(1) teachings of the church

(2) use of reason

(3) development of absolutism

(4) establishment of a rigid social hierarchy

“Angry Mob Destroys Bastille”

“Robespierre’s Execution Ends Reign of Terror”

“Napoleon Seizes Power”

Which country’s revolution is referred to in these headlines?

(1) Spain (3) France

(2) Austria (4) Russia

The slogan “Blood and Iron” and a united

Germany are most closely associated with

(1) Prince Metternich (3) Camillo Cavour

(2) Simón Bolívar (4) Otto von Bismarck

Which pair of natural resources were used to change transportation and manufacturing in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution?

(1) gold and salt

(2) diamonds and petroleum

(3) copper and tin

(4) coal and iron ore

What is one reason for Japan’s involvement in the first Sino-Japanese War and the annexation of Korea?

(1) pursuit of imperialistic goals

(2) reaction to foreign invasions

(3) institution of five-year plans

(4) need for a warm-water port

““MAIN causes of WWIMAIN causes of WWI””

MMilitarism ilitarism

AAlliances lliances

IImperialismmperialism

NNationalism ationalism

MilitarismMilitarism

• Glorification of War & MilitaryGlorification of War & Military

• Build up of large reserve armiesBuild up of large reserve armies• MobilizationMobilization – getting ready for war (starts – getting ready for war (starts

other nations mobilizing)other nations mobilizing) – Naval ExpansionNaval Expansion – Germany expands navy – Germany expands navy – wants to be equal to G.B. (most powerful) wants to be equal to G.B. (most powerful) – G.B. feels threatened, expands, develops G.B. feels threatened, expands, develops

new battleship - Dreadnoughtnew battleship - Dreadnought

AlliancesAlliances

• Defense Agreements Among NationsDefense Agreements Among Nations

• Triple AllianceTriple Alliance - (1882) - (1882) Germany, Italy, Germany, Italy, Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary

• Triple EntenteTriple Entente - (1907) - (1907) France, Russia, France, Russia, Great BritianGreat Britian– EntenteEntente:: Friendly understanding between Friendly understanding between

nationsnations

ImperialismImperialism

• One Country dominating another. One Country dominating another. Europeans fought over colonies & territoryEuropeans fought over colonies & territory

• Countries who believed that they were Countries who believed that they were superior thought it was alright to conquer superior thought it was alright to conquer and rule others – particularly if they were and rule others – particularly if they were inhabited by races they thought were inhabited by races they thought were inferior (social Darwinism)inferior (social Darwinism)

NationalismNationalism

• Extreme pride in one’s nation or desire to Extreme pride in one’s nation or desire to form a nationform a nation

• French Nationalists sought revenge French Nationalists sought revenge against Germany for loss of Alsace-against Germany for loss of Alsace-LorraineLorraine

• Slavic Nationalism - Slavic Nationalism - Pan-SlavismPan-Slavism: Unify : Unify all Slavic people under one empireall Slavic people under one empire

Immediate Causes of WWIImmediate Causes of WWI

• Assassination of Assassination of Archduke Franz Archduke Franz Ferdinand Ferdinand – Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary– June 28, 1914June 28, 1914– SarajevoSarajevo– Killed by Gavrilo Killed by Gavrilo

Princip - member of Princip - member of Serbian nationalist Serbian nationalist group called the “Black group called the “Black Hand”Hand”

Allies vs. Central PowersAllies vs. Central Powers• AlliesAllies

– Great BritainGreat Britain– RussiaRussia– Italy (switched sides)Italy (switched sides)– FranceFrance– United States – April 6, 1917United States – April 6, 1917

• Central PowersCentral Powers– GermanyGermany– Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary– Turkey (Ottoman Empire)Turkey (Ottoman Empire)– BulgariaBulgaria– Italy (switched sides)Italy (switched sides)

Result:

• Total war

• Trench Warfare

• New technology (Industrial Revolution)

13 million people dead

World was horrified

No one wanted another war…ever

End of WWI & The Treaty of Versailles

• Ottoman Empire collapsed

• Failed peace led to WWII

• Punished Germany: War Guilt & Reparations led to rise of Hitler

• Woodrow Wilson (USA) 14 Points; League of Nations was created to prevent another war, couldn’t stop WWII

The Causes of WWII

• Economic crisis led to rise of dictators & desperation

• Fascist leaders Mussolini & Hitler started WWII

• League couldn’t stop fascist aggression

• Appeased (gave in to) Hitler because UK, USA, & France were afraid of another war

• Unfair treaty was a major cause of Hitler’s rise

Causes People Description Effects

Political Causes:

(1) weak Czar

(2) Spread of Marxist ideas

Social Causes:

(1) Peasant’s desire for land

(2) Deaths from WWI

Economic Causes:

(1) food & fuel shortages [WWI],

Lenin (1st leader of USSR)

Stalin (took over USSR after Lenin’s death; cult of personality, 5 year plans)

-WWI caused tremendous suffering throughout Russia.

