government of karnataka...2016/10/07 · commissioner, navodaya vidyalaya samiti, new delhi and...
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PREFACE
M.R. Hiremath K.A.SExecutive Director
KREIS, Bengaluru-20
Computers have become a way of life in the present day world. Everyone need to be
educated about the implications of this technology. Now the Karnataka Residential
Educational Institutions Society (KREIS) has proposed a course/textbook in this regards. The
course outlined for this textbook is an attempt to design a generally friendly course that
would not only be contemporary but also leaves sufficient scope for expansion into unknown
realms of computer activity that may emerge in future.
The National Curriculum Framework 2005 recommends that theoretical component of
Higher Secondary stage should emphasise on problem-solving methods and that the
awareness of the historical development of key concepts be judiciously integrated into the
content of a subject. It also recommends that given the pervasive impact of information and
communication technology (ICT), a course related to this, should address this infrastructure
challenge seriously and explore viable and innovative alternatives with regard to hardware,
software and connectivity technologies appropriate for rural schools.
NCF 2005 speaks about the tremendous effectiveness of the information and
communication technology in shaping modern society which has created the need for an
educated public that can utilise such technology most effectively for the betterment of society
and humankind. This book is aligned with these broad guidelines of NCF.
The book has been conscientiously designed and is the result of the renewed efforts of
the textbook team comprising of computer teachers and subject experts. Some of the
members worked at the advisory level while others worked towards the actual developmental
activity. It is hoped that the students will appreciate the beauty and logic of information and
communication technology. It has truly been a team work.
A conceptual coherence is derived with the pedagogy, the use of easily
understandable language, simple mathematical formulations in a logical fashion. This book
has some features which, we earnestly hope will enhance its usefulness to the students. Each
chapter is provided with learning outcomes in the beginning and the worksheets at the end of
each chapter.
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I thank Dr. Shalini Rajanish, I.A.S, Principal Secretary, Former Department of
Backward Classes and the then Vice Chairman, KREIS, Bengaluru, a National awardee on
Sakala and Panchayat Raj whose spontaneous and continuous support for initiating this work
with distinct guidelines and made it happen. We express our gratitude to Sri E.Venkataiah Retd
I.A.S, Former Principal Secretary, Department of Social Welfare and the east while Vice
Chairman of KREIS, Bengaluru who was the path maker for KREIS. Sri Gangaram Baderiya
I.A.S, Principal Secretary, Department of Social Welfare and Vice Chairman, KREIS,
Bengaluru. Sri Naveen Raj Singh, I.A.S, Principal Secretary, Department of Backward Classes
and Dr. S.C Sharma, Former Vice Chancellor, Tumkur University, Karnataka, Prof. Rajaram
Sharma, Joint Director, CIET, NCERT, New Delhi, Prof. A.N Ramachandra, Former Joint
Commissioner, Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti, New Delhi and also to the Director, DSERT, for
supporting us with the task of preparing these textbooks. I thank our core team of computer
teachers who worked restlessly for formulation of these text books in the leadership of Sri.
A.T Chamaraja, Retd. Joint Director, Department of Public Education, Mr. Santosh Elemmi,
Mr. Sunil C.S and Mr. Keerthi Kumar H.M.
We welcome suggestions and comments from our valued users, especially students
and teachers. We wish our young readers a happy journey to the exciting realm of ICT-
Support Material.
(M.R. Hiremath K.A.S)
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FOREWORD
A N RamachandraFormerly- Joint Commissioner Acad
Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti,Min of HRD, Govt of India
an.ramachandra@gov.in
It is well said by Sir Winston Churchill that “Men occasionally stumble over truth,but most of them pick themselves up and hurry off as if nothing ever happened”. Computershave entered into classrooms so naturally than expected. While a decade ago teaching theschool children about the use of computers was a challenge. Now children in even remoteareas also know that a lot of fun can be understood by the touch of mobile screen. The 21st
century digital children are at par with the pace of the Technology and its multipledimensions affecting all spheres of their life.
What is planned to teach the children through this support material is to engross thechildren towards understanding the computer and its functional competency. This effortsurely enhances the learning pattern and desired outcomes. Parting computer in the schoolcurriculum brings paradigm shift from teaching to learning and also:
a. Use of computer by teacher increases their efficiency and quality of teaching.b. Integration of ICT in curricular activities makes children learning a joyful eventc. Inter-disciplinary approach in learning brings higher order conceptsd. Computer aided learning gives impetus to Multiple Intelligence such as; Creative
thinking and problem solving skills.
Let me also caution that this support material does not contain material to learnspecific software. Further, learning computers is not designed as a substitute for learning coresubjects. However, by association with the computer and with the help of this set of supportmaterial students will be able to explore the possibilities of using computer as a tool inenhancing knowledge, understanding of subjects and skills and concepts dealt in coresubjects. I am happy to be associated with the team in developing this material to assist theteachers and children in Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society (KREIS).The team involved in this work has also taken into account the constraint like availability oftime of the children in the Residential school pattern. Hence, lot of activities could beplanned to be conducted after the class hours through a formal interaction with the computerteacher and the subject teachers, using the techniques explained in this support material. Withthis material it is expected to enhance collaborative activities and interdisciplinaryapproaches. The support material in this series has links from level to level. Over a period of5 years students are expected to integrate ICT tools in their core subjects at ease. Althoughteachers can use their own methods to evaluate themselves the efficacy of use of this materialfrom time to time , learning concepts explained in this set of support material is not expectedto be evaluated through a formal set of examinations. The fun of learning the skills isincorporated in various exercises and activities recommended.
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Special features maintained in series of support material are:
Minimum skills required at the age group for operation have been attempted to beincorporated
Time share of 100-120 periods (80 hrs per year) is planned Exercises and materials are designed in such a way that children Learn through
independent operation and collaborative work Play-way/Conversation /interactive approaches are adopted Brand neutrality is maintained to avoid specific alignment to any particular brand Kannada compliant inputs are exhaustively attempted
I wish that teachers will make use of this material more informally to have fullparticipation of the students in productive manner. I thank the Karnataka ResidentialEducational Institutions Society (KREIS) for reposing confidence in our entire team indeveloping the material. Thanks are also due to the team members who have investedvaluable time and expertise.
(A N Ramachandra)
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I
ICT – Support Material Level II
CHAIRMAN:
Prof. A.N Ramachandra, Former Joint Commissioner, Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti, NewDelhi.
MEMBERS:
Smt. Umadevi R M.C.A, MDRS,Sira Town, Sira Taluk , Tumkur.
Sri. Sunil Kumar S B.E, MDRS, Mellahalli Gate, Yelandur Taluk, Chamarajanagar.
Sri. Praveen L M.Sc(CS),B.Ed, MDRS, Haranduru, Koppa Taluk, Chikmagaluru.
Sri. Ravindra B Booyi M.Tech, KRCRS, Humnabad, Humnabad Taluk, Bidar.
Sri. Annappa Naik M.Sc(CS), KRCRS, Ramnagar, Joida Taluk, , Uttar Kannada.
COVER PAGE DESGINER:
Sri. Kumarswami.N.Hiremath M.A, M.Phil, KRCRS, Chikkarahalli, Arasikere Taluk, Hassan.
COORDINATORS:
Sri. A.T Chamaraja, Retd. Joint Director, Department of Public Education and Consultant,
KREIS, Bengaluru.
Sri. Santosh Elemmi S.C M.Sc(CS), M.Phil, KREIS, Bengaluru.
Sri. Sunil C.S MCA, M.Tech, M.Phil, KREIS, Bengaluru.
Sri. Keerthi Kumar H M B.E, MDRS, Belur Town, Belur Taluk, Hassan.
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I
ICT – Support Material Level II
CHAIRMAN:
Prof. A.N Ramachandra, Former Joint Commissioner, Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti, NewDelhi.
