head movement 2 oct. 5, 2010 – day 16

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Head movement 2 Oct. 5, 2010 – Day 16. Introduction to Syntax ANTH 3590/7590 Harry Howard Tulane University. Course management. http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/ANTH3590/ We need to spend our $150 from the Provost ’ s Undergraduate Activities Fund. Review. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Head movement 2Oct. 5, 2010 – Day 16Introduction to Syntax

ANTH 3590/7590

Harry Howard

Tulane University

Course management

http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/ANTH3590/ We need to spend our $150 from the

Provost’s Undergraduate Activities Fund.

10

/5/1

2

2

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TH

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, Ha

rry Ho

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Review

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/5/1

2A

NT

H3

59

0/7

59

0, H

arry H

ow

ard

, Tu

lan

e3

T-TO-C MOVEMENT AS ADJUNCTION OF T TO TENSE IN C

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TP

T’PRNyou

VPTwill

Vmarry

PRNme

CP

C[TNS]

ø

PRNme

C TP

T’PRNyou

VP

Vmarry

CP

Twill

A SIMPLIFICATION OF THE ADJUNCTION TO SHOW ITS MORPHOLOGICAL RESULT

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nePRN

me

TP

T’PRNyou

VP

Vmarry

CP

Cwill+ø

PRNme

C TP

T’PRNyou

VP

Vmarry

CP

Twill

V-TO-T MOVEMENT IN ELIZABETHAN ENGLISH

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TP

T’PRNI

VPTAf1sgPr

ADVnot

VP

CP

PPVcare

Pfor

PRNher

Tense must be strong in Elizabethan English and weak in modern

English

care+

HEAD MOVEMENTRadford §4.5

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MORE ELIZABETHAN ENGLISH

28a) Saw you my master? V-to-T then T-to-C movement (V-to-T-to-C mvt)

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TP

T’PRNyou

TAf2sPa

VP

CP

DPmy

master

Vsaw------

saw+------------

saw+Af2sPa+

LONG-DISTANCE HEAD MOVEMENT

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TP

T’PRNyou

VP

CP

Csaw+Af2sPa+ø

DPmy

master

DPmy

master

TP

T’PRNyou

VP

CP

Csaw+Af2sPa+ø

What is wrong with this?

Well, saw picks up the affix without passing through the node that hosts it.

LIMITATIONS ON HEAD MOVEMENT

But Radford ignores this easy answer because he doesn’t draw the tree and instead offers the head-movement constraint (HMC): 31) Head movement is only possible between a

head and the head of its complement. The head-strength parameter

The strength of a head can vary among languages.

One of the things that children learn when they acquire a language is the settings for parameters.

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AUXILIARY RAISINGRadford §4.6

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NT

H3

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Two positions for be and auxiliary have wrt not

32a) She may not be suitable. 32b) She is not suitable. 34a) She may not be enjoying syntax. 34b) She is not enjoying syntax. 36a) He may not have done it. 36b) He has not done it. He may not have the time. BritEng: He has not the time. AmEng: He does not have the time.

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AUX-TO-T MOVEMENT OF BE & HAVE

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TP

T’PRNshe

AuxP

ADVnot

AuxP

CP

VPAuxis

have

Venjoyingenjoyed

QPø syntax

TAf3sPres

Af3sPres

------------

is+have+

EVIDENCE FOR AUX POSITION

Scope of modal verbs 38a’) You must not call the police.

= It is necessary that you not call the police. You must not call the police, or we will all go to jail. The modal verb has scope over (c-commands) not.

38b’) You need not call the police. = It is not necessary that you call the police. # You need not call the police, or we will all go to jail. Not has scope over the modal verb, but does not c-

command it. If need starts out in a lower position, its copy is

c-commanded by not: see next slide.

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NOT C-COMMANDS NEED IN AUX

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TP

T’PRNyou

AuxPTAf2sPres

ADVnot

AuxP

CP

VPAuxneed-----

need+

Vcall

DetPthe police

NEED AS NEGATIVE POLARITY ITEM

Auxiliary need is a negative polarity item 2.47a) I don’t think that he need apologize. 2.47b) *He need apologize.

Even when not is contracted to it: He needn’t apologize. Need should not c-command n’t, but if need

comes from AuxP, its copy is c-commanded by not: see previous slide.

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DOUBLE MODALS

Some Southern US English She must can go. She might could do it. She might not could do it.

Scots English 40) He must no can do it.

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TP

T’PRNhe

AuxPTmust

ADVno

AuxP

CP

VPAuxcan

Vdo

PRNit

AND FINALLY … MODAL + AUX

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TP

T’PRNhe

AuxPTmust

ADVnot

AuxP

CP

VPAuxhave

Vdone

PRNit

LIGHT VERBS

Interim conclusion: only be, have & need can raise to T.

Why these verbs and not some others? They have little real-world or lexical information

of their own and serve mainly to mark grammatical information like tense, aspect, and modality.

Thus they are ‘light’ on lexical information. The affix in T is only strong enough to attract

such light verbs; it hops down to all other verbs.

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NEXT TIMEQ5

Finish §4

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