global i ii review
TRANSCRIPT
Global I Review
Social Sciences
• Different ways to study the development of humans & human societies
Geography
• Location (where), place (what), (who) lives there, (how) do humans adapt to that place or move through it?
Impact
• How do the different characteristics of a place impact the way people live there?
Place Rivers & River valleys
Adaptation
Rivers provide water for:- Irrigation- drinking- travel- fertile soil (delta)
The first civilizations developed near rivers (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus)
Place Mountains
Adaptation Act as barriersBarriers can protect from invasion, but hamper cultural diffusion (India)
Less farmland = terrace farming (Inca, Japan)
Mountain barriers led to Greek city-states instead of Greek empire
Place Deserts
Adaptation Deserts act as BarriersNo farmland, very little travel or trade
Isolated societies
Gobi Desert = isolation & ethnocentrism in China
Place Plains
Adaptation Flat areas, fertile farmland, easy to travel through
People living on plains are easily invaded
Assyrians & Prussians developed great armies in order to defend themselves
Poland got run over
History
• The study of past events, particularly in human affairs.
Primary vs. Secondary Sources
• A primary source is a document which was written or created during at the time… they were there! (diaries, letters, speeches)
• A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event… they weren’t there! (textbooks, magazine articles, encyclopedias)
Economic$
• How to meet unlimited wants with limited resources– What is made?– How is it made?– Who makes it?– Who gets what is made?
Economic Systems
Capitalism (laissez-faire)
“hands off”
“allow them to do”
Known as the “free-market” system.
Government should not tell businesses what to do
All businesses owned by people, not government
Example: USA (sort of)
Socialism (Mixed)
Mix between communism & capitalism
Some businesses owned by people
Large industries owned by the government
Government can pass laws telling businesses what to do
Example: Sweden, Germany, UK
Command/communism
AKA “Marxism”Government owns all businesses, has complete control over the economy
No private ownership
Example: Cuba, North Korea
Mercantilism Focus on “favorable balance of trade” (sell more stuff to other countries than you buy from them)
Get as much gold & silver as possible
Led to European colonialism in the 1500’s
Neolithic Revolution = civilization
Farming (domestication of plants & animals)
Led to
Led to
Led to
Led to
Specialized jobs
Laws
Record-keeping
Governments
The Neolithic revolution led to organized societies, centralized, governments, towns, villages, & cities… in short, the Neolithic revolution led to EVERYTHING!
Ancient Mesopotamia:• Land
between Tigris & Euphrates rivers
• Modern day Iraq
• Earliest civilization
• 1st to do/create many things
Fertile Crescent
• Civilization began along the fertile crescent - a region stretching from Egypt to Iraq
City-State• An independent state consisting of an
independent city and its surrounding territory.
Cuneiform• Sumerian system of writing and record-
keeping. Reed stylus & wet clay
CIVILization
Cities; advanced
Institutions; complex
adVanced technology
Individual jobs (specialized workers)
Literate (record keeping)
= advanced civilization
Code of Hammurabi
• 1st written laws
• “an eye for an eye”
• People were = before the law
Ancient Egypt• Polytheistic, record-
keeping, silt from Nile flooding
Pharaoh
• God-king of Egypt
• Total control
• Descendent of Ra (the Sun God)
Hieroglyphics
• Ancient Egyptian writing system
• Pictograms (Ideas not sounds)
• Papyrus
River delta
• Triangular shaped area where river empties into the sea.
• Deposited rich soil from Central Africa
• Egyptians used that soil to grow crops.
Scribes
• Paid record-keepers in Egypt
• Used papyrus & hieroglyphics
• Example of specialized jobs
Gift of the Nile• Fertile soil, fresh water for drinking and
bathing, transportation and trade, materials for building, for making cloth for clothes, and even for making paper - made from the wild papyrus weed, that grew along the shores of the Nile.
• Because of the annual flooding of the Nile, the ancient Egyptians enjoyed a high standard of living compared to other ancient civilizations. Without the Nile, Egypt would be a desert.
Ancient India
• Indus River valley
• River provided:– Irrigation– Transportation– Food & drink
• Planned City: Mohenjo-Daro PLUMBING
• Writing system (seals)
Ancient China
• Huang He (Yellow) river provided irrigation, drinking water & transportation to this first Chinese civilization
Mandate of Heaven
• “Right to Rule”
• Mandate = god’s approval
• Bad things = god’s displeasure
Feudalism
• The peasants live on the king or lord’s land and give him crops in return for military protection
China’s Sorrow
• Huang He (Yellow) River provides necessities of life, but also floods often; these floods devastate communities near the river
• A dynasty would remain in power as long as it was providing good government. When a dynasty went into decline, and began to abuse its power, it was said to lose the Mandate of Heaven. A strong leader would emerge to claim the Mandate, and establish a new dynasty.
Writing System
• Shang Dynasty• The ancient
Chinese system of writing used pictographs, or drawings of objects, and ideographs, or drawings that expressed a thought or idea.
What Ancient River Valley Civilizations have in common
Location Near rivers or river valleys; fresh water, irrigation, transportation
Social structure
Hierarchical, rigid class system. You are born into your position in society & cannot move up
Government Centralized, monarchy
Record keeping
Cuneiform, hieroglyph, seals, & pictogram
Where When Who? What?
Hinduism India 1500 BCE
No founder
Caste system, polytheism, Dharma/Karma
Vedas
Buddhism India, spread all over Asia
500BCE
Siddhartha Gautama
4 noble truths, 8-fold path
“life is suffering”
Judaism Fertile Crescent
2000 BCE
Abraham 1st monotheistic religion
10 Commandments
Torah & Talmud
Christianity Middle East
30 BCE Yeshua of Nazareth
Monotheistic, based on Judaism
Love & forgiveness
Bible/New Testament
Islam Saudi Arabia
Mecca & Medina
600 CE Muhammad Monotheistic, based on Judaism & Christianity, 5 pillars of faith
Koran
The Indo-European Migrations
MAIN IDEAS• Culture: A group of nomadic people moved
into India and took over what was left of Harappan civilization
• Government: Under Aryan rule, Indian society developed a distinct system of social classes that still affects India today.