MEMBERS:
Smt. Umadevi R M.C.A, MDRS,Sira Town, Sira Taluk , Tumkur.
Sri. Sunil Kumar S B.E, MDRS, Mellahalli Gate, Yelandur Taluk, Chamarajanagar.
Sri. Praveen L M.Sc(CS),B.Ed, MDRS, Haranduru, Koppa Taluk, Chikmagaluru.
Sri. Ravindra B Booyi M.Tech, KRCRS, Humnabad, Humnabad Taluk, Bidar.
Sri. Annappa Naik M.Sc(CS), KRCRS, Ramnagar, Joida Taluk, , Uttar Kannada.
COVER PAGE DESGINER:
Sri. Kumarswami.N.Hiremath M.A, M.Phil, KRCRS, Chikkarahalli, Arasikere Taluk, Hassan.
COORDINATORS:
Sri. A.T Chamaraja, Retd. Joint Director, Department of Public Education and Consultant,
KREIS, Bengaluru.
Sri. Santosh Elemmi S.C M.Sc(CS), M.Phil, KREIS, Bengaluru.
Sri. Sunil C.S MCA, M.Tech, M.Phil, KREIS, Bengaluru.
Sri. Keerthi Kumar H M B.E, MDRS, Belur Town, Belur Taluk, Hassan.
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Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 7th Standard
II
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK
This book is prepared for teaching about the computer to children. The teachers’ role is
primary that of a facilitator encouraging active learning. Specific guidelines can be found in the
Teachers’ Corner at the end of the book. The teachers’ should read all the books in a series before
starting any class and understand the flow of content to ensure that the contents are comfortably
communicated inside the classroom. Ensure that the conceptual understanding is mastered before
proceeding to the skills. Use the group activities and projects to stimulate creativity and knowledge
sharing. This book can easily be covered in one year, with four classes (40 minutes) per week. See the
table below for an overview of the concepts, objectives covered in each lesson along with periods.
SlNo
Topic Name Concepts Objectives Periods
01Overview of
Level I
1. Parts of computer2. Characteristics of computer3. Uses of a computer4. Input and output device5. Paint activity
Recall and apply what was learnt in Level I.10
(5+5)
02History ofComputers
1. History of computers2. Generations of computers
List major milestones in the development of modernday computers.
List names of the person responsible for thedevelopment of the computer.
Identify the generations of computer.
12(10+2)
03Hardware and
software
1. Introduction2. Hardware and Software3. Data and User
Recognize different hardware components. Differentiate between hardware and software. Define data and user.
12(8+4)
04Introduction to
OperatingSystem
1. Introduction2. Types of operating system3. User interface
Define operating system. List the types of operating system. Differentiate between CUI and GUI.
12(8+4)
05 DOS and UNIX
1. Introduction to DOS2. DOS commands3. Introduction to UNIX4. Shell commands
Define command. Open the command prompt. Execute DOS commands. Differentiate between internal & external commands. Differentiate between DOS & UNIX.
20(6+14)
06Windows
1. Introduction2. Desktop and its components3. Working with files & folders4. Control panel
Navigate the windows desktop. Manage and organize files & folders. Personalize the desktop. Create user accounts.
20(4+16)
07LINUX
1. Introduction2. The Ubuntu desktop3. Managing windows4. Browsing and Opening files5. Customizing the desktop6. Session Options
Navigate the Ubuntu desktop. Manage windows. Browse & open the Files. Customize the desktop. Terminate the Session.
20(4+16)
08Hands onkeyboard
1. Introduction2. Types of Keys3. Basics of typing4. Typing skills using text editor
Use the keyboard for text typing. Create and format the text document in text editor. Save and print the text document.
20(2+18)
09Using RegionalLanguages in
computer
1. Introduction2. Baraha3. Nudi4. Indic
Use different regional languages software. Type Kannada in the computer.
14(2+12)
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Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 7th Standard
III
CONTENTS
SL.NO NAME OF THE LESSON PAGE NO
01 Overview of Level I 01
02 History of computer 07
03 Hardware and Software 14
04 Introduction to Operating System 18
05 DOS and UNIX 24
06 Windows 36
07 LINUX 46
08 Hands on Keyboard 54
09 Using regional languages in Computer 66
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Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 7th Standard
IV
Execution of DOS and UNIX commands
Exploring Windows Desktop
Exploring LINUX Desktop
Text Editor Creating a Text Document Saving an Text Document Formatting Text Document
Using Regional Language Typing in Kannada
7th StandardLevel II
Familiarity with Computer
Software
Usage Skills
Safety and Security
HardwareInsideComputer
External
Internal
System
Application
AbacusNapier’s bonesPascalineDifferential EngineAnalytical Engine
FirstSecondThirdFourthFifth
Computer Generations
Helpline
DOS
UNIX
WINDOWS
LINUX
User Accounts: Creating User Accounts Login in using Password
DOS – HELP Command
UNIX – MAN Command
WINDOWS Help
LINUX Help
Operating System
Computer History
Hardware
Software
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Chapter 1: Overview of Level I
Revise the topics learned in the previous class.
Parts of computer
Characteristics of computer
Uses of a computer
Input and Output device
Do’s and Don’ts with computer
Paint Activity
Number System
Learning Objectives:
After you have studied this lesson you will be able to:
Recall and apply what was learnt in Level I.
Inside
Chapter 1: Overview of Level I
Revise the topics learned in the previous class.
Parts of computer
Characteristics of computer
Uses of a computer
Input and Output device
Do’s and Don’ts with computer
Paint Activity
Number System
Learning Objectives:
After you have studied this lesson you will be able to:
Recall and apply what was learnt in Level I.
Inside
Chapter 1: Overview of Level I
Revise the topics learned in the previous class.
Parts of computer
Characteristics of computer
Uses of a computer
Input and Output device
Do’s and Don’ts with computer
Paint Activity
Number System
Learning Objectives:
After you have studied this lesson you will be able to:
Recall and apply what was learnt in Level I.
Inside
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Chapter 1: Overview of Level I 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 2 | P a g e
Parts of Computer
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the most important part of a
Computer. It is like the brain of the computer. It controls all other parts such
as Monitor, Keyboard, and Mouse.
Monitor
A monitor looks like a TV screen. The CPU uses the monitor
to show us a text, photos, movies, and games. The front portion of
the monitor is called screen or display. The monitor is a standard
output device. The monitor shows whatever we type or draw on a
Computer.
Keyboard
The keyboard is a standard input device. The
Keyboard is made of several small buttons called keys. Each
key has a number, letter or word written on it. The keys
which we see are alphabets (A-Z), numbers (0-9), special
keys (Spacebar, Backspace, and Enter etc.). While you are
typing, you can press the:
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Chapter 1: Overview of Level I 7th Standard
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Spacebar: To leave blank spaces between words or numbers
Backspace: To erase letters.
Enter: To move to next line
Mouse
The mouse is used to point to the items shown on the monitor.
The mouse usually has two or three buttons and a small wheel between
the buttons. Mouse consists of two buttons- left button and right button
and a scroll wheel.
Left click: used to select an activity after you point to it.
Right click: used to control the activity after you have started it.
Double click: used to start the activity after you have pointed at it.
Scroll button: you can move up and down a page using the scroll button.
Characteristics of Computer
Some important characteristics of computer are:
Speed
Storage
Accuracy
Diligence
Versatility
Flexibility
Reliability
Uses of a Computer
A computer can use for many simple tasks such as
Writing letters
Watching movies
Listen to music
Drawing pictures
Playing games
Adding number
Input and Output Device
Input device: The device used to accept the data and instructions from the user is
called input device.
Output device: The device that displays output to the user is called output device.
