high performance building design: what the future holds ... · future trends •in u.s. - ashrae...

High Performance Building Design: What the Future holds for Direction for our

Industry

Dr. Tom Lawrence, PE, LEED®-AP

lawrence@engr.uga.edu

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Course ID: 0920005392

High Performance Building

Design – What the Future holds

for the Direction for our Industry

By ASHRAE

Approved for:

1General CE hours

0LEED-specific hours

Green building related speaking events outside U.S. mainland

High Performance Green Buildings and related topics are becoming a big focus around the globe

Introduction and Topics Covered

• What is a “high-performance” building?

• Steps toward net-zero energy buildingsand consideration for more than just energy

• What future trends might be in store

– Smart grid, smart buildings

– “Future proofing” the design

– Resiliency

– Performance versus promise

4

HIGH-PERFORMANCE BUILDING DESIGN: GENERALIZATIONS

5

What is a High-PerformanceGreen Building, Anyway?

6

• Low energy consumption? (Nearly Net-Zero?)

• Low water consumption?

• High return-on-investment for the owner?

• “Performance” of the occupants?

• The building’s impact on the surrounding locality (performance of its “neighbors”)?

• Smooth operations and maintenance?

• Does it make the cover of a famous architectural digest?

What is a High-PerformanceGreen Building, Anyway?

7

‘High-performance building' means a building that integrates and optimizes on a life cycle basis all major high performance attributes, including energy conservation, environment, safety, security, durability, accessibility, cost-benefit, productivity, sustainability, functionality and operational considerations.

U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act, 2007

What is a High-PerformanceGreen Building, Anyway?

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Sustainability is not sustainable, unless it is cost competitive.

Cost competitive is a vague term and can be interpreted many ways …

Building Performance Scale

9

• Code-minimum performance

• “High-Performance Building”

Some think that meeting building and energy codes is “good” or at least “good enough”

Many of the registered green buildings are somewhere between “Code Minimum” and “High Performance”

How Green Building Practices Evolved

• Guidelines– Suggestions for design that will result in improved

performance (ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guides, CIBSE Guides A-M)

• Rating systems (BREEAM, LEED, Green Globes, Green Star)– Generally voluntary, match design to specific credits

• Standards– Criteria recognized as meeting acceptable

requirements for a level of performance• Codes and Reporting

– Adopted by jurisdiction to be enforcable, minimum criteria (i.e., International Green Construction Code)

The U.S. Path to Date

• USGBC LEED Program– Created in 1998 as a voluntary, consensus-based,

market-driven green-building certification system

– Whole-building perspective building’s life-cycle

• Green Globes (2005)– Self-assessment tool, based on BREEAM

• ASHRAE Standard 189.1 (2010) and the International Green Building Code (2012)– Created in response to LEED used as ‘code’

Other U.S. Programs

• CALGreen (2013)

– State of California’s state-wide building code

– Both residential and non-residential versions

• ICC 700-2012 National Green Building Standard

– Residential, National Association of Home Builders

– Simpler alternate to LEED

• Energy benchmarking and reporting

– ASHRAE Building Energy Quotient (bEQ)

– Approximately 15 major cities now require

Energy “Requirement” Tiers

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• No energy code – “Government can’t tell me what level of efficiency”

• Minimum code performance– For example: National Construction Code (NCC);

International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) or ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2XXX

• Improved by XX% better than Code– Green building certification or other programs

• High-Performance Green Building– Green Star, ASHRAE Standard 189.1, IgCCTrend toward performance based, rather than prescriptive based

Future Trends

• In U.S. - ASHRAE Standard 189.1 and IgCC will merge in 2018 with Standard 189.1 being the technical basis• ‘Unofficial’ goals for cost-effective nearly net zero • Adoption and enforcement a problem

• In EU – Focused more on energy; Difficulty in getting compliance with end of decade goals of EPBD• Setting goals for 2030, 2050

• General –• Performance based, verification after construction is

complete (National Australian Building Energy Rating System, NABERS)

• Energy performance disclosure, reporting (Building Energy Efficiency Disclosure Act in Australia)

Or Net-Zero Energy Communities?

NET-ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS

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Discussion of Net-Zero Energy

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• What is net-zero energy; what basis to use?

• Hierarchy in working toward net-zero

• Characteristics in designing toward a net-zero energy building

• Moving beyond just an individual building

Defining Net-ZeroEnergy Buildings (NZEBs)

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• What qualifies a building as Net-Zero?– Multiple ways to quantify building energy performance

– Multiple ways to quantify energy sources

Need common quantifiable metrics

to compare NZEBs

Net-Zero Building Concept Definitions

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• Site energy– Energy consumed at the site (meter)

• Source energy– Includes generation energy, transmission, etc.

• Energy costs– Net meter cost (time of day costs, etc.)

• Emissions– Generally CO2, all energy “carbon free” or

perhaps accounting for carbon credits elsewhere(?)