• Belief Systems: Over time, the belief of the Aryans developed into the religion of Hinduism.
• Language: Indo-European language becomes basis of Indian Language: Hindi
Phoenicians
Carriers of Civilization
• Traded throughout the Mediterranean
• Phonetic alphabet
• Cultural diffusion
• 1st naval & trading power in the world
Bantu Migration
• Most important migration in AFRICAN history
• Large group of people Bantu settled all over central & southern Africa
• Language spread
• Iron technology spread
Regents questions: related to what we’ve reviewed… so far
Base your answer this question on the passagebelow and on your knowledge of social studies.
Geneticists are tracing the movements of peoplein prehistoric Europe using our DNA as a time
machine. . . . — Joe Palca, “Tracing Human Migration Through DNA,”
NPR Weekend Edition Saturday, August 11, 2007 This passage suggests that modern science can be used to(1) aid historical analysis(2) show the development of a point of view(3) explain ancient medical practices(4) predict future events
Why is Southeast Asia considered a crossroads?
(1) Large deposits of oil are available.
(2) A number of trade routes intersect.
(3) A single culture is dominant.
(4) Rivers serve as highways
In which economic system used by early
civilizations are decisions about the distribution
of goods based primarily on customs, beliefs, and habits?
(1) mixed (3) traditional
(2) free-market (4) command
The Neolithic Revolution is often considered a
turning point in history because
(1) city dwellers learned to control fire
(2) societies became more nomadic
(3) nuclear families evolved into extended
families
(4) permanent settlements developed in river
valleys
Which name identifies the region located
between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers?
(1) Cape of Good Hope (3) Mesopotamia
(2) Sinai Peninsula (4) Horn of Africa
• Analyzing the design of a Shang bronze pot
• Deciphering the writing on the Rosetta Stone
• Examining the fabric of a Japanese kimono
These actions are most often performed by
(1) a political scientist (3) a sociologist
(2) a geographer (4) an archaeologist
An economist is a social scientist who focuses on
the study of the
(1) development of spiritual practices
(2) establishment of legal systems
(3) creation and implementation of social class
systems
(4) production and exchange of goods and
services
Which heading best completes the partial outline
below?
(1) Examples of Early Technology
(2) Results of Cultural Diversity
(3) Characteristics of Civilizations
(4) Causes for the Neolithic Revolution
Which statement about China is a fact rather than
an opinion?
(1) Flooding was the worst disaster to affect
ancient Chinese civilizations.
(2) The Mandate of Heaven was an idea
developed in ancient China.
(3) Early Chinese civilizations were the most
important civilizations in the world.
(4) Dynastic governments were highly effective in China
Which document is considered a primary source?
(1) encyclopedia article
(2) modern textbook
(3) biography
(4) personal correspondence
China… Warring States• Different warlords were fighting for control
of China
• No one felt safe
• Chaotic period led to new ways of thinking
Belief System
Founder Beliefs Impact
Confucianism Confucius Filial Piety (respect for elders)
5 Relationships (oldest male in charge)
Set up family & social roles that continue today
Civil Service exam system
Daoism Laozi Dao De Jing (book)
People must learn to live in harmony with nature (yin & yang balance)
Focus on nature & beauty (literature & paintings)
Legalism Han Feizi
Li Si
People are naturally evil
Harsh ruler & harsh punishments will make them behave
China has a strong government that does not tolerate dissent and uses harsh punishments
(Tiananmen Square Massacre)
Picture
Picture
Picture
The Qin Dynasty• Qin Shi Huangdi unified China following the
warring states period• Qin Shi Huangdi = 1st Emperor of China• Began Great Wall of China• Expanded China• Built infrastructure• Standardized language, currency, weights• Civil Service Exams• Cruel ruler, burned books• {Qin is where we get the word “China” from}
What are the most important What are the most important geographic features of Greece?geographic features of Greece?
Sparta
Athens
Ancient Greek Geography
• 1) Peninsula surrounded by water = travel & trade
• 2) Nice Climate = people exchanging ideas
• 3) Mountains – isolated people (city-states not empire)– Very little farmland = small population, need
for colonies
Athens & Pericles
• Greek Golden Age: The Ancient Greeks were the first to use democracy as a form of government. Under Pericles, male citizens in Athens participated in the daily running of government.
• Athens = democracy
• Sparta = oligarchy
Art Literature Medicine Philosophy
-Paintings & sculptures of “ideal” people
-Architecture, columns
-Sophocles: tragic plays
-Homer: The Odyssey & The Iliad
-Hippocrates
“Father of Medicine”
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
Greco- Roman or Classical tradition
Ancient Rome(Central location helped them conquer Europe)
Roman Achievements:
Writ
e th
is
RepublicanGovernment
Rome became a republic. People elected Senators to represent them (indirect democracy)
12 Tables Written laws. Everyone = before the law
Influenced the Enlightenment
Pax Romana Began with Augustus Caesar, 200 year long peace, time of cultural and intellectual achievements for Rome. Allowed Christianity to spread
Roman Architecture
Aqueducts, Roman Road, arches
Roman techniques & styles are still in use today
Adoption of Christianity
Constantine was the 1st Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity which became the official religion of the Empire & spread all over Europe
Julius Caesar
• Ended the Roman Republic by becoming “Dictator for Life”
• Assassinated
• Caesar = emperor, tsar, czar, kaiser
Causes of the Rise of the Roman Empire
1) Geographic: central location on Mediterranean
2) Political: centralized government: created infrastructure (roads, bridges, etc.)