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Chapter 1: Overview of Level 1 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 4 | P a g e
Some of the Examples for Input and output device are
Input Device Output Device
Track Ball Printer
Joystick Plotter
Scanner Speaker
Web camera Projector
Do’s and Don’ts with computer
Keep it clean: We should always keep the computer and its nearby area clean and
cover when it is not in use. Do not take food or drinks into the computer lab.
Be safe: It works using electricity. Do not pull any wires connected to the CPU. Do
not put your fingers or any object on the computer. Do not touch any part of the
computer with wet hands.
Keep a correct posture: Keep your chair at the proper height and maintain a distance
from the monitor. Do not keep your hand on the mouse continuously.
Be gentle: Do not hit the keys on the keyboard too hard. Do not remove or
disconnect any cable. Do not remove or take any item away from the computer.
Share equally: Do not fight for your turn to use the computer and give space to your
classmates while they are using computers. Take turns for using the keyboard and
the mouse. Do not disturb others by making noise.
Paint Activity
Steps to open Paint
Click start button Click all programs Select accessories Click on paint
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Chapter 1: Overview of Level 1 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 5 | P a g e
Home tab contains the groups of tools for writing and editing the text. It also contains
tools such as brushes, shapes, colors to create images and color them.
Text tools: These are used for writing and editing the text. These tools are:
Pencil : Used to draw freehand drawing of required thickness
Eraser : Used to erase your drawing
Text : Used to insert text
Fill with color : Used to fill color to the entire picture or an enclosed shape you
want.
Brushes : It is used to draw lines that have a different appearance and texture—
it's like using different artistic brushes.
Drawing Shapes : You can use Paint to draw different types of shapes.
Line : Used to draw Lines’
Curve : Used to draw Curved shapes
Oval : Used to draw Circles and Ovals
Rectangle and Rounded rectangle : Used to draw Squares and Rectangles
Paint Options:
New option to create a new picture.
Open option to open an existing picture.
Save option to save the current picture.
Print option to print the current picture.
Exit option to exit the paint activity.
Number System
"A set of values used to represent different quantities is known as Number System".
Classification of Number System
Decimal number system
Binary number system
Octal number system
Hexadecimal number system
Chapter 1: Overview of Level 1 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 5 | P a g e
Home tab contains the groups of tools for writing and editing the text. It also contains
tools such as brushes, shapes, colors to create images and color them.
Text tools: These are used for writing and editing the text. These tools are:
Pencil : Used to draw freehand drawing of required thickness
Eraser : Used to erase your drawing
Text : Used to insert text
Fill with color : Used to fill color to the entire picture or an enclosed shape you
want.
Brushes : It is used to draw lines that have a different appearance and texture—
it's like using different artistic brushes.
Drawing Shapes : You can use Paint to draw different types of shapes.
Line : Used to draw Lines’
Curve : Used to draw Curved shapes
Oval : Used to draw Circles and Ovals
Rectangle and Rounded rectangle : Used to draw Squares and Rectangles
Paint Options:
New option to create a new picture.
Open option to open an existing picture.
Save option to save the current picture.
Print option to print the current picture.
Exit option to exit the paint activity.
Number System
"A set of values used to represent different quantities is known as Number System".
Classification of Number System
Decimal number system
Binary number system
Octal number system
Hexadecimal number system
Chapter 1: Overview of Level 1 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 5 | P a g e
Home tab contains the groups of tools for writing and editing the text. It also contains
tools such as brushes, shapes, colors to create images and color them.
Text tools: These are used for writing and editing the text. These tools are:
Pencil : Used to draw freehand drawing of required thickness
Eraser : Used to erase your drawing
Text : Used to insert text
Fill with color : Used to fill color to the entire picture or an enclosed shape you
want.
Brushes : It is used to draw lines that have a different appearance and texture—
it's like using different artistic brushes.
Drawing Shapes : You can use Paint to draw different types of shapes.
Line : Used to draw Lines’
Curve : Used to draw Curved shapes
Oval : Used to draw Circles and Ovals
Rectangle and Rounded rectangle : Used to draw Squares and Rectangles
Paint Options:
New option to create a new picture.
Open option to open an existing picture.
Save option to save the current picture.
Print option to print the current picture.
Exit option to exit the paint activity.
Number System
"A set of values used to represent different quantities is known as Number System".
Classification of Number System
Decimal number system
Binary number system
Octal number system
Hexadecimal number system
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Chapter 1: Overview of Level 1 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 6 | P a g e
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Chapter 2: History of Computer
History of computers
Generation of computer
First Generation Of Computer
Second Generation Of Computer
Third Generation Of Computer
Fourth Generation Of Computer
Fifth Generation Of Computer
Learning Objectives:
After you have studied this lesson you will be able to:
List major milestones in the development of modern day
computers.
List names of the person responsible for the development of the
computer.
Identify the generations of computer.
Inside
Chapter 2: History of Computer
History of computers
Generation of computer
First Generation Of Computer
Second Generation Of Computer
Third Generation Of Computer
Fourth Generation Of Computer
Fifth Generation Of Computer
Learning Objectives:
After you have studied this lesson you will be able to:
List major milestones in the development of modern day
computers.
List names of the person responsible for the development of the
computer.
Identify the generations of computer.
Inside
Chapter 2: History of Computer
History of computers
Generation of computer
First Generation Of Computer
Second Generation Of Computer
Third Generation Of Computer
Fourth Generation Of Computer
Fifth Generation Of Computer
Learning Objectives:
After you have studied this lesson you will be able to:
List major milestones in the development of modern day
computers.
List names of the person responsible for the development of the
computer.
Identify the generations of computer.
Inside
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Chapter 2: History of Computer 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 8 | P a g e
Introduction
Today, the computer can be seen almost everywhere, in offices, shopping malls,
schools, railway stations, and almost every home. So computers are an integral part of our
lives. It is important to understand their evolution and knowing the history of the computer
helps us to understand the design and capabilities.
History is nothing but the study of past events. For example, the history of human
beings.
Abacus
Approximately 4,000 years ago, the Chinese invented the Abacus. It was the first
machine used for counting and calculating. It is made of a wooden frame, metal rods, and
wooden beads. It takes a great deal of time and practice to learn how to master over the use
of an abacus. An abacus is a person who is very experienced in using an abacus. Today, the
abacus is still used widely in China and other Asian countries to count and calculate, just as
we use calculators.
Each bead has a specific value. Reading from right to left, the beads in the first column
are worth 1, in the second column the beads are worth 10, in the third column the beads are
worth 100, etc. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are performed by moving
the appropriate beads to the middle of the abacus.
Chapter 2: History of Computer 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 8 | P a g e
Introduction
Today, the computer can be seen almost everywhere, in offices, shopping malls,
schools, railway stations, and almost every home. So computers are an integral part of our
lives. It is important to understand their evolution and knowing the history of the computer
helps us to understand the design and capabilities.
History is nothing but the study of past events. For example, the history of human
beings.
Abacus
Approximately 4,000 years ago, the Chinese invented the Abacus. It was the first
machine used for counting and calculating. It is made of a wooden frame, metal rods, and
wooden beads. It takes a great deal of time and practice to learn how to master over the use
of an abacus. An abacus is a person who is very experienced in using an abacus. Today, the
abacus is still used widely in China and other Asian countries to count and calculate, just as
we use calculators.
Each bead has a specific value. Reading from right to left, the beads in the first column
are worth 1, in the second column the beads are worth 10, in the third column the beads are
worth 100, etc. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are performed by moving
the appropriate beads to the middle of the abacus.
Chapter 2: History of Computer 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 8 | P a g e
Introduction
Today, the computer can be seen almost everywhere, in offices, shopping malls,
schools, railway stations, and almost every home. So computers are an integral part of our
lives. It is important to understand their evolution and knowing the history of the computer
helps us to understand the design and capabilities.
