hdm-4 road user costs model version 2.00 rodrigo archondo-callao february 18, 2010

HDM-4 Road User Costs Model Version 2.00

Rodrigo Archondo-CallaoFebruary 18, 2010

http://worldbank.org/roadsoftwaretools/

HDM-4 RUC Model Version 2.00

Road User Costs Knowledge System (RUCKS)HDM-4 RUC Model Version 2.00, February 12, 2010

Step Inputs Calculations Outputs

1) I-Vehicle Fleet & Country DataI-Vehicle Fleet Calibration

Road User Costs O-Road User Costs2) I-Road Characteristics O-Resources and Performance

O-Emissions

Sensitivity Analysis O-Roughness Sensitivity3) I-Sensitivity Parameters O-Speed Limit Sensitivity

O-Traffic SensitivityO-RONET RUC CoefficientsO-Charts One VehicleO-Charts All Vehicles

Network Road User Costs4) I-Network Characteristics O-Network Road User Costs

Cost Benefit Analysis5) I-Cost Benefit Analysis Data O-Cost Benefit Analysis Results

Instructions

http://www.worldbank.org/transport

Calculate Road User CostsCalculate Road User Costs

Calculate Network RUCCalculate Network RUC

Calculate Sensitivity AnalysisCalculate Sensitivity Analysis

Calculate Cost Benefit AnalysisCalculate Cost Benefit Analysis

• Motorcycle• Small Car• Medium Car• Light Delivery Vehicle• Four Wheel Drive• Light Truck• Medium Truck• Heavy Truck• Articulated Truck• Light Bus• Medium Bus• Heavy Bus

Twelve Vehicles Types

• Fuel• Lubricant oil• Tire wear• Crew time• Maintenance labor• Maintenance parts• Depreciation• Interest• Overheads

• Passenger time• Cargo holding time

Vehicle Operating Costs

Time Costs

Accidents Costs

Road User Costs Components

Emissions

New

New

Road and Vehicle Characteristics

Vehicle Speed

Physical Quantities Unit Costs

Road User Costs

Vehicle Speed and Physical Quantities

Component Quantities per Vehicle-km

Fuel litersLubricant oil litersTire wear # of equivalent new tiresCrew time hoursPassenger time hoursCargo holding time hoursMaintenance labor hoursMaintenance parts % of new vehicle priceDepreciation % of new vehicle priceInterest % of new vehicle price

Physical Quantities

• VDRIVEu and VDRIVEd = uphill and downhill velocities limited by gradient and used driving power

• VBRAKEu and VBRAKEd = uphill and downhill velocities limited by gradient and used braking power

• VCURVE = velocity limited by curvature

• VROUGH = velocity limited by roughness

• VDESIR = velocity limited by safety and speed limit enforcement

Free speeds are calculated using a mechanistic/behavioral models and are a minimum of the following constraining velocities.

Free-Flow Speeds Model

Drive Force

Grade Resistance

Rolling Resistance

Air Resistance

- Driving power- Operating weight- Gradient- Density of air- Aerodynamic drag coef.- Projected frontal area- Tire type- Number of wheels

- Roughness- Texture depth- % time driven on snowcovered roads- % time driven on watercovered roads

VDRIVE

VCURVE is calculated as a function of the radius ofcurvature.

VCURVE = a0 * R ^ a1

R = Radius of curvature

R = 180,000/(*max(18/ ,C))

C = Horizontal curvature

a0 and a1 = Regression parameters

VCURVE

To consider reduction in speeds due to congestion, the “three-zone” model is adopted.

Speed (km/hr)

Car

Pickup

Bus

Sult

Qo Qnom QultFlowPCSE/hr

Truck

Speed Flow Model

To consider different levels of traffic congestion at different hours and days during a year, HDM-4 evaluates different traffic flow periods for which different hourly flows are applicable

PeakNext to Peak

Flow Periods

Medium flowNext to LowOvernight

Flow

Number of Hours in the Year

Traffic Flow Periods

•Based on ARRB ARFCOM model

•Predicts fuel use as function of power usage

TRACTIVE FORCESRolling, air, inertia, gradeand cornering resistance

ACCESSORIESCooling fan,

power steering,air conditioner,alternator, etc.