3) Military: Well-trained, large military
Causes of the Fall of the Roman Empire
1) Economic: inflation (Roman currency worth less & less)
2) Political/social: series of terrible emperors, Romans less interested in politics
3) Military: Roman empire became too big to control, Roman army full of mercenaries
Effect of Rome’s Rise
1) Political: stable government throughout Europe, spread of Roman Laws (12 Tables)
2) Economic: Increased trade, universal currency
3) Social: Spread of Latin language, spread of Christianity
Effect of Rome’s Fall
1) Political: no government, no protection
2) Economic: decreased trade due to unsafe roads
3) Social: lack of education
The fall of the Roman Empire
European Feudal System
• King: Largest landowner, controlled country
• Noble: Given land by King, expected to protect the king
• Knights: Warriors hired by king/noble for protection
• Peasants/serfs: tied to land on manor, gave labor & crops in return for protection
Social
Feudal system
Strict social classes
Most of Europe was Catholic
10% tithe
Economic/Political
Manor System (Manoralism) … self-sufficient
– economic side of feudalism (serfs were bound to the land)
3 field system
Decentralized government
The only thing that united Europe during the Dark Ages was the Roman Catholic Church. Not only was almost everyone Christian, but they were all Catholics
Feudalism Around The World
• Japanese Feudalism: Similar to European Feudalism
Chivalry & Bushido
• Ways of controlling warriors in both feudal Europe & feudal Japan
• Codes based on loyalty & honor
• Samurai lived up to code of Bushido
• Knights usually failed to live up code of Chivalry
End of Feudalism in Europe
The Black Death
Plague killed 1/3 of Europe’s population Helped end Feudalism
End of Feudalism in Europe
The Crusades
Increased trade & travel to the Mideast Helped end Feudalism
The End of Feudalism
1) The Plague:-- Fewer serfs = wages
-- caused people to question the Catholic Church & other authorities
2) The Crusades:
-- led to the commercial revolution
-- More interest in classics
-- Cultural diffusion
The RenaissanceDefinition Location Artists Effects
Renewed interest in art & knowledge
“rebirth” of European culture based on Greco-Roman Classics
Began in Italy (Italian city-states grew wealthy from Crusade trade + Roman ruins)
Da Vinci (Renaissance Man)
Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel, Pieta)
-Increased literacy
-Secularism
-Humanism-Questioning authority
The ReformationDefinition Location Important
PeopleEffects
-Creation of new Christian churches
-Reaction against the RC Church’s corruption (indulgences)
Secular humanism
Began in Germany, spread all over Europe
Especially Northern Europe
Martin Luther: RC Priest who wrote 95 Theses
John Calvin:
predestination theocracy in Geneva
Guttenberg:
Printing press spread ideas
Decreased power of RC Church
Creation of many new Christian churches
Religious wars
The Counter-ReformationDefinition Location Important
PeopleEffects
Catholic Church’s reforms
Rome, Spain, New World
Ignatius of Loyola (founded Jesuits)
Reform in RC Church
Catholic Missionaries
Spanish Inquisition
Regent’s Questions
The information on this map suggests that the Black Death was primarily spread by theactions of(1) invading armies (2) merchants(3) nomadic peoples (4) explorers
The basic idea of this book is simple: to tell thestory of the Crusades as they were seen, lived,and recorded on ‘the other side’—in other words,in the Arab camp. Its content is based almostexclusively on the testimony of contemporaryArab historians and chroniclers. . . .— Amin Maalouf, The Crusades Through Arab Eyes,Al Saqi BooksThis passage indicates that the author’s emphasis is on(1) cause and effect (3) reenactment(2) chronological order (4) point of view
Which geographic factor contributed to the rise of the Renaissance in Italian city-states?
(1) mountainous terrain of the Alps
(2) location near the coast of the Mediterranean Sea
(3) navigable waters of the Danube River
(4) ease of travel on the Northern European Plain
What was a major characteristic of the
Renaissance in Europe?
(1) Secular achievements were emphasized.
(2) Suffrage was granted to men and women.
(3) Most literature was written in Arabic.
(4) Most ancient Greek and Roman ideas were
rejected.
Which advancement in technology revolutionized
the way ideas were spread throughout western
Europe in the 15th century?
(1) development of the astrolabe
(2) introduction of the telegraph
(3) improvements to the printing press
(4) creation of the telescope
• Classical Greco-Roman ideas were revived.• Wealthy patrons supported the arts andeducation.• Humanism spread throughout westernEurope.Which period in European history is most closelyassociated with these statements?(1) Early Middle Ages (3) Renaissance(2) Industrial Revolution (4) Hellenistic Period
One similarity between Martin Luther andHenry VIII is that they(1) argued against the establishment of a
theocratic state(2) protested against the ideas of the
Enlightenment(3) died during the Reign of Terror(4) challenged the teachings of the Catholic
Church
• Literacy rates rise.
• Shakespeare’s sonnets circulated.
• Secular ideas spread.
Which innovation led directly to these
developments?
(1) printing press (3) paper currency
(2) astrolabe (4) caravel
Which belief system is most closely associated with the terms Eightfold Path, Four Noble
Truths, and nirvana?
(1) Buddhism (3) Judaism
(2) Christianity (4) Shinto
• What inference can be drawn from the location of the church in this drawing?
• (1) The mill was managed by the church.• (2) Religion played a significant role in the lives of
the residents.• (3) The church controlled trade within the manor.• (4) The church played a limited role in education.