History is nothing but the study of past events. For example, the history of human
beings.
Abacus
Approximately 4,000 years ago, the Chinese invented the Abacus. It was the first
machine used for counting and calculating. It is made of a wooden frame, metal rods, and
wooden beads. It takes a great deal of time and practice to learn how to master over the use
of an abacus. An abacus is a person who is very experienced in using an abacus. Today, the
abacus is still used widely in China and other Asian countries to count and calculate, just as
we use calculators.
Each bead has a specific value. Reading from right to left, the beads in the first column
are worth 1, in the second column the beads are worth 10, in the third column the beads are
worth 100, etc. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are performed by moving
the appropriate beads to the middle of the abacus.
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Chapter 2: History of Computer 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 9 | P a g e
Napier’s bones
In the early 17th century, John Napier, a Scottish
mathematician, invented another calculating tool. “Napier’s bones”was based upon manipulation of rods with printed digits. Therods were made of bone, ivory, wood or metal. The set consists of10 rectangular blocks with multiples of a different digit on each ofthe four sides.
Pascaline
In 1642, at the age of 19, a French mathematician by the name of
Biaise Pascal invented the Pascaline. The Pascaline is known as the first
mechanical and automatic calculator. Pascal invented the Pascaline to
help make his father's job as a tax accountant easier. The machine is
sometimes called the La Pascaline or Pascal's machine.
The Pascaline was a wooden box that could only add and subtract by means of a series
of gears and wheels. When each wheel rotated one revolution, it would then turn the
neighboring wheel. On top of the wheels were a series of windows through which the totals
could be read. About 50 models were constructed and were made of wood, ivory, ebony, and
copper.
Jacquard loom
In 1801, Jacquard invented the Jacquard loom. It was a weaving
machine that was controlled by punched cards. While the loom was
Chapter 2: History of Computer 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 9 | P a g e
Napier’s bones
In the early 17th century, John Napier, a Scottish
mathematician, invented another calculating tool. “Napier’s bones”was based upon manipulation of rods with printed digits. Therods were made of bone, ivory, wood or metal. The set consists of10 rectangular blocks with multiples of a different digit on each ofthe four sides.
Pascaline
In 1642, at the age of 19, a French mathematician by the name of
Biaise Pascal invented the Pascaline. The Pascaline is known as the first
mechanical and automatic calculator. Pascal invented the Pascaline to
help make his father's job as a tax accountant easier. The machine is
sometimes called the La Pascaline or Pascal's machine.
The Pascaline was a wooden box that could only add and subtract by means of a series
of gears and wheels. When each wheel rotated one revolution, it would then turn the
neighboring wheel. On top of the wheels were a series of windows through which the totals
could be read. About 50 models were constructed and were made of wood, ivory, ebony, and
copper.
Jacquard loom
In 1801, Jacquard invented the Jacquard loom. It was a weaving
machine that was controlled by punched cards. While the loom was
Chapter 2: History of Computer 7th Standard
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Napier’s bones
In the early 17th century, John Napier, a Scottish
mathematician, invented another calculating tool. “Napier’s bones”was based upon manipulation of rods with printed digits. Therods were made of bone, ivory, wood or metal. The set consists of10 rectangular blocks with multiples of a different digit on each ofthe four sides.
Pascaline
In 1642, at the age of 19, a French mathematician by the name of
Biaise Pascal invented the Pascaline. The Pascaline is known as the first
mechanical and automatic calculator. Pascal invented the Pascaline to
help make his father's job as a tax accountant easier. The machine is
sometimes called the La Pascaline or Pascal's machine.
The Pascaline was a wooden box that could only add and subtract by means of a series
of gears and wheels. When each wheel rotated one revolution, it would then turn the
neighboring wheel. On top of the wheels were a series of windows through which the totals
could be read. About 50 models were constructed and were made of wood, ivory, ebony, and
copper.
Jacquard loom
In 1801, Jacquard invented the Jacquard loom. It was a weaving
machine that was controlled by punched cards. While the loom was
-
Chapter 2: History of Computer 7th Standard
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being pumped, cards with holes in them were attached together in a pattern through which
strings of thread were automatically fed. These cards would feed the right pieces of thread
into the loom to make a beautiful cloth.
Difference and Analytical Engine
In the early 1820s, an English mathematician by the name
Charles Babbage designed a computing machine called the Difference
Engine. This machine was to be used in the calculating and printing of
simple math tables. In the 1830s, he designed a second computing
machine called the Analytical Engine. This machine was to be used in
calculating complicated problems by following a set of instructions. The
computing machines made in the 1900s and even those today are based
on the designs of the Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine. This
is why Charles Babbage is known as the "Father of Computers."
Ada Augusta
Ada Augusta was a first computer programmer, who
designed program for Babbage’s Analytical Engine.
Chapter 2: History of Computer 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 10 | P a g e
being pumped, cards with holes in them were attached together in a pattern through which
strings of thread were automatically fed. These cards would feed the right pieces of thread
into the loom to make a beautiful cloth.
Difference and Analytical Engine
In the early 1820s, an English mathematician by the name
Charles Babbage designed a computing machine called the Difference
Engine. This machine was to be used in the calculating and printing of
simple math tables. In the 1830s, he designed a second computing
machine called the Analytical Engine. This machine was to be used in
calculating complicated problems by following a set of instructions. The
computing machines made in the 1900s and even those today are based
on the designs of the Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine. This
is why Charles Babbage is known as the "Father of Computers."
Ada Augusta
Ada Augusta was a first computer programmer, who
designed program for Babbage’s Analytical Engine.
Chapter 2: History of Computer 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 10 | P a g e
being pumped, cards with holes in them were attached together in a pattern through which
strings of thread were automatically fed. These cards would feed the right pieces of thread
into the loom to make a beautiful cloth.
Difference and Analytical Engine
In the early 1820s, an English mathematician by the name
Charles Babbage designed a computing machine called the Difference
Engine. This machine was to be used in the calculating and printing of
simple math tables. In the 1830s, he designed a second computing
machine called the Analytical Engine. This machine was to be used in
calculating complicated problems by following a set of instructions. The
computing machines made in the 1900s and even those today are based
on the designs of the Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine. This
is why Charles Babbage is known as the "Father of Computers."
Ada Augusta
Ada Augusta was a first computer programmer, who
designed program for Babbage’s Analytical Engine.
-
Chapter 2: History of Computer 7th Standard
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Generations of Computer
Depending on the development of the technology the generation of computer is
classified into five generations. Each generation has been discussed in detail along with their
time period, characteristics.
First Generation of Computer (1945-1956)
The first generation of computers is started with using
vacuum tubes as the basic components. The speed of these
computers were very slow, storage capacity was very less and
these computers are large in size.
Some computers of this generation were ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator), UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer), IBM (International Business
Machine)-701 and 650.
Second Generation of Computer (1956-1963)
In this generation transistors were used in place of vacuum
tubes. These machines were much faster, more reliable than their
earlier machines. It generates less heat and consumed less
electricity as compared to first generation computers.
Chapter 2: History of Computer 7th Standard
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Generations of Computer
Depending on the development of the technology the generation of computer is
classified into five generations. Each generation has been discussed in detail along with their
time period, characteristics.
First Generation of Computer (1945-1956)
The first generation of computers is started with using
vacuum tubes as the basic components. The speed of these
computers were very slow, storage capacity was very less and
these computers are large in size.
Some computers of this generation were ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator), UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer), IBM (International Business
Machine)-701 and 650.
Second Generation of Computer (1956-1963)
In this generation transistors were used in place of vacuum
tubes. These machines were much faster, more reliable than their
earlier machines. It generates less heat and consumed less
electricity as compared to first generation computers.
