harappan, indus, or sindhu sarasvati civilization?

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Harappan, Indus, or Sindhu–Sarasvati Civilization?

हड़प्पा, स िंधु या स िंधु- रस्वती भ्यता?

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•OBJECTIVE 1.INTRODUCTION 2. PHASES OF IVC 3.IMPORTANT SITES OF IVC 4.TOWN PLANNING AND STRUCTURE 5. SOCIETY 6.RELIGION 7.ECONOMY 8.AGRICULTURE 9.CRAFTS 10.INSTITUTION 11.DECLINE OF IVC

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DISCOVERY OF HARAPPA HARAPPA EXCAVATION -1826 Charles Masoon –bricks -1813-1856-Development of Railways during this period -First Railways – Mumbai –Thane-34 km -During this time between lahore and karachi railway line laid down -Brentton brothers looked under Alexander Cunningham supervision -1921 large scale excavation started by Government (D.R sahani) -Approx 1400-1500 sites -1922- mohenjodaro by R.D baneerjee -1924- john marshal (Director general of ASI )during IVC excavation

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• The first sites of this civilization were discovered in the valley of the Indus and its tributaries. Hence it was given the name ‘Indus valley civilization’ or ‘Indus civilization’. • The area covered by the Harappan culture zone is huge, ranging between 680,000 to 800,000 sq km. Sites have been found in Afghanistan; in the Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, and North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan; in Jammu, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and western Uttar Pradesh in India . • The western-most site is Sutkagen-dor on the Makran coast of Pakistan, and the easternmost is Alamgirpur in the Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh. There is an isolated site at Shortughai in Afghanistan.

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The vast geographical extent of the civilization should make the objection to the terms ‘Indus’ or ‘Indus valley’ civilization obvious. • The terms ‘Indus–Sarasvati’ or ‘Sindhu–Sarasvati’ civilization are also used by some scholars. This is because a large number of sites are located on the banks of the GhaggarHakra river, which is identified by some scholars with the ancient Sarasvati mentioned in the Rig Veda. However, the sort of objection to the terms ‘Indus’ or ‘Indus valley’ civilization can also be applied to the terms ‘Indus–Saraswati’ or ‘Sindhu–Saraswati’ civilization

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• Since the civilization was not confined to the valleys of the Indus or Ghaggar-Hakra, the best option is to use the term ‘Harappan ’ civilization. This is based on the archaeological convention of naming a culture after the site where it is first identified. The use of the term Harappan civilization does not imply that all other sites are identical to Harappa or that the culture developed first in this place.

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The Harappan culture was actually a long and complex cultural process consisting of at least three phases 1. the early Harappan, (, c. 3200–2600 BCE) 2. mature Harappan, (c. 2600–1900 BCE) 3. late Harappan. (c. 1900–1300 BCE) • The early Harappan phase was the formative, proto-urban phase of the culture. • The mature Harappan phase was the urban phase, the full-fledged stage of civilization. • The late Harappan phase was the post-urban phase, when the cities declined. Collating the calibrated radiocarbon dates from various sites gives the following broad chronology for the three phases of the Harappan culture:

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S. No. Name of the

city

Year Excavator River state Findings/significance

1 Harappa 1921 Dayaram Shani Raavi Punjab (in

Pak)

6 granaries

Wooden coffin box where dead

bodies kept

From a grave 12 Bronze mirrors,

many Jams and Jewellary

2 Mohenjodaro 1922 R.D. Benerjee Sindh (in

Pak)

Karanchi Great granaries

Great bath (sobbing in

area)39x23x8 feats

A bronze dancing girl, steatite

bust of a priest

3 Chanhundaro 1931 M.G.Majumdar Sindh - Lipsticks

Evidence of Cat

History By : 4 Lothal 1955 S.R. Rao Phogavo Gujarat Yard

Fire alter

Twin burial

5 Kalibangan 1961 B.B. Lal Ghagger Rajasthan 7 fire alters (around some bone of

(cattle)

6 Dholavira 1991 J.P. Joshi Gujarat Largest site in India

A reservoir

7 Rakhigarhi - Rafee mugal - Haryana Stadium was found

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MATERIAL LOCATION FROM WHEREIT WAS SOURCED

Red Carnelian

Beads

Gujarat, Sindh ( Chest used in weight)

Lapiz Lazuli Afghanistan, Kashmir

Jade C. Asia & Iran

Gold Karnataka

Copper Khetri (Rajasthan)

Tin, Silver Afghanistan

Lead Rajasthan

Amethyst Maharashtra

History By : CITY KEY FINDS

Harappa finds mention in RIGVEDA also Great-Granary, circular brick platforms 1 Room dwellings in

lower tower Red sand stone, Mother goddess sealing with

plant growing from worth

Mohenjo-Daro - Largest of all Great bath, Bronze dancing girl, Pasupati seat, Steatite stone of

priest, Terracotta plough modal, cotton cloth

Dholavira-Largest site in India 3 pat division, largest continuous in Radical patter, Step walls

Lothal Dockyard, Frailties, Rich husk, Double bus

Rangpur, near Ahmadabad Rich husk

Chanhudaro Site of bead mocking

Banawali Pre-Harappa, Harappa & post, Traditional Plough Modal, fire

altars, No grid

Surkotada Only one whose horse remains horse been found

Ropar Dog-Human burial, coves a large tin period from Harappa till

Gupta period

Kalibangan Ploughed field, Fire alter, bangles

Mehrgarah Cotton cloth

Rakhirgarhi (Haryana)

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Post-Harppa pottery:- Ochre colored Pottery:-

Ocher cloned, pottery-during mature

Harappa

Bright- red slip

Painted Grey ware Later vedic period Painted in Black

Northern Black polished wave Upper Gangelic plain

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