Confucianism had a strong impact on the
development of China mainly because this
philosophy
(1) established a basic structure for military rule
(2) provided a basis for social order
(3) contained the framework for a communist
government
(4) stressed the importance of the individual
Mauryan EmpireLeader& Dates Importance
321 BCE
Chandragupta Maurya & Asoka
1st time India was unified. Very large, well-administered, & had an extensive system of roads
India was not permanently unified by the Mauryan Empire
Gupta Empire
Leader& Dates Importance
Chandra Gupta & Chandra Gupta II
320 CE
Golden Age. Advancements in Mathematics, science, literature, art & medicine
-concept of Zero
-plastic surgery
Mughal Empire
Leader& Dates Importance
Akbar the Great (absolute monarch)
1542
Expanded India, Taj Mahal, increased trade & cultural diffusion
Han Dynasty
Leader& Dates Importance
Wudi
206 BCE- 220 CE
GOLDEN AGE, silk road trade cultural diffusion, Confucianism Civil Service Exams
Tang Dynasty
Leader& Dates Importance
618-907
Taizong
Strict social structure
Gunpowder
Block printing
Smallpox vaccine
Song Dynasty
Leader& Dates Importance
960-1279
Song Taizu
Wu Zhao (only female emperor)
Increased trade with foreign countries
Gunpowder
Moveable type printing
Ming Dynasty
Leader& Dates Importance
1368 – 1644
Took over from Mongol emperors
Porcelain
Voyages of Zeng He (Zeng He travelled a lot & wrote about it)
Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire)
Leader& Dates Importance
Justinian Justinian Code of Laws (based on 12 Tables)
Constantinople
Kept Greek & Roman traditions alive
Ottoman Empire
Leader& Dates Importance
Late 1200’s
Suleiman the Magnificent
Absolute monarchs
“Sick man of Europe” destroyed by Nationalism & WWI
Armenian genocide
Mongol Empire
Leader& Dates Importance
Genghis Khan, 1279
One of largest empires on earth
Pax Mongolica: time of peace throughout empire, trade increased along the Silk Road
Took over China… Kublai Khan (Marco Polo)
Empires of ancient Africa
Empires gained wealth through GOLD & SALT
Mansa Musa’s hajj put Mali on the map
ansa usa
ali uslim
ecca
The Maya
Mayan EmpireLeader& Dates Importance
250 CE – 800’s -Only advanced writing system in the Americas
-Solar Calendar (almost perfect)
-Advanced architecture
Aztec EmpireLeader& Dates Importance
Montezuma II
1325-1519
-Tenochtitlan: planned city built in a lake, largest in the world at the time-Chinampas (floating farms) & causeways (roads) = Aztec adaptation to geography-Conquered by Cortes (Spain)
The IncaThe Inca
Inca EmpireLeader& Dates Importance
Pachacuti
1483-1532
-Terrace Farming-Inca trail-Quipu: knotted cords used to keep track of things-Conquered by Pizarro (Spain)
What happened to the Aztec & Inca Empires?
• They were destroyed by Spanish conquistadores
• Superior technology (guns & steel) combined with European diseases wiped out New World population
Reasons for New World Exploration • Seeking route to spices of the East that
would cut out Italian & Ottoman middlemen
• God (convert natives to Catholicism), Gold, & Glory
Technology of exploration:• The The astrolabeastrolabe (navigation) and the (navigation) and the CaravelCaravel
(new ship) made long voyages possible.(new ship) made long voyages possible.
Columbian exchange:
Encomienda System:
• System of forced labor set up by the Spanish. Native Americans had to work for Spanish lord. Feudalism imported to the New World
• Encomienda System = slavery
At least 10 million Native Americans killed through conquest or Disease
This led to…
Massive importation of slaves from Africa.
Spanish & Portuguese colonies needed labor to grow cash crops
Part of Mercantile System
Atlantic Slave Trade:
• Millions of Africans were kidnapped and taken to the New World as forced labor
Middle Passage• At least 20% of kidnapped Africans died
during the journey across the Atlantic (The Middle Passage)
Effects of the Atlantic Slave trade
• Societies throughout the continent of Africa were disrupted or destroyed
Triangular Trade
Regent’s Questions
The use of the terms Encounter and Columbian exchange represents attempts to describe the
(1) nature of cultural interactions
(2) establishment of land grants
(3) results of scientific innovations
(4) origins of divine right theory
Which element of civilization is most clearly
shown in this Maya artwork?
(1) urbanization
(2) a system of education
(3) a code of laws
(4) social classes
Which achievements are most closely associated with the Tang and Song dynasties of China?
(1) wheel and stirrup
(2) chinampas and calendar
(3) gunpowder and movable wooden type
(4) mosaics and domes
Which institution served as the primary unifying force in medieval western Europe?
(1) legislature (3) monarchy
(2) church (4) military
The trans-Saharan trade carried out by West
African civilizations was primarily based on an exchange of
(1) gold and salt
(2) ivory and silk
(3) silver and tea
(4) hardwoods and animal skins
China’s image of itself as the Middle Kingdom is
associated with
(1) welcoming foreign ideas and influences
(2) mixing Western religions with traditional
Chinese philosophies
(3) controlling how contact occurs with other
cultures
(4) building the Grand Canal to expand trade
within China
Which factor most influenced the development of diverse cultures in pre Columbian South America?
(1) trade agreements
(2) geographic features
(3) imported religious ideas
(4) peasant revolts
Based on the information shown on this map, most manufactured goods were produced in
(1) the West Indies
(2) English colonies
(3) Europe
(4) Africa
One similarity between the Gupta Empire and
the Arab dynasties of the Islamic Golden Age is
that they
(1) made advances in mathematics and literature
(2) gained wealth by obtaining gold from the
Americas
(3) stressed the importance of dharma and karma
(4) controlled territories around the Mediterranean
seacoast
Which conclusion about Zheng He’s voyages is valid based on the information on this
map?(1) His fleet traveled only as far as the Bay of Bengal.(2) His expeditions sailed to ports in Asia and Africa.(3) His fleet conquered and controlled Luzon.(4) His expeditions traded directly with the interior of Africa.
Technological achievements made during the Tang and Song dynasties were important because they
(1) were used to defeat Kublai Khan
(2) contributed to economic growth and cultural
advancement
(3) increased contact with the Americas
(4) led to social equality between men and
women
Absolute Monarchs in Europe (1500-1800) • Absolute monarch had absolute power
over country & citizens
Causes of absolutism
- Decline of Feudalism in the Middle Ages As Feudal lords lost power, kings gained it.
- Decline of the Catholic Church As the Church’s influenced weakened, kings gained power.
Divine Right
• Absolute monarchs believed they were chosen by God
• They answered to God, not their people
Country Leader(s) Absolute monarch?