Chapter 2: History of Computer 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 11 | P a g e
Generations of Computer
Depending on the development of the technology the generation of computer is
classified into five generations. Each generation has been discussed in detail along with their
time period, characteristics.
First Generation of Computer (1945-1956)
The first generation of computers is started with using
vacuum tubes as the basic components. The speed of these
computers were very slow, storage capacity was very less and
these computers are large in size.
Some computers of this generation were ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator), UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer), IBM (International Business
Machine)-701 and 650.
Second Generation of Computer (1956-1963)
In this generation transistors were used in place of vacuum
tubes. These machines were much faster, more reliable than their
earlier machines. It generates less heat and consumed less
electricity as compared to first generation computers.
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Some computers of this generation were IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC (Control Data
Corporation) 1604 and 3600, and UNIVAC 1108.
Third Generation of Computer (1964-1971)
In the third generation of computer Integrated
Circuits (IC's) were used in place of transistors. These
IC’s were increased the speed of processing and storage
capacity. These computers were more reliable, smaller
in size and faster. Maintenance cost was low comparing
to the previous generation and consumed less electricity.
Some computers of this generation were IBM-360 series, Honeywell-6000 series, PDP
(Personal Data Processor), IBM-370/168.
Fourth Generation of Computer (1971-1980)
In the fourth generation of computer,
microprocessors were used in place of Integrated Circuits
(IC’s). The fourth generation of computers is marked by the
use of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. This
made computers smaller in size. Fourth Generation
computers became more powerful, reliable and more efficient.
Some computers of this generation were Mini Computer and Mainframe computer,
Personal computers.
Chapter 2: History of Computer 7th Standard
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Some computers of this generation were IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC (Control Data
Corporation) 1604 and 3600, and UNIVAC 1108.
Third Generation of Computer (1964-1971)
In the third generation of computer Integrated
Circuits (IC's) were used in place of transistors. These
IC’s were increased the speed of processing and storage
capacity. These computers were more reliable, smaller
in size and faster. Maintenance cost was low comparing
to the previous generation and consumed less electricity.
Some computers of this generation were IBM-360 series, Honeywell-6000 series, PDP
(Personal Data Processor), IBM-370/168.
Fourth Generation of Computer (1971-1980)
In the fourth generation of computer,
microprocessors were used in place of Integrated Circuits
(IC’s). The fourth generation of computers is marked by the
use of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. This
made computers smaller in size. Fourth Generation
computers became more powerful, reliable and more efficient.
Some computers of this generation were Mini Computer and Mainframe computer,
Personal computers.
Chapter 2: History of Computer 7th Standard
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Some computers of this generation were IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC (Control Data
Corporation) 1604 and 3600, and UNIVAC 1108.
Third Generation of Computer (1964-1971)
In the third generation of computer Integrated
Circuits (IC's) were used in place of transistors. These
IC’s were increased the speed of processing and storage
capacity. These computers were more reliable, smaller
in size and faster. Maintenance cost was low comparing
to the previous generation and consumed less electricity.
Some computers of this generation were IBM-360 series, Honeywell-6000 series, PDP
(Personal Data Processor), IBM-370/168.
Fourth Generation of Computer (1971-1980)
In the fourth generation of computer,
microprocessors were used in place of Integrated Circuits
(IC’s). The fourth generation of computers is marked by the
use of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. This
made computers smaller in size. Fourth Generation
computers became more powerful, reliable and more efficient.
Some computers of this generation were Mini Computer and Mainframe computer,
Personal computers.
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Fifth Generation of Computer (1980-till date)
Fifth generation computer
involves the concept of Artificial
Intelligence (AI) which made the
computer think like human beings. This
generation uses VLSI (Very Large Scale
integration) and ULSI (Ultra Large Scale
Integration) technology. These computers
are more intelligent and faster comparing
to other generation computers. Types of
this generation computers are Desktop,
Laptop, Notebook, and Robot. etc.
Remember
Generations of Computer
Generation Material used Features
FirstGeneration
Vacuum tube basedvery slow, large in size and storage capacitywas very less
SecondGeneration
Transistor basedfaster, more reliable than their earliermachines
ThirdGeneration
Integrated Circuitbased
Smaller in size and faster. Maintenance costwas low comparing to the previousgeneration
FourthGeneration
VLSI microprocessorbased
Fourth Generation computers became morepowerful, reliable and more efficient.
FifthGeneration
ULSI microprocessorbased
These computers are more intelligent andfaster comparing to other generationcomputers.
Chapter 2: History of Computer 7th Standard
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Fifth Generation of Computer (1980-till date)
Fifth generation computer
involves the concept of Artificial
Intelligence (AI) which made the
computer think like human beings. This
generation uses VLSI (Very Large Scale
integration) and ULSI (Ultra Large Scale
Integration) technology. These computers
are more intelligent and faster comparing
to other generation computers. Types of
this generation computers are Desktop,
Laptop, Notebook, and Robot. etc.
Remember
Generations of Computer
Generation Material used Features
FirstGeneration
Vacuum tube basedvery slow, large in size and storage capacitywas very less
SecondGeneration
Transistor basedfaster, more reliable than their earliermachines
ThirdGeneration
Integrated Circuitbased
Smaller in size and faster. Maintenance costwas low comparing to the previousgeneration
FourthGeneration
VLSI microprocessorbased
Fourth Generation computers became morepowerful, reliable and more efficient.
FifthGeneration
ULSI microprocessorbased
These computers are more intelligent andfaster comparing to other generationcomputers.
Chapter 2: History of Computer 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 13 | P a g e
Fifth Generation of Computer (1980-till date)
Fifth generation computer
involves the concept of Artificial
Intelligence (AI) which made the
computer think like human beings. This
generation uses VLSI (Very Large Scale
integration) and ULSI (Ultra Large Scale
Integration) technology. These computers
are more intelligent and faster comparing
to other generation computers. Types of
this generation computers are Desktop,
Laptop, Notebook, and Robot. etc.
Remember
Generations of Computer
Generation Material used Features
FirstGeneration
Vacuum tube basedvery slow, large in size and storage capacitywas very less
SecondGeneration
Transistor basedfaster, more reliable than their earliermachines
ThirdGeneration
Integrated Circuitbased
Smaller in size and faster. Maintenance costwas low comparing to the previousgeneration
FourthGeneration
VLSI microprocessorbased
Fourth Generation computers became morepowerful, reliable and more efficient.
FifthGeneration
ULSI microprocessorbased
These computers are more intelligent andfaster comparing to other generationcomputers.
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Chapter 3: Hardware and Software
Introduction
Hardware
Software
System Software
Application Software
Data
User(s)
Learning Objectives:
After you have studied this lesson you will be able to:
Recognize different hardware components.
Differentiate between Hardware and Software.
Define data and user.
Inside
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Chapter 3: Hardware and Software 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 15 | P a g e
Introduction
There are different and various types of computers available in the market ranging from
a small computer that is integrated into our household electronic equipment to very large
supercomputers. A Computer is not a single device; it is a group of components.
There are four parts in the computer system. They are:
Hardware
Software
Data
User(s)
Hardware
The physical parts of a computer system called as hardware. The hardware components
can be seen, touch and feel. The hardware components are fixed inside or outside the
computer system.
Example Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer, RAM, CPU etc.
Software
A Set or collection of programs is known as software. The software is a computer
program written using some computer programming languages to operate the computer.
Software tells the hardware what to do. Unlike hardware, we can’t touch the software.
Chapter 3: Hardware and Software 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 15 | P a g e
Introduction
There are different and various types of computers available in the market ranging from
a small computer that is integrated into our household electronic equipment to very large
supercomputers. A Computer is not a single device; it is a group of components.