INTERNALENGINE

FRICTION

DRIVE - TRAININEFFICIENCIES

TOTAL POWER

ENGINE FUEL EFFICIENCY FACTOR

ESTIMATED FUEL CONSUMPTION

Fuel Model

Uncongested

Congested

0

Acceleration in m/s/s

Congestion Modelling

Maintenance Parts Consumption

Maintenance parts consumption function of roughness and age of the vehicle

0.00%

0.10%

0.20%

0.30%

0.40%

0.50%

0.60%

0.70%

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Part

s Con

sum

ption

(% o

f veh

icle

pri

ce p

er 1

000

km)

Roughness (IRI, m/km)

Maintenance Parts Consumption

Medium Car

Medium Bus

Heavy Truck

Motorcycle

•Comprised of depreciation and interest costs

•HDM-4 uses ‘Optimal Life’ method, in which vehicle service life is a function of roughness, or constant life method

Capital Costs

•HDM-4 model estimates road safety costs of: Fatal accidents Injury accidentsDamage only accidents

•HDM-4 RUC model follows the International Road Assessment Program (iRAP) methodology and estimates road safety costs of:FatalitiesPersons with Serious Injuries

Road Safety

•User defines vehicle fleet fatality rate in number per 100 million vehicle-km

•User defines vehicle fleet serious injury rate per 100 million vehicle-km

•Cost per fatality computed function of GDP per capita (default: GDP per capita multiplied by 70)

•Cost per serious injury computed function of cost per fatality (default: 25% of fatality cost)

iRAP Methodology

International Road Assessment Programme methodology (iRAP).http://irap.net/

Road characteristics Traffic

volume/congestion Vehicle technology Hydrocarbon

Carbon monoxide

Nitrous oxides Sulphur

dioxide Carbon

dioxide Particulates Lead

Emissions Model

Fuel consumption

RUC Comparison

Roughness = 2.0 IRI m/km

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

0.500

0.600

0.700

0.800

Medium Car Medium Bus Heavy Truck Motorcycle

Uni

t Roa

d U

ser C

osts

(US$

per

veh

icle

-km

) Road Safety Cost

CO2 Emissions Cost

Cargo Time

Passenger Time

Overhead

Interest

Depreciation

Crew Time

Maintenance Labor

Maintenance Parts

Tire

Lubricants

Fuel

RUC Composition

Roughness = 2.0 IRI m/km

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Medium Car Medium Bus Heavy Truck Motorcycle

Uni

t Roa

d U

ser C

osts

(%)

Road Safety Cost

CO2 Emissions Cost

Cargo Time

Passenger Time

Overhead

Interest

Depreciation

Crew Time

Maintenance Labor

Maintenance Parts

Tire

Lubricants

Fuel

RUC Roughness Sensitivity

0.000

0.200

0.400

0.600

0.800

1.000

1.200

1.400

2 IRI 6 IRI 12 IRI 18 IRI

Uni

t Roa

d U

ser C

osts

(US$

per

veh

icle

-km

)

Heavy Truck Unit Road User Costs Sensitivy to Roughness

Road Safety Cost

CO2 Emissions Cost

Cargo Time

Passenger Time

Overhead

Interest

Depreciation

Crew Time

Maintenance Labor

Maintenance Parts

Tire

Lubricants

Fuel

RUC Roughness Sensitivity

0.000

0.200

0.400

0.600

0.800

1.000

1.200

1.400

2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

Uni

t Roa

d U

ser C

osts

(US$

per

veh

icle

-km

)

Roughness (IRI, m/km)

Medium Car

Medium Bus

Heavy Truck

Motorcycle

0.000

0.200

0.400

0.600

0.800

1.000

1.200

1.400

2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

Uni

t Roa

d U

ser C

osts

(US$

per

veh

icle

-km

)

Roughness (IRI, m/km)

Medium Car

Medium Bus

Heavy Truck

Motorcycle

RUC Roughness Sensitivity

6.0 IRI = 0.22 US$ per vehicle-km2.0 IRI = 0.21 US$ per vehicle-kmSaving = 0.01 US$ per vehicle-km

AADT = 3,000 vehicles/day=> 1,095,000 vehicles/year

Saving = 10,850 US$ per year per km

Fuel Consumption and Speed

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

45.00

50.00

30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 110.0

Fuel

Con

sum

ption

(lit

er p

er 1

00 k

m)

Vehicle Speed (km/hour)

Medium Car

Medium Bus

Heavy Truck

Motorcycle

Roughness = 2.0 IRI m/km

CO2 Emissions and Speed

Roughness = 2.0 IRI m/km

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 110.0

Carb

on D

ioxi

de -

CO2

(g/k

m)

Vehicle Speed (km/hour)

Medium Car

Medium Bus

Heavy Truck

Motorcycle

Fuel Consumption and Roughness

Speed function of roughness

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

45.00

50.00

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0

Fuel

Con

sum

ption

(lit

er p

er 1

00 k

m)

Roughness (IRI, m/km)

Medium Car

Medium Bus

Heavy Truck

Motorcycle

CO2 Emissions and Roughness

Speed function of roughness

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0

Carb

on D

ioxi

de -

CO2

(g/k

m)

Roughness( IRI, m/km)

Medium Car

Medium Bus

Heavy Truck

Motorcycle

Road Software Tools Website

• HDM-4 Road User Costs Model Version 2.00 available for download at:

http://worldbank.org/roadsoftwaretools/