Important Events
Spain Philip II YES Spanish Armada defeated by British
Spanish colonies in New World
France Louis XIV YES Built Versailles
Mercantilism
War of Spanish succession
Russia Ivan the Terrible
Peter the Great
YES Ivan = 1st Czar
Peter tried to westernize & modernize Russia
England Charles I
Charles IINO, but Charles I tried
English Civil War, Petition of Right, England became a Constitutional Monarchy
The Scientific Revolution:• Inspired by the Renaissance
• New ways of thinking about the natural world
• Scientific method & observation
Scientific RevolutionDescription Important
PeopleEffects
Heliocentric Theory
Theory of
Gravity
Copernicus & Galileo
Isaac Newton
Conflict with Catholic Church, questioning the Catholic Church
People want to order politics & government (Enlightenment)
The Enlightenment:
• philosophers using reason & scientific method to bring about positive change (progress) in both government and society
Description Important People
Effects
European thinkers inspired by Renaissance secular humanism & the Scientific Revolution began to develop new and better ways to govern
John Locke (Natural Rights)
Montesquieu (Separation of Powers)
Voltaire (Religious tolerance)
Rousseau (Social Contract)
Beginning of the end for European divine right monarchies
American Revolution
French Revolution
Latin American Revolutions
Turning point: The Enlightenment changed EVERYTHING
• Inspired the American Revolution
• American Revolution inspired French Revolution… which led to European nationalism
• Improved women’s rights
• Increased educational opportunities
• Led to the Industrial Revolution
• Religious freedom
• Abolishment of torture
Revolutions around the World… inspired by the Enlightenment
French Revolution• 97% people in France had no power, but
paid all the taxes
The French Revolution, Overview
Causes Revolution Effects
1) Social Estates General End of French
Inequality Meeting Monarchy
2) Absolute Violent Global Spread of
Monarchy Revolution Revolution
3) Economy Robespierre’s Napoleon Reign of Terror
conquers
Europe
Napoleon Bonaparte
• Took over France in a coup d’ etat• Became emperor of France• Conquered most of Europe,
EXCEPT…
• Defeated by Russian winter
• Strong Central government• Napoleonic Code• Spread Enlightenment ideas
Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna
Triumph of Diplomacy, Triumph of Triumph of Diplomacy, Triumph of ConservatismConservatism
Restored monarchies of Europe after Restored monarchies of Europe after Napoleonic WarsNapoleonic Wars
BALANCE OF POWERBALANCE OF POWER
Nationalist Revolutions• Nationalism = the desire to form your own
country (nation)
• Powerful force that created new countries & destroyed old empires
+ -Italy & Germany Ottoman Empire &
Austro-Hungarian Empire
Latin American Revolutions
• Causes:– Spread of Enlightenment ideas– America & French Revolutions– Creoles & mestizos had no power
Latin American social classes• Peninsulares - men born in Spain
– held highest offices• Creoles - Spaniards born in Latin
America– officers in army, but not in
government– often resented power of the
peninsulares• Mestizos - mixed European and
Indian• Mulattos - mixed European and
African• Indians• Slaves
Country or Region
Colonizer Causes Leader Description
Haiti
France Slave Revolt
Enlightenment
French Rev.
American Rev.
Toussaint
L’OvertureFrench sugar plantation colony, African slaves led by L’Overture successfully overthrew French
Spanish South
America
Spain Creoles & Mestizos had no political power & were inspired by Enlightenment & American & French Revolutions
Simon Bolivar
Jose de San Martin
Bolivar & San Martin led successful armed rebellions creating new, independent countries
Mexico
Spain Creoles & Mestizos had no political power & were inspired by Enlightenment & American & French Revolutions
Father Hidalgo
Hidalgo led a successful revolt of mestizos, creating an independent Mexico
European Nationalism
Causes
• French Revolution
• Enlightenment– Certain people
had same: history, language, culture, religion, etc.
Italy Garibaldi, Cavour, helped to unite the different kingdoms within Italy into one country; 1861
Germany Otto von Bismarck, “Blood & Iron” Chancellor.
United Germany through wars (Franco-Prussian war) and politics; 1871
Definition
• Time period in the late 1700’s through the 1800’s when more and more products were produced by machines, and new inventions completely changed travel & communication
Why England?
• The Scientific & Commercial Revolutions
• England had coal, iron, a large workforce, stable government, & financial institutions
Important inventions of the later Industrial Revolution
• Bessemer Process = faster, better steel
• Chemicals = medicine, soap, & fertilizers
• Dynamo = electricity everywhere
• Interchangeable parts & assembly line = products made faster & cheaper by unskilled workers
Urbanization: People moved from farms to cities, cities grew
New Society:Rise of the middle class, rise of wealthy factory owners, increase in poor workers
Longer life-spanNew developments in soap, medicine & food production = people living longer
Education:Public schools mandatory to create an educated workforce
Slums & Poverty:
Factory workers underpaid, large families in cramped housing. Women & children working in factories
Need for Natural Resources:
Desire for raw materials leads many industrial countries to colonize
Pollution:New coal-powered plants & factory waste badly pollute the air & water
Capitalism (Free Market, Laissez-Faire)
Government should not interfere with economy
Prices determined by supply & demand
Private property for all
Communism (Marxism)
Everything is owned by the government
Government closely regulates the economy (sets prices, tells factories what to make, etc.)
No private property
Labor Unions
• Workers organizing to make their jobs and pay better led to 8 hour workday, safer workplaces, weekends off
Increased Democracy & Suffrage:
• Reforms passed in many countries allowing more people to vote… including women.
Imperialism
Definition
• when a strong nation takes over a weaker nation or region and dominates its economic, political, or cultural life.