There are four parts in the computer system. They are:
Hardware
Software
Data
User(s)
Hardware
The physical parts of a computer system called as hardware. The hardware components
can be seen, touch and feel. The hardware components are fixed inside or outside the
computer system.
Example Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer, RAM, CPU etc.
Software
A Set or collection of programs is known as software. The software is a computer
program written using some computer programming languages to operate the computer.
Software tells the hardware what to do. Unlike hardware, we can’t touch the software.
Chapter 3: Hardware and Software 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 15 | P a g e
Introduction
There are different and various types of computers available in the market ranging from
a small computer that is integrated into our household electronic equipment to very large
supercomputers. A Computer is not a single device; it is a group of components.
There are four parts in the computer system. They are:
Hardware
Software
Data
User(s)
Hardware
The physical parts of a computer system called as hardware. The hardware components
can be seen, touch and feel. The hardware components are fixed inside or outside the
computer system.
Example Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer, RAM, CPU etc.
Software
A Set or collection of programs is known as software. The software is a computer
program written using some computer programming languages to operate the computer.
Software tells the hardware what to do. Unlike hardware, we can’t touch the software.
-
Chapter 3: Hardware and Software 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 16 | P a g e
Example Operating System, TUX Paint, Office Packages, Nudi, Adobe Reader,
Computer Games etc.
Classification of Software
The software is broadly classified into two types. They are
1. Application software.
2. System Software.
System Software
System software is a type of computer program that is designed to control and work with
computer hardware, to run a computer's hardware and application programs.
Example: Microsoft Windows, Linux, DOS etc.
Application Software
Application software is a type of Software written by the user to perform a particular
task like drawing a picture, playing computer games.
Example: Paint, Nudi and Office Package etc.
Know This!
A person who writes computer programs is known as aSoftware Engineer or a Programmer.
Chapter 3: Hardware and Software 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 16 | P a g e
Example Operating System, TUX Paint, Office Packages, Nudi, Adobe Reader,
Computer Games etc.
Classification of Software
The software is broadly classified into two types. They are
1. Application software.
2. System Software.
System Software
System software is a type of computer program that is designed to control and work with
computer hardware, to run a computer's hardware and application programs.
Example: Microsoft Windows, Linux, DOS etc.
Application Software
Application software is a type of Software written by the user to perform a particular
task like drawing a picture, playing computer games.
Example: Paint, Nudi and Office Package etc.
Know This!
A person who writes computer programs is known as aSoftware Engineer or a Programmer.
Chapter 3: Hardware and Software 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 16 | P a g e
Example Operating System, TUX Paint, Office Packages, Nudi, Adobe Reader,
Computer Games etc.
Classification of Software
The software is broadly classified into two types. They are
1. Application software.
2. System Software.
System Software
System software is a type of computer program that is designed to control and work with
computer hardware, to run a computer's hardware and application programs.
Example: Microsoft Windows, Linux, DOS etc.
Application Software
Application software is a type of Software written by the user to perform a particular
task like drawing a picture, playing computer games.
Example: Paint, Nudi and Office Package etc.
Know This!
A person who writes computer programs is known as aSoftware Engineer or a Programmer.
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Difference between Hardware and Software
Data
Data is the raw information or basic facts that
computer can process. Data by itself doesn’t make much
sense to the user. It will give a meaning only when it is
processed by the computer. The processed data is called
information. Data can be text, numbers, audio or video that
the computer manipulates.
Example All the information fed by the user.
User(s)
People who use the computers are called users. These
computer operators are called computer users. You may be
surprised as to why the users are included in a computer system.
No computer system is 100% autonomous. They need the human
interface in one or the other way. You may quote some computer
systems example which themselves work on their own, it is
somewhere the human beings are involved in designing and
developing the computer system. Therefore, the user is an inner part of the computer system.
Hardware Software
Physical components of a computer are
called Hardware.Set of programs is called Software.
Hardware can touch, see and feel. The software can not touch and feel.
Constructed using physical materials or
components.
Developed by the programming
language.
Not affected by computer viruses. Affected by computer viruses.
User cannot make copies User can make copies
Example: Monitor, Keyboard, RAM Example: OS, Text Editor, Nudi
Chapter 3: Hardware and Software 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 17 | P a g e
Difference between Hardware and Software
Data
Data is the raw information or basic facts that
computer can process. Data by itself doesn’t make much
sense to the user. It will give a meaning only when it is
processed by the computer. The processed data is called
information. Data can be text, numbers, audio or video that
the computer manipulates.
Example All the information fed by the user.
User(s)
People who use the computers are called users. These
computer operators are called computer users. You may be
surprised as to why the users are included in a computer system.
No computer system is 100% autonomous. They need the human
interface in one or the other way. You may quote some computer
systems example which themselves work on their own, it is
somewhere the human beings are involved in designing and
developing the computer system. Therefore, the user is an inner part of the computer system.
Hardware Software
Physical components of a computer are
called Hardware.Set of programs is called Software.
Hardware can touch, see and feel. The software can not touch and feel.
Constructed using physical materials or
components.
Developed by the programming
language.
Not affected by computer viruses. Affected by computer viruses.
User cannot make copies User can make copies
Example: Monitor, Keyboard, RAM Example: OS, Text Editor, Nudi
Chapter 3: Hardware and Software 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 17 | P a g e
Difference between Hardware and Software
Data
Data is the raw information or basic facts that
computer can process. Data by itself doesn’t make much
sense to the user. It will give a meaning only when it is
processed by the computer. The processed data is called
information. Data can be text, numbers, audio or video that
the computer manipulates.
Example All the information fed by the user.
User(s)
People who use the computers are called users. These
computer operators are called computer users. You may be
surprised as to why the users are included in a computer system.
No computer system is 100% autonomous. They need the human
interface in one or the other way. You may quote some computer
systems example which themselves work on their own, it is
somewhere the human beings are involved in designing and
developing the computer system. Therefore, the user is an inner part of the computer system.
Hardware Software
Physical components of a computer are
called Hardware.Set of programs is called Software.
Hardware can touch, see and feel. The software can not touch and feel.
Constructed using physical materials or
components.
Developed by the programming
language.
Not affected by computer viruses. Affected by computer viruses.
User cannot make copies User can make copies
Example: Monitor, Keyboard, RAM Example: OS, Text Editor, Nudi
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Chapter 4: Introduction to OperatingSystem
Introduction
Types of Operating System
Single-User Operating System
Multi-User Operating System
User Interface
Character User Interface
Graphical User Interface
Learning Objectives:
After you have studied this lesson you will be able to:
Define Operating System.
List the types of Operating system.
Differentiate between CUI and GUI.
Inside
Chapter 4: Introduction to OperatingSystem
Introduction
Types of Operating System
Single-User Operating System
Multi-User Operating System
User Interface
Character User Interface
Graphical User Interface
Learning Objectives:
After you have studied this lesson you will be able to:
Define Operating System.
List the types of Operating system.
Differentiate between CUI and GUI.
Inside
Chapter 4: Introduction to OperatingSystem
Introduction
Types of Operating System
Single-User Operating System
Multi-User Operating System
User Interface
Character User Interface
Graphical User Interface
Learning Objectives:
After you have studied this lesson you will be able to:
Define Operating System.
List the types of Operating system.
Differentiate between CUI and GUI.
Inside
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Chapter 4: Introduction to Operating System 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 19 | P a g e
Introduction
The operating system is the most important program that runs a computer. An operating
system is a bridge between user and system. Operating system perform basic tasks, such as
recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track
of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk
drives and printers. Without operating system a computer is a dead machine.
Example: DOS, UNIX, Windows (XP, Windows7), Linux, Mac, Android, etc.
Definition
“An operating system (OS) is system software that managescomputer hardware and software resources and which acts as an
interface between the user and the computer”.