-Czar was ineffective. -Bolsheviks (communists) promised “Peace, land, & bread”

-1st ever communist revolution

-End of Czar

-COLD WAR & nukes

-Stalin became dictator of USSR for decades and killed millions

-5 year plans to modernize USSR

Between the wars

• Spanish flu pandemic killed 50 million people worldwide

Great Depression

• Worldwide financial disaster destroyed the economies of many countries. Ruined German economy + WWI reparations = hyperinflation & rise of Hitler

I’m off to buy a loaf of bread

Italy Germany Japan

-Fascist dictator Mussolini took over.

-invaded Ethiopia

-formed an alliance with Germany & Japan

Fascist dictator Hitler was elected

-Anschlus with Austria

-invaded Czechoslovakia

-Invaded Poland (start of WWII)

-formed an alliance with Italy & Japan

-Japanese military controlled government

-imperialism in Asia; Rape of Nanking

-Attacked Pearl Harbor

- Formed an alliance with Germany & Italy

League of Nations

• Could not stop German, Italian, or Japanese aggression

• USA not a member

• Powerless

Nazi-Soviet nonaggression Pact

• Hitler & Stalin agreed not to fight each other

• 1 front war for Germany

• Hitler broke pact & was defeated by Russian winter (Napoleon)

Axis vs. AlliesAxis vs. Allies

AxisAxis

GermanyGermany

ItalyItaly

JapanJapan

AlliesAllies

EnglandEngland

FranceFrance

USSRUSSR

USAUSA

German invasion of

USSR

D-Day The Holocaust

Nuclear weapons

Nuremberg trials

-Germany broke non-aggression pact

-Needed oil

-Defeated by geography and millions of USSR troops

-Allied invasion of occupied France

-2 front war

-turning point

-Hitler’s plan to kill all Jews

-Started with Nuremberg laws

->11 million people systematically killed (6 million Jews)

-USA dropped 2 bombs on Japan

-1st and last time nuclear weapons used against people

-Cold War

-Nazis hanged for war crimes during the Holocaust

- “just following orders” not an excuse

After WWII – The Post war period

The Cold War

• Causes:– After WWII the two most powerful countries

on earth were the USA & USSR– USA was capitalist & democratic– USSR was a communist dictatorship– Each country thought the other was trying to

control the world

Cold WarCold War Alliances AlliancesNATO:NATO:

USAUSA

UKUK

FranceFrance

W. GermanyW. Germany

ItalyItaly

TurkeyTurkey

Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact

USSRUSSR

PolandPoland

CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia

E. GermanyE. Germany

AlbaniaAlbania

Defensive alliances; if one was attacked, all would defend

The Iron Curtain:

Soviet troops remained in Eastern European countries, USSR controlled those governments

Ge r ma ny:Germany was divided; East Germany controlled by the USSR, West Germany democratic. Berlin Wall

Mar$hall Plan:USA gave millions of dollars to help rebuild Europe after WWII & stop them from becoming communist

Korean WarKorea divided between communist North & capitalist South. Long war. North Korea still communist (Kim Jong Il)

Cuban Missile Crisis

CASTRO. Closest we’ve come to nuclear war. USSR missiles in Cuba, USA stopped building of missile bases

Vietnam WarVietnam divided between communist North & capitalist South. Long war. Vietnam communist country

Cold War in Latin America

Communist revolutions in Cuba led by Castro. Communist revolutions in Nicaragua led by Sandinistas & opposed by the Contras (US intervention)

Détente & SALT Easing of tensions between USA & USSR. Agreement to limit nuclear weapons

Communist Revolution in China:

Causes People Events Effects

Imperialism in China by European countries & Japan

Chinese peasants wanted reform

Mao Zedong: leader of Chinese communists defeated Chiang Kai Shek (nationalist) in civil war

-Civil war & Long March: communists defeated nationalists

-Great Leap Forward (modernize)

-Cultural Revolution

-Tiananmen Square Massacre

-China still a communist country-Control of people by Chinese government (1 child policy, internet restrictions)-China part capitalist; trade imbalance

Effects of the Cold War:

• Wars in Korea, Vietnam, & Afghanistan

• Nuclear proliferation

End of the Cold War:

USSR Gorbachev’s reforms (Glasnost & Perestroika) failed, USSR collapsed, Boris Yeltsin President of Russian Federation

Germany & Eastern Europe

Iron Curtain fell, Berlin Wall fell; Germany reunited, Eastern Europe independent

Poland Solidarity movement (Lech Walesa) helped end Soviet domination, Poland independent

Nonalignment:

• Countries that refused to take sides in the Cold War were nonaligned; India

The End of Imperialism

Region: Countries: People: Events:

Asia India (Britain)

Pakistan (Britain)

Gandhi

Nehru

Successful campaign of civil disobedience: Salt March, Homespun Movement

-partition: India given independence, but split

Africa Kenya (Britain)

Ghana (Britain)

Jomo Kenyatta

Kwame Nkrumah (pan-African)

Both led civil disobedience campaigns against UK, jailed, became 1st Prime Minister

Middle East

Israel (British mandate)

Herzl (Zionism)

David Ben Gurion

Jewish people established a homeland, fought wars with Arab neighbors

Human Rights Abuses:

Region: Date: People: Events:

Khmer Rouge (Cambodia)

1975-1979

Pol Pot Communists captured the country, killed 2 million in killing fields & forced labor camps

Genocide in Rwanda 1994 Hutus vs. Tutsis

Hutus massacred 800,000 Tutsis who had historically been given more opportunity in Rwanda

Genocide in Sudan (Darfur)

2003-present

Janjaweed militias

Dark-skinned Sudanese being slaughtered by Janjaweed & Sudan gov’t for land & resources

Tiananmen Square Massacre (China)

1989 Deng Xiaoping

Students protested for more democratic government. Thousands were killed or jailed by Chinese government

Serbian War Crimes (Europe)

Bosnian Genocide

1992-1995

Slobodan Milosevic

Serbian army “ethnically cleansed” (murdered) over 200,000 Bosnian Muslims; rape camps

The Holocaust (Europe)

1941-1945

Adolph Hitler

Heinrich Himmler

Over 11 million people systematically murdered by Nazis, 6 million Jews who Hitler blamed for the world’s problems

The Rape of Nanking (China)

1937 Japanese Army

300,000 Chinese murdered by Japanese army during their campaign of Asian imperialism

Important Conflicts:

Region: Dates: People: Events:

Israel/Palestine

1948-present

Netanyahu (Israeli Prime Minister)

Yassar Arafat (former leader of PLO)

Hamas (terrorist group)

-Balfour Document (UK promised Jewish homeland, wouldn’t disturb Arabs)

-1948 UN recognized Israel

-Wars with Arab neighbors, especially Egypt; Israel always won

-Intifada & occupation: Palestinians protesting Israeli occupation (terrorism) Gaza blockade

India/Pakistan

1947-present

Nehru (1st Indian Prime Minister)

Al Jinnah (1st Pakistani Prime Minister)

-1947 partition violence-Conflict over Kashmir-Pakistan Civil War; India helped Bangladesh-Nuclear arms race-Terrorist attacks in India

War on Terror

2001-present

Osama bin Laden

George W. Bush

Al Qaeda

9/11/01 Al Qaeda attacked the USA. US went to war in Afghanistan to destroy terrorist organization. Al Qaeda attacked London, Madrid, & Mumbai killing hundreds. Bin Laden dead

Democracy movemen

ts in North

Africa & Middle

East

2011 Hosni Mubarak

Anti-government protests have led to the resignation of Mubarak in Egypt, government change in Tunisia, civil war in Libya (NATO bombings)

Ireland

1916-1998

IRA

Gerry Adams

England trying to takeover Ireland, Irish resist using terrorism. Northern Ireland belongs to England

Catholics (Irish) vs. Protestant (British)

Important Events:• Ongoing current events and issues that

have significant impact on the world.

Green Revolution:

INDIA

Improvements in agriculture in developing countries: irrigation systems, new machines, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, new Genetically modified crops

Positive (+) Negative (-)

More food

Longer lifespan

Overpopulation

Too expensive to help small farmers

Used for cash crops

Population Growth:

(especially in China & India)

7 billion people in the world. Challenges:-More demand for resources leads to scarcity (poverty & starvation)- More demand for resources leads to conflict (Darfur) & may lead to conflicts over oil & fresh water-Adaptations to population growth: China’s 1 child policy

Environmental Concerns:

-deforestation: acres of Amazon rainforest lost every minute (less oxygen & extinction)-Pollution: water & air being poisoned leading to species extinction and health problems-Global warming: icecaps melting leads to extinction, loss of fresh water, spread of diseases, flooding, etc. extreme weather events endanger people & communities

Nuclear Proliferation:

-At least 8 countries have an arsenal of nuclear weapons-India & Pakistan have nukes pointed at each other-Israel has nukes & is constantly threatened by neighbors-Many missing nuclear weapons (terrorists)-Iran, North Korea, and several other scary countries are developing nukes

Developed vs. Developing Countries

-Developed (rich, northern) countries consume large percentage of the world’s resources leading to massive starvation and suffering in Africa, Asia, and Latin America

Economic Problems; Free Trade & Debt:

-World Trade Organization loans developing (poor) countries money, corrupt leaders steal that money, the WTO forces those countries to pay loans back with interest & cut programs for their people-Free trade agreements between countries mean no tariffs, therefore workers are being paid less and less, as more and more products are being made in sweatshops.

Organization Description

NAFTANorth American Free Trade Agreement, no tariffs between Mexico, USA, & Canada. Lowered wages in North America. Illegal immigration

OASOrganization of

American States

Latin American countries cooperating diplomatically & defending each other in case of war

African UnionAfrican countries cooperating diplomatically & defending each other in case of war

European Union

Economic cooperation between many European countries. Reduced tariffs & single currency: the Euro

United NationsGlobal organization created after WWII to prevent wars. Security council… kinda weak

Europe

Africa

South America

North

Amer

ica

Asia

Australia

Label:India

Russia

China

France

Cuba

Egypt

South Korea

Germany

Iraq

Japan

Greece

Israel Mexico South Africa Pakistan Vietnam England

Afghanistan Kenya Spain