White Man’s Burden• Justification for
imperialism:– Imperialism is OK
because we are making savage people’s lives better with our superior technology & bringing them the good news of Christianity Social Darwinism
Africa; The Berlin Conference
• To avoid conflict with one another in Africa, European leaders met in Berlin, Germany. The European powers set about carving up Africa. No African leaders were invited
THE MAIN REASON FOR IMPERIALISM:
RAW MATERIALS/NATURAL
RESOURCES
India, “The Jewel in the Crown”
• Most valuable colony of the British Empire.
• Many natural resources
• British divided & conquered Hindus & Muslims
The Sepoy Mutiny
-“Sepoys” Indian soldiers who worked for the British-Sepoys revolted-India officially became a British Colony-Sepoy rebellion = 1st act of Indian nationalism
The Amristar Massacre
-British soldiers killed hundreds of Indians who were peacefully protesting- After the massacre most Indians turned against the British became nationalists
China
N RA ET SI I O SN TA AL NI CS ET
Spheres of Influence
European nations forced China to sign unequal treaties giving them control over Chinese land
Opium Wars
Britain imported opium to China (balance of trade), Chinese fought back, Britain defeated them & forced them to sign an unequal treaty
Taiping Rebellion
Chinese citizens fought back against Spheres of Influence, crushed by Chinese gov’t & European armies
Boxer Rebellion
Chinese martial artists fought back against Open Door Policy, crushed by European armies
Japanese Geography
• Japan has very few natural resources, they needed colonies to get natural resources
Meiji Restoration:
• Westernizing & modernizing Japan• In response to Europe colonizing most of Asia,
the Japanese Emperor modernized & westernized Japan
• MEIJI = MODERNIZE• MEIJI = MODERNIZE• MEIJI = MODERNIZE• MEIJI = MODERNIZE• MEIJI = MODERNIZE• MEIJI = MODERNIZE
No more isolationism
Wars:
• Japan defeated China & Russia in war– Gained
territory– Gained
experience– Gained respect– Japanese
military gained political power
Greater East Asia Co Prosperity Sphere
• Japan colonized much of East Asia including Korea & China
• They committed human rights violations (Rape of Nanking)
• Used natural resources for military (WWII)
Effects of Imperialism
(+)Positive(+) (-)Negative(-)
Infrastructure
Education
Medicine
Improved agriculture
Improved communications
Loss of natural resources
Loss of traditional culture
Racism
Forced labor
Artificial boundaries (civil war)
Again, the main reason for imperialism is…
Which statement accurately reflects population
changes that occurred as a result of the Age of
Exploration?
(1) Most Latin American populations became
more culturally diverse.
(2) One third of Europe’s population died due to
exposure to diseases from the Americas.
(3) The introduction of goods from the Americas
caused a decline in Asian populations.
(4) Native Americans migrated to Africa causing
increases in African populations.
Enlightenment thinkers encouraged the
improvement of society through the
(1) teachings of the church
(2) use of reason
(3) development of absolutism
(4) establishment of a rigid social hierarchy
“Angry Mob Destroys Bastille”
“Robespierre’s Execution Ends Reign of Terror”
“Napoleon Seizes Power”
Which country’s revolution is referred to in these headlines?
(1) Spain (3) France
(2) Austria (4) Russia
The slogan “Blood and Iron” and a united
Germany are most closely associated with
(1) Prince Metternich (3) Camillo Cavour
(2) Simón Bolívar (4) Otto von Bismarck
Which pair of natural resources were used to change transportation and manufacturing in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution?
(1) gold and salt
(2) diamonds and petroleum
(3) copper and tin
(4) coal and iron ore
What is one reason for Japan’s involvement in the first Sino-Japanese War and the annexation of Korea?
(1) pursuit of imperialistic goals
(2) reaction to foreign invasions
(3) institution of five-year plans
(4) need for a warm-water port
““MAIN causes of WWIMAIN causes of WWI””
MMilitarism ilitarism
AAlliances lliances
IImperialismmperialism
NNationalism ationalism
MilitarismMilitarism
• Glorification of War & MilitaryGlorification of War & Military
• Build up of large reserve armiesBuild up of large reserve armies• MobilizationMobilization – getting ready for war (starts – getting ready for war (starts
other nations mobilizing)other nations mobilizing) – Naval ExpansionNaval Expansion – Germany expands navy – Germany expands navy – wants to be equal to G.B. (most powerful) wants to be equal to G.B. (most powerful) – G.B. feels threatened, expands, develops G.B. feels threatened, expands, develops
new battleship - Dreadnoughtnew battleship - Dreadnought
AlliancesAlliances
• Defense Agreements Among NationsDefense Agreements Among Nations
• Triple AllianceTriple Alliance - (1882) - (1882) Germany, Italy, Germany, Italy, Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary
• Triple EntenteTriple Entente - (1907) - (1907) France, Russia, France, Russia, Great BritianGreat Britian– EntenteEntente:: Friendly understanding between Friendly understanding between
nationsnations
ImperialismImperialism
• One Country dominating another. One Country dominating another. Europeans fought over colonies & territoryEuropeans fought over colonies & territory
• Countries who believed that they were Countries who believed that they were superior thought it was alright to conquer superior thought it was alright to conquer and rule others – particularly if they were and rule others – particularly if they were inhabited by races they thought were inhabited by races they thought were inferior (social Darwinism)inferior (social Darwinism)
NationalismNationalism
• Extreme pride in one’s nation or desire to Extreme pride in one’s nation or desire to form a nationform a nation
• French Nationalists sought revenge French Nationalists sought revenge against Germany for loss of Alsace-against Germany for loss of Alsace-LorraineLorraine
• Slavic Nationalism - Slavic Nationalism - Pan-SlavismPan-Slavism: Unify : Unify all Slavic people under one empireall Slavic people under one empire
Immediate Causes of WWIImmediate Causes of WWI
• Assassination of Assassination of Archduke Franz Archduke Franz Ferdinand Ferdinand – Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary– June 28, 1914June 28, 1914– SarajevoSarajevo– Killed by Gavrilo Killed by Gavrilo
Princip - member of Princip - member of Serbian nationalist Serbian nationalist group called the “Black group called the “Black Hand”Hand”
Allies vs. Central PowersAllies vs. Central Powers• AlliesAllies
– Great BritainGreat Britain– RussiaRussia– Italy (switched sides)Italy (switched sides)– FranceFrance– United States – April 6, 1917United States – April 6, 1917
• Central PowersCentral Powers– GermanyGermany– Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary– Turkey (Ottoman Empire)Turkey (Ottoman Empire)– BulgariaBulgaria– Italy (switched sides)Italy (switched sides)
Result:
• Total war
• Trench Warfare
• New technology (Industrial Revolution)
13 million people dead
World was horrified
No one wanted another war…ever
End of WWI & The Treaty of Versailles
• Ottoman Empire collapsed
• Failed peace led to WWII
• Punished Germany: War Guilt & Reparations led to rise of Hitler
• Woodrow Wilson (USA) 14 Points; League of Nations was created to prevent another war, couldn’t stop WWII
The Causes of WWII
• Economic crisis led to rise of dictators & desperation
• Fascist leaders Mussolini & Hitler started WWII
• League couldn’t stop fascist aggression
• Appeased (gave in to) Hitler because UK, USA, & France were afraid of another war
• Unfair treaty was a major cause of Hitler’s rise
Causes People Description Effects
Political Causes:
(1) weak Czar
(2) Spread of Marxist ideas
Social Causes:
(1) Peasant’s desire for land
(2) Deaths from WWI
Economic Causes:
(1) food & fuel shortages [WWI],
Lenin (1st leader of USSR)
Stalin (took over USSR after Lenin’s death; cult of personality, 5 year plans)
-WWI caused tremendous suffering throughout Russia.