Chapter 4: Introduction to Operating System 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 19 | P a g e
Introduction
The operating system is the most important program that runs a computer. An operating
system is a bridge between user and system. Operating system perform basic tasks, such as
recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track
of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk
drives and printers. Without operating system a computer is a dead machine.
Example: DOS, UNIX, Windows (XP, Windows7), Linux, Mac, Android, etc.
Definition
“An operating system (OS) is system software that managescomputer hardware and software resources and which acts as an
interface between the user and the computer”.
Chapter 4: Introduction to Operating System 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 19 | P a g e
Introduction
The operating system is the most important program that runs a computer. An operating
system is a bridge between user and system. Operating system perform basic tasks, such as
recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track
of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk
drives and printers. Without operating system a computer is a dead machine.
Example: DOS, UNIX, Windows (XP, Windows7), Linux, Mac, Android, etc.
Definition
“An operating system (OS) is system software that managescomputer hardware and software resources and which acts as an
interface between the user and the computer”.
-
Chapter 4: Introduction to Operating System 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 20 | P a g e
The basic functions of an operating system
1. Booting the computer.
2. Performs basic computer tasks.
3. Provides a user interface.
4. Handles system resources.
5. Provides file management.
Booting computer
Booting is a process of loading the operating system into the system’s main memory.
Booting plays a very important role in computers. Whenever you switch on the computer the
computer checks itself and check` all parts are ready to work properly or not.
Performs basic computer tasks
The operating system performs basic computer tasks, like managing the various
hardware devices such as the mouse, keyboard, and printers. Most of the operating systems
support plug and play which means a device such as a printer will automatically be detected
and configured without any user intervention.
Provides a user interface
The interface can be defined as a communication link between user and computer. The
main function of the user interface is to communicate with the user so that the concept of the
application is easily and effectively put to use.
Handles system resources
The operating system also handles system resources such as the computer's memory and
sharing of the central processing unit time by various applications or peripheral devices.
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Provides file management
The operating system also handles the organization and tracking of files and directories
(folders) saved or retrieved from a computer disk. The file management system allows the
user to perform tasks such as creating files and directories, renaming files, copying and
moving files, and deleting files.
Types of Operating System
Single User Operating System
A single user operating system allows a single user to
operate a program at a time.
Example: DOS, Windows XP etc
Multi-User Operating System
The multi-user operating system allows two
or more users to use the computer resources
simultaneously.
Example: Windows NT, Linux etc
User Interface
The user interface is one of the most important parts of any program as it determines
how easily you can make the program do, what you want. There are two types of interfaces.
1. CUI (Character User Interface)
2. GUI(Graphical User Interface)
Operating System
Single UserOperating System
Multi-UserOperating System
Chapter 4: Introduction to Operating System 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 21 | P a g e
Provides file management
The operating system also handles the organization and tracking of files and directories
(folders) saved or retrieved from a computer disk. The file management system allows the
user to perform tasks such as creating files and directories, renaming files, copying and
moving files, and deleting files.
Types of Operating System
Single User Operating System
A single user operating system allows a single user to
operate a program at a time.
Example: DOS, Windows XP etc
Multi-User Operating System
The multi-user operating system allows two
or more users to use the computer resources
simultaneously.
Example: Windows NT, Linux etc
User Interface
The user interface is one of the most important parts of any program as it determines
how easily you can make the program do, what you want. There are two types of interfaces.
1. CUI (Character User Interface)
2. GUI(Graphical User Interface)
Operating System
Single UserOperating System
Multi-UserOperating System
Chapter 4: Introduction to Operating System 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 21 | P a g e
Provides file management
The operating system also handles the organization and tracking of files and directories
(folders) saved or retrieved from a computer disk. The file management system allows the
user to perform tasks such as creating files and directories, renaming files, copying and
moving files, and deleting files.
Types of Operating System
Single User Operating System
A single user operating system allows a single user to
operate a program at a time.
Example: DOS, Windows XP etc
Multi-User Operating System
The multi-user operating system allows two
or more users to use the computer resources
simultaneously.
Example: Windows NT, Linux etc
User Interface
The user interface is one of the most important parts of any program as it determines
how easily you can make the program do, what you want. There are two types of interfaces.
1. CUI (Character User Interface)
2. GUI(Graphical User Interface)
Operating System
Single UserOperating System
Multi-UserOperating System
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Character User Interface (CUI)
The user provides the input by typing a command string with the computer keyboard
and the system provides output by printing text on the computer monitor
Example: DOS (Disk Operating System)
Features of a command-line interface:
Character user interface is a text-based interface.
The keyboard is the main source of input.
Instructions are given to the computer by typing commands.
Requires knowledge of commands and also, instructions to run applications.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
A graphical user interface (GUI) uses graphics, along with a keyboard and a mouse, to
provide an easy-to-use interface to a program. A GUI provides windows, pull-down menus,
buttons, scroll bars, iconic images, and the mouse to enable users to interact with the
operating system or application.
Know This!
The first graphical user interface was designed by Xerox
Corporations Palo Alto Research Center in the 1970s.
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Character User Interface (CUI)
The user provides the input by typing a command string with the computer keyboard
and the system provides output by printing text on the computer monitor
Example: DOS (Disk Operating System)
Features of a command-line interface:
Character user interface is a text-based interface.
The keyboard is the main source of input.
Instructions are given to the computer by typing commands.
Requires knowledge of commands and also, instructions to run applications.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
A graphical user interface (GUI) uses graphics, along with a keyboard and a mouse, to
provide an easy-to-use interface to a program. A GUI provides windows, pull-down menus,
buttons, scroll bars, iconic images, and the mouse to enable users to interact with the
operating system or application.
Know This!
The first graphical user interface was designed by Xerox
Corporations Palo Alto Research Center in the 1970s.
Chapter 4: Introduction to Operating System 7th Standard
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 22 | P a g e
Character User Interface (CUI)
The user provides the input by typing a command string with the computer keyboard
and the system provides output by printing text on the computer monitor
Example: DOS (Disk Operating System)
Features of a command-line interface:
Character user interface is a text-based interface.
The keyboard is the main source of input.
Instructions are given to the computer by typing commands.
Requires knowledge of commands and also, instructions to run applications.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
A graphical user interface (GUI) uses graphics, along with a keyboard and a mouse, to
provide an easy-to-use interface to a program. A GUI provides windows, pull-down menus,
buttons, scroll bars, iconic images, and the mouse to enable users to interact with the
operating system or application.
Know This!
The first graphical user interface was designed by Xerox
Corporations Palo Alto Research Center in the 1970s.
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Example: Windows
Features of a Graphical User interface
What we see is what we get
The mouse and the keyboard are used for input.
The user can use the mouse and the keyboard to point to a particular point on the
screen and click on icons and objects.
The user can easily work by looking at menus and icons
Comparison between CUI and GUI
C.U.I G.U.I
Command-line User Interface Graphical User Interface
Interact with Text only Interact with Standard input device
Requires knowledge of commands to run
applications.
The user can easily work by looking at
menus and icons
Example: DOS Example: Windows
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Example: Windows
Features of a Graphical User interface
What we see is what we get
The mouse and the keyboard are used for input.
The user can use the mouse and the keyboard to point to a particular point on the
screen and click on icons and objects.
The user can easily work by looking at menus and icons
Comparison between CUI and GUI
C.U.I G.U.I
Command-line User Interface Graphical User Interface
Interact with Text only Interact with Standard input device
Requires knowledge of commands to run
applications.
The user can easily work by looking at
menus and icons
Example: DOS Example: Windows
Chapter 4: Introduction to Operating System 7th Standard
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Example: Windows
Features of a Graphical User interface
What we see is what we get
The mouse and the keyboard are used for input.
The user can use the mouse and the keyboard to point to a particular point on the
screen and click on icons and objects.