U.S. Department of Energy Definition

What is EUI, NEUI?

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Total Energy = All energy consumed in this building annually

Net Energy = Total Energy - Amount generatedby on-site renewable energy systems

Determining “Nearly Net-Zero” Goal

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• For any particular country or region:– Define a set of building(s) and target year as

reference baseline

– Determine the highest overall efficiency possible with technology and products available then, and estimate annual energy use (EUI)

– Estimate the installed cost of on-site renewable energy at the target date

– Determine that amount of on-site renewable that would be cost effective, accounting for predicted energy prices

– Net EUI = EUI – renewable energy on-site

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Standard 90.1-2010, Site EUI

Standard 189.1-2011, Site EUI

52.2 (592)

Net EUI for Standard 189.1-2011 is44.5 (505), which accounts for on-site renewable contribution. 2014 version of the Standard still in analysis

47.7 (541)

What would nearly net-zero be for U.S.?

(Overall Averages)

Cost-effective nearly-net zero for U.S. by 2025?

Energy (and Water) Efficiency and Renewables

23

The 4-Rs

• Reduce: First, limit amount required

• Reuse: Look for potential energy recovery opportunities

• Renewables: Only then include on-site renewable energy systems

• Rethink: The design process (actually is FIRST!)

System Efficiency

Renewable

Sources

Regenerative

Systems

Three Steps or “Wedges” Toward Net-Zero

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Building Envelope Measures

Energy Efficiency Measures

Renewable Energy Measures

Some Common Characteristicsof Net-Zero Energy Buildings

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• Shape, orientation, thermal mass• Envelope improvements• Daylighting – Shading• Efficient ventilation • Energy recovery, pre-heating or cooling• Good solar (or other renewable) resource• Occupant “buy-in” and cooperation• Incentives/mandates to make it net-zero• Integrated design, sufficient design/analysis

resources

Efficient Ventilation

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• The first place to start for the efficient mechanical system design

• Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS)– Can ensure sufficient ventilation in all zones

without “over-ventilating”

• Ventilation energy recovery a “must” for many situations and most climates

• Demand-controlled ventilation for variable occupancy, particularly high-density spaces

Some Common Characteristicsof Net-Zero Energy Buildings

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• Shape, orientation, thermal mass• Envelope improvements• Daylighting – Shading• Efficient ventilation• Energy recovery, pre-heating or cooling • Good solar (or other renewable) resource• Occupant “buy-in” and cooperation• Incentives/mandates to make it net-zero• Integrated design, sufficient design/analysis

resources

Being Innovative: Data Centers

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• Data center energy recovery

– Constant source of “waste” heat

– Building heating

– Water pre-heating

– Absorption cooling

– Be aware of thermodynamic limitsData Center Air Energy Recovery TechniquesMay 2012 ASHRAE Transactions

https://www.ashrae.org/resources--publications/bookstore/datacom-series

Some Common Characteristicsof Net-Zero Energy Buildings

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• Shape, orientation, thermal mass• Envelope improvements• Daylighting – Shading• Efficient ventilation• Energy recovery, pre-heating or cooling• Good solar (or other renewable) resource • Occupant “buy-in” and cooperation• Incentives/mandates to make it net-zero• Integrated design, sufficient design/analysis

resources

Some Common Characteristicsof Net-Zero Energy Buildings

30

• Shape, orientation, thermal mass• Envelope improvements• Daylighting – Shading• Efficient ventilation• Energy recovery, pre-heating or cooling• Good solar (or other renewable) resource• Occupant “buy-in” and cooperation • Incentives/mandates to make it net-zero• Integrated design, sufficient design/analysis

resources

Some Common Characteristicsof Net-Zero Energy Buildings

31

• Shape, orientation, thermal mass• Envelope improvements• Daylighting – Shading• Efficient ventilation• Energy recovery, pre-heating or cooling• Good solar (or other renewable) resource• Occupant “buy-in” and cooperation• Incentives/mandates to make it net-zero• Integrated design, sufficient design/analysis

resources

Moving beyond that simple way of thinking

HIGH PERFORMANCE IS NOTJUST NET-ZERO ENERGY!

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Issues Involved in High Performance, Green Buildings

Indoor Air Quality

Energy Use

Water Use

Construction

Materials“Whole-building”

Design

Transportation

Site Impact (noise,

on-site pollution, etc.)

Recycling Building

Materials

Occupant Comfort

and Health

Lighting

(interior and exterior)

Regional Impact

(e.g., stormwater,

heat island effect)

How many of these issues mighta typical AIRAH/ASHRAE member be involved with?