-Czar was ineffective. -Bolsheviks (communists) promised “Peace, land, & bread”
-1st ever communist revolution
-End of Czar
-COLD WAR & nukes
-Stalin became dictator of USSR for decades and killed millions
-5 year plans to modernize USSR
Between the wars
• Spanish flu pandemic killed 50 million people worldwide
Great Depression
• Worldwide financial disaster destroyed the economies of many countries. Ruined German economy + WWI reparations = hyperinflation & rise of Hitler
I’m off to buy a loaf of bread
Italy Germany Japan
-Fascist dictator Mussolini took over.
-invaded Ethiopia
-formed an alliance with Germany & Japan
Fascist dictator Hitler was elected
-Anschlus with Austria
-invaded Czechoslovakia
-Invaded Poland (start of WWII)
-formed an alliance with Italy & Japan
-Japanese military controlled government
-imperialism in Asia; Rape of Nanking
-Attacked Pearl Harbor
- Formed an alliance with Germany & Italy
League of Nations
• Could not stop German, Italian, or Japanese aggression
• USA not a member
• Powerless
Nazi-Soviet nonaggression Pact
• Hitler & Stalin agreed not to fight each other
• 1 front war for Germany
• Hitler broke pact & was defeated by Russian winter (Napoleon)
Axis vs. AlliesAxis vs. Allies
AxisAxis
GermanyGermany
ItalyItaly
JapanJapan
AlliesAllies
EnglandEngland
FranceFrance
USSRUSSR
USAUSA
German invasion of
USSR
D-Day The Holocaust
Nuclear weapons
Nuremberg trials
-Germany broke non-aggression pact
-Needed oil
-Defeated by geography and millions of USSR troops
-Allied invasion of occupied France
-2 front war
-turning point
-Hitler’s plan to kill all Jews
-Started with Nuremberg laws
->11 million people systematically killed (6 million Jews)
-USA dropped 2 bombs on Japan
-1st and last time nuclear weapons used against people
-Cold War
-Nazis hanged for war crimes during the Holocaust
- “just following orders” not an excuse
After WWII – The Post war period
The Cold War
• Causes:– After WWII the two most powerful countries
on earth were the USA & USSR– USA was capitalist & democratic– USSR was a communist dictatorship– Each country thought the other was trying to
control the world
Cold WarCold War Alliances AlliancesNATO:NATO:
USAUSA
UKUK
FranceFrance
W. GermanyW. Germany
ItalyItaly
TurkeyTurkey
Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact
USSRUSSR
PolandPoland
CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia
E. GermanyE. Germany
AlbaniaAlbania
Defensive alliances; if one was attacked, all would defend
The Iron Curtain:
Soviet troops remained in Eastern European countries, USSR controlled those governments
Ge r ma ny:Germany was divided; East Germany controlled by the USSR, West Germany democratic. Berlin Wall
Mar$hall Plan:USA gave millions of dollars to help rebuild Europe after WWII & stop them from becoming communist
Korean WarKorea divided between communist North & capitalist South. Long war. North Korea still communist (Kim Jong Il)
Cuban Missile Crisis
CASTRO. Closest we’ve come to nuclear war. USSR missiles in Cuba, USA stopped building of missile bases
Vietnam WarVietnam divided between communist North & capitalist South. Long war. Vietnam communist country
Cold War in Latin America
Communist revolutions in Cuba led by Castro. Communist revolutions in Nicaragua led by Sandinistas & opposed by the Contras (US intervention)
Détente & SALT Easing of tensions between USA & USSR. Agreement to limit nuclear weapons
Communist Revolution in China:
Causes People Events Effects
Imperialism in China by European countries & Japan
Chinese peasants wanted reform
Mao Zedong: leader of Chinese communists defeated Chiang Kai Shek (nationalist) in civil war
-Civil war & Long March: communists defeated nationalists
-Great Leap Forward (modernize)
-Cultural Revolution
-Tiananmen Square Massacre
-China still a communist country-Control of people by Chinese government (1 child policy, internet restrictions)-China part capitalist; trade imbalance
Effects of the Cold War:
• Wars in Korea, Vietnam, & Afghanistan
• Nuclear proliferation
End of the Cold War:
USSR Gorbachev’s reforms (Glasnost & Perestroika) failed, USSR collapsed, Boris Yeltsin President of Russian Federation
Germany & Eastern Europe
Iron Curtain fell, Berlin Wall fell; Germany reunited, Eastern Europe independent
Poland Solidarity movement (Lech Walesa) helped end Soviet domination, Poland independent
Nonalignment:
• Countries that refused to take sides in the Cold War were nonaligned; India
The End of Imperialism
Region: Countries: People: Events:
Asia India (Britain)
Pakistan (Britain)
Gandhi
Nehru
Successful campaign of civil disobedience: Salt March, Homespun Movement
-partition: India given independence, but split
Africa Kenya (Britain)
Ghana (Britain)
Jomo Kenyatta
Kwame Nkrumah (pan-African)
Both led civil disobedience campaigns against UK, jailed, became 1st Prime Minister
Middle East
Israel (British mandate)
Herzl (Zionism)
David Ben Gurion
Jewish people established a homeland, fought wars with Arab neighbors
Human Rights Abuses:
Region: Date: People: Events:
Khmer Rouge (Cambodia)
1975-1979