The user can easily work by looking at menus and icons
Comparison between CUI and GUI
C.U.I G.U.I
Command-line User Interface Graphical User Interface
Interact with Text only Interact with Standard input device
Requires knowledge of commands to run
applications.
The user can easily work by looking at
menus and icons
Example: DOS Example: Windows
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Chapter 5: DOS and UNIX
Introduction to DOS
DOS Commands
Internal Commands
External Commands
Introduction to UNIX
Shell Commands
Learning Outcomes:
After you have studied this lesson you will be able to:
Define Command.
Open the Command Prompt.
Execute DOS Commands.
Differentiate between Internal & External Commands of DOS.
Open the Terminal.
Execute Shell Commands.
Differentiate between DOS & UNIX.
Inside
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Introduction to DOS
MS-DOS is a computer operating system by Microsoft Corporation. It stands for
"Microsoft Disk Operating System".
DOS is a command - line based operating system means that a user works with a
keyboard to input data and receives output in plain text. It is called a disk operating system
because it was originally made to be loaded into a computer's memory with a floppy disk each
time the computer is started (booted) up. MS-DOS originally was written by Tim Paterson
and introduced by Microsoft in August 1981. MS-DOS allows the user to navigate, open, and
otherwise manipulate files on their computer from a command line instead of a GUI.
Some important Terminologies
File: A file is a collection of related information or data. Every file has a name to
identify it and is called the filename. Almost all information stored in a Computer
must be in a file. There are many different types of files: data files, text file, program
file, directory files
Directory: A directory is a location for storing files on your computer.
Command: A command is a specific instruction given to a computer application to
perform some kind of task or function.
Starting DOS
A command prompt is an entry point for typing computer commands in the Command
Prompt window. By typing commands at the command prompt, you can perform tasks on
your computer without using the Windows Graphical Interface.
Open the Command Prompt window by
1. Click Start button
2. Select Programs
“Tim Paterson” is an American computer Programmer, best known asthe original author of MS-DOS; the most widely used personalcomputer operating system in the 1980s
Chapter 5: DOS and UNIX 7th Standard
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Introduction to DOS
MS-DOS is a computer operating system by Microsoft Corporation. It stands for
"Microsoft Disk Operating System".
DOS is a command - line based operating system means that a user works with a
keyboard to input data and receives output in plain text. It is called a disk operating system
because it was originally made to be loaded into a computer's memory with a floppy disk each
time the computer is started (booted) up. MS-DOS originally was written by Tim Paterson
and introduced by Microsoft in August 1981. MS-DOS allows the user to navigate, open, and
otherwise manipulate files on their computer from a command line instead of a GUI.
Some important Terminologies
File: A file is a collection of related information or data. Every file has a name to
identify it and is called the filename. Almost all information stored in a Computer
must be in a file. There are many different types of files: data files, text file, program
file, directory files
Directory: A directory is a location for storing files on your computer.
Command: A command is a specific instruction given to a computer application to
perform some kind of task or function.
Starting DOS
A command prompt is an entry point for typing computer commands in the Command
Prompt window. By typing commands at the command prompt, you can perform tasks on
your computer without using the Windows Graphical Interface.
Open the Command Prompt window by
1. Click Start button
2. Select Programs
“Tim Paterson” is an American computer Programmer, best known asthe original author of MS-DOS; the most widely used personalcomputer operating system in the 1980s
Chapter 5: DOS and UNIX 7th Standard
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Introduction to DOS
MS-DOS is a computer operating system by Microsoft Corporation. It stands for
"Microsoft Disk Operating System".
DOS is a command - line based operating system means that a user works with a
keyboard to input data and receives output in plain text. It is called a disk operating system
because it was originally made to be loaded into a computer's memory with a floppy disk each
time the computer is started (booted) up. MS-DOS originally was written by Tim Paterson
and introduced by Microsoft in August 1981. MS-DOS allows the user to navigate, open, and
otherwise manipulate files on their computer from a command line instead of a GUI.
Some important Terminologies
File: A file is a collection of related information or data. Every file has a name to
identify it and is called the filename. Almost all information stored in a Computer
must be in a file. There are many different types of files: data files, text file, program
file, directory files
Directory: A directory is a location for storing files on your computer.
Command: A command is a specific instruction given to a computer application to
perform some kind of task or function.
Starting DOS
A command prompt is an entry point for typing computer commands in the Command
Prompt window. By typing commands at the command prompt, you can perform tasks on
your computer without using the Windows Graphical Interface.
Open the Command Prompt window by
1. Click Start button
2. Select Programs
“Tim Paterson” is an American computer Programmer, best known asthe original author of MS-DOS; the most widely used personalcomputer operating system in the 1980s
-
Chapter 5: DOS and UNIX 7th Standard
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3. In that go to Accessories
4. Click on Command Prompt
5. DOS will open in a window with white text on a black background. The screen
will appear as below
Hint
Another way to open a Command Prompt: Click the Start button .In the Search box type Command Prompt or cmd, then press the enterkey.
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3. In that go to Accessories
4. Click on Command Prompt
5. DOS will open in a window with white text on a black background. The screen
will appear as below
Hint
Another way to open a Command Prompt: Click the Start button .In the Search box type Command Prompt or cmd, then press the enterkey.
Chapter 5: DOS and UNIX 7th Standard
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3. In that go to Accessories
4. Click on Command Prompt
5. DOS will open in a window with white text on a black background. The screen
will appear as below
Hint
Another way to open a Command Prompt: Click the Start button .In the Search box type Command Prompt or cmd, then press the enterkey.
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DOS Commands
DOS commands are the commands available in MS-DOS that is used to interact
with the operating system. Entering a command incorrectly (wrong syntax, misspelling, etc.)
could cause the command to fail to do its operation. Press enter key (↵) to execute everycommand.
DOS commands are divided into two types
Internal Commands
External Commands
Internal Commands
Internal commands are built in commands of MS-DOS. All these commands are
combined together and stored in Command.com file, which is an executable command file.
These internal commands are further grouped according to their properties.
Examples: CLS, DIR, DATE, MD, RD etc.
External commands
An external command is MS-DOS command that is not included in command.com file.
External commands are commonly external because either they require large requirements or
not commonly used commands.
Example: EDIT, LABEL, TREE, SORT etc.
Some of the Internal and External commands are given in the following table:
Sl .No Commands Description
INTERNAL COMMANDS
01 CLS This command is used to clear the screen
02 DIRThis command is used to display all files and subdirectory in thecurrent directory.
03 VERThis command is used to display the version of DOS currentlybeing used in the system.
04 DATE It displays the system date the form of MM-DD-YY.
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Syntax:-
C :\> DIR [/Attributes]
DIR (Directory): This command allows the user to see all files and subdirectory in the
current directory. DIR Command lists file information in five columns; (first) column
gives primary name of the file (second) column gives extension of the file (third) column
gives the file size - number of bytes used; (fourth) column gives the last updated date;
(fifth) column gives the last updated time.
05 TIME It displays the system type and enables the user to change it.
06 EXIT This command is used to exit from the command prompt
07 COPY CON This is used to create a new text file.
08 TYPE This command is used to display the contents of the text file.
09 COPY This is used to copy any file to another location
10 RENThis command is used to change the name of any file ordirectory.
11 DEL It is used to delete or erase a file from the current directory.
12 MD This command allows for creating a new directory.
13 CD This command is used to change the directory.
14 RD It is used to remove or delete a directory
EXTERNAL COMMANDS
1 EDIT This command allows to view, create, or modify any file
2 LABELLabel command is used to create, change, or delete the volumelabel of a disk.
3 CHKDSKThis is used to check a disk and display a status report withproperties of disk
4 TREEThis command is very useful to view the list of directories andsubdirectories present on the disk in gr
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