Think Outside the (AIRAH/ASHRAE) Box

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• To achieve true “high performance,” the project team must think of topics outside of their traditional lines of thinking (if we are to truly address high-performance buildings and sustainability…)

Life is Complicated,Complicated Building Interactions

• Beyond just individual building consideration for net zero energy – Community solar? “provides power or the

equivalent financial benefit to multiple members of the program or project”

• Electrical peak demand management, interaction with smart grid

• Healthy buildings while achieving high energy efficiency

• Human factor considerations

Moving Beyond Just a Single Building

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• Just as no man is an island, no building really is either…

• District heating/cooling systems

– Not “Net-Zero” but allows for efficient operation and potentially for integration of renewable energy on a wide scale

• Net-zero communities

SMART GRID, SMART BUILDINGS AND DEMAND RESPONSE MANAGEMENT

37

What is the “Smart Grid”?

• Modernized electrical grid using information and technology to more efficiently produce, transmit and use electricity

• Each sector of the electricity supply chain has different goals and objectives for the smart grid

• A “smart grid” could also apply to other energy supplies (natural gas, fuel oil, gasoline, water) where smart controls can help alleviate disruptions

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The Grand Challenge

Prior

(solid line):

Power

New (dashed line):

Power , information exchanged -

sensitized objects, smart grid and

information system

Electricity generation,

and the “smart-grid”

BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Energy using devices:

“The Internet of Energy Things”

Human

interaction and

control

On-site renewable

energy, combined

heat/cooling/power

systems

INFORMATION

SYSTEM

Sensitized objects

Sensor and flow

networks

Utilities:Good development so far

Renewable:Some initial work on integration

Built Environment: WORK NEEDED

Demand Response Scenarios

A. High Demand Relative to Supply:

Reduce peak demand during high load conditions or grid “stress”

Typically a summer cooling issue (occasionally in winter heating in some locations)

B. High or Variable Supply Relative to Demand:

How to manage peak production from distributed generation systems (renewable, CHP)?

Becoming more a problem in areas with relatively high % of electricity production from solar/wind

C. Managing for Low Carbon Energy Production:

An issue particularly for UK and EU now, others in future?

Management of demand to match type of supply available

40

Sensing and Actuating Systems

• Moving beyond the traditional connection of sensors controlling and displaying locally and connected with “twisted pairs” of wires

• Newer systems using more networked intelligence or web automation

Network

S S SS S SS

S

Region of

sensor object

Network

connection

analog

connection

Panel

Computer

Sensor

41

The Future Big Question ??

Will energy storage negate (or decrease emphasis on) the need for demand response measures?

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Human Factor Considerations

• Thus far, development of smart grid, smart buildings has focused on larger industrial or commercial scale technologies

• But it is human beings who will interact and control this technology

• Smart grid concepts are also coming to developing countries as well, but without the evolutionary aspects as developed countries.

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Integrated Building-Human-Cyber Systems

Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Model Predictive Control for buildings with a smart grid

A supplement for, not replacement of, existing building energy management systems

ADDITIONAL HIGH-PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS FOR ENERGY AND BEYOND

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•Healthy but low energy buildings

•Future-proofing buildings

•Performance versus promise

•Monitoring and verification

High-Performance for Energy and Beyond

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• How to maintain “Environmental Health in Low Energy Buildings”? (theme of ASHRAE IAQ

conference in 2013)

– The saga of ventilation requirements over the years

– Can a building be “sick” in and of itself?

Is CO2 an Indoor Pollutant?

48

Fisk et al., ASHRAE Journal, March 2013

IAQ benefits are worth more than energy savings

• Value of the health and productivity of building occupants can be more than an order of magnitude greater than the cost of the energy consumed

• Annual energy cost: USD $10 - $30/m2

• Annual functional costs: USD $800 - $6000/m2

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• “Future proofing” if possible

– Changing climate

– Changing energy systems

– Changing demographics

Developing a High-Performance Building

Variation in Climate =Variation in Design

Map created by Waitak at en.wikipedia. Later version by Splette at en.wikipedia. File is licensed under the Creative Commons license 3.0

Design for the Future: Water

Source: National Center for Atmospheric Research52

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Two scenarios for 2020-2029 annual temperatures (change baseline = 1980-1999)

“Optimistic” IPCC B1

“Pessimistic” IPCC A2

What design cooling temperature to use?(These are only ~10 years in the future!)

Resiliency

54

• Becoming more important within society and the industry

• Growing need for resources to help designers make buildings more resilient so they can absorb, recover from and more successfully adapt to adverse events.

Performance versus Promise

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• In-depth post-occupancy surveys; lessons learned

• Engaging architects and policy makers to set consistent EUI targets

• Follow-up from buildings designed to high-performance standards or guidelines

– Which requirements / criteria worked?

– Which ones didn’t?

Monitoring, Measurement and Verification

• During building design process, you only can ensure the following:

– Tools are in place to do necessary monitoring (design for disaggregation and monitoring)

– Operational planning is done (what and how)“You can lead a horse to water… but can you make it drink? ”

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Thank you!

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• Comments, questions, concerns, advice …

Dr. Tom Lawrence, P.E., LEED®-AP

lawrence@engr.uga.edu