Pol Pot Communists captured the country, killed 2 million in killing fields & forced labor camps
Genocide in Rwanda 1994 Hutus vs. Tutsis
Hutus massacred 800,000 Tutsis who had historically been given more opportunity in Rwanda
Genocide in Sudan (Darfur)
2003-present
Janjaweed militias
Dark-skinned Sudanese being slaughtered by Janjaweed & Sudan gov’t for land & resources
Tiananmen Square Massacre (China)
1989 Deng Xiaoping
Students protested for more democratic government. Thousands were killed or jailed by Chinese government
Serbian War Crimes (Europe)
Bosnian Genocide
1992-1995
Slobodan Milosevic
Serbian army “ethnically cleansed” (murdered) over 200,000 Bosnian Muslims; rape camps
The Holocaust (Europe)
1941-1945
Adolph Hitler
Heinrich Himmler
Over 11 million people systematically murdered by Nazis, 6 million Jews who Hitler blamed for the world’s problems
The Rape of Nanking (China)
1937 Japanese Army
300,000 Chinese murdered by Japanese army during their campaign of Asian imperialism
Important Conflicts:
Region: Dates: People: Events:
Israel/Palestine
1948-present
Netanyahu (Israeli Prime Minister)
Yassar Arafat (former leader of PLO)
Hamas (terrorist group)
-Balfour Document (UK promised Jewish homeland, wouldn’t disturb Arabs)
-1948 UN recognized Israel
-Wars with Arab neighbors, especially Egypt; Israel always won
-Intifada & occupation: Palestinians protesting Israeli occupation (terrorism) Gaza blockade
India/Pakistan
1947-present
Nehru (1st Indian Prime Minister)
Al Jinnah (1st Pakistani Prime Minister)
-1947 partition violence-Conflict over Kashmir-Pakistan Civil War; India helped Bangladesh-Nuclear arms race-Terrorist attacks in India
War on Terror
2001-present
Osama bin Laden
George W. Bush
Al Qaeda
9/11/01 Al Qaeda attacked the USA. US went to war in Afghanistan to destroy terrorist organization. Al Qaeda attacked London, Madrid, & Mumbai killing hundreds. Bin Laden dead
Democracy movemen
ts in North
Africa & Middle
East
2011 Hosni Mubarak
Anti-government protests have led to the resignation of Mubarak in Egypt, government change in Tunisia, civil war in Libya (NATO bombings)
Ireland
1916-1998
IRA
Gerry Adams
England trying to takeover Ireland, Irish resist using terrorism. Northern Ireland belongs to England
Catholics (Irish) vs. Protestant (British)
Important Events:• Ongoing current events and issues that
have significant impact on the world.
Green Revolution:
INDIA
Improvements in agriculture in developing countries: irrigation systems, new machines, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, new Genetically modified crops
Positive (+) Negative (-)
More food
Longer lifespan
Overpopulation
Too expensive to help small farmers
Used for cash crops
Population Growth:
(especially in China & India)
7 billion people in the world. Challenges:-More demand for resources leads to scarcity (poverty & starvation)- More demand for resources leads to conflict (Darfur) & may lead to conflicts over oil & fresh water-Adaptations to population growth: China’s 1 child policy
Environmental Concerns:
-deforestation: acres of Amazon rainforest lost every minute (less oxygen & extinction)-Pollution: water & air being poisoned leading to species extinction and health problems-Global warming: icecaps melting leads to extinction, loss of fresh water, spread of diseases, flooding, etc. extreme weather events endanger people & communities
Nuclear Proliferation:
-At least 8 countries have an arsenal of nuclear weapons-India & Pakistan have nukes pointed at each other-Israel has nukes & is constantly threatened by neighbors-Many missing nuclear weapons (terrorists)-Iran, North Korea, and several other scary countries are developing nukes
Developed vs. Developing Countries
-Developed (rich, northern) countries consume large percentage of the world’s resources leading to massive starvation and suffering in Africa, Asia, and Latin America
Economic Problems; Free Trade & Debt:
-World Trade Organization loans developing (poor) countries money, corrupt leaders steal that money, the WTO forces those countries to pay loans back with interest & cut programs for their people-Free trade agreements between countries mean no tariffs, therefore workers are being paid less and less, as more and more products are being made in sweatshops.
Organization Description
NAFTANorth American Free Trade Agreement, no tariffs between Mexico, USA, & Canada. Lowered wages in North America. Illegal immigration
OASOrganization of
American States
Latin American countries cooperating diplomatically & defending each other in case of war
African UnionAfrican countries cooperating diplomatically & defending each other in case of war
European Union
Economic cooperation between many European countries. Reduced tariffs & single currency: the Euro
United NationsGlobal organization created after WWII to prevent wars. Security council… kinda weak
Europe
Africa
South America
North
Amer
ica
Asia
Australia
Label:India
Russia
China
France
Cuba
Egypt
South Korea
Germany
Iraq
Japan
Greece
Israel Mexico South Africa Pakistan Vietnam England
Afghanistan Kenya Spain