history of online journalism 2013

JOUR 5121: HISTORY & ETHICS OF JOURNALISM

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September 25, 2013Tim Currie | @tscurrie

Download this presentation: slideshare.net/tscurrie/history-of-online-journalism

Some themes borrowedfrom David Carlson, University of Florida

History of Online Journalism

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1963

• Ted Nelson, Harvard sociology student

• Formulates the concept of hypertext

TED NELSON / HYPERLAND.COM

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1965

• Nelson, now a sociology prof at Vassar College in upstate New York

• Gives a lecture which is covered in the student newspaper. The first print reference of “hypertext” appears, Feb. 3, 1965

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1969

• ARPANET computer network created by the U.S. Defense Department

• Goal: Design a computer network to withstand nuclear attack

• Decentralized system created under the basic assumption that parts of the network will fail

• Lays the foundation for the Internet as a medium that is controlled by no single entity

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1971

• A loop of “pages” broadcast on TV

• Not interactive, slow

• Service is limited to a few hundred available pages

• Slow

BBC patents a new technology… Teletext:

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1974The British Post Office’s Research Laboratory demonstrates the first Videotext service

• It’s truly interactive, supporting two-way communication

• You use your TV, hooked up to cable and a phone line

• You make entries using a keyboard, dedicated terminal or computer

• Better graphics than teletext; even photo display.

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1974Snapshot: Three competing technologies …

• Not interactive

• Slow

• But all you need is a TV and a decoder box

VideotextTeletext

• Interactive

• You need cable TV and an expensive subscription

• Interactive

• Very expensive

• Poorly networked

• Almost no one has one

Computers

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1975

Canada begins developing Telidon, an advanced videotext system

By 1979 is considered a world leader with advanced graphics technology

GOVERNMENT OF CANADA

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1975

GOVERNMENT OF CANADA GOVERNMENT OF CANADA

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1981-82First computer-baseddial-up servicesemerge Eg.:

• Compuserve• The Source• Prodigy

These are closedsystems — onlysubscribers haveaccess

EVAN AMOS / WIKIPEDIA BILBY / WIKIPEDIA

COMPUSERVE

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1981

Video:Internet News in 1981 (KRON TV report)

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1983-1988

• 1983: Time Magazine names the computer “Machine of the Year”

• 1985: Worldwide 22 nations are said to be involved in videotext and teletext

• 1986: Computers readily available in university computer labs, offices

• 1988: DARPA makes the Internet public

TIME

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1990

• Tim Berners-Lee creates Hypertext Markup Language

CERN

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1993

• January: 26 “reasonably reliable” servers exist on the World Wide Web, according to CERN

• August: Mosaic, the first graphical Web browser for Windows, is released by the University of Illinois.

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1993

• October: First journalism site on the Web is launched at the University of Florida. There now are about 200 web servers in the world

• Dec. 8: First article about the web appears in the New York Times

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1994

• Jan. 19: The first newspaper to regularly publish on the Web, the Palo Alto Weekly in California, begins twice-weekly postings of its full content

• April: The Yahoo “Internet index” is started by Stanford PhD candidates David Filo and Jerry Yang

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1994• June:

the first Canadian newspaper, the Halifax Daily Newsgoes online

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1995

April 19: Oklahoma City Bombing

The first major event in which people turn to the Internet for current information

PRESTON CHASTEEN / WIKIPEDIA

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1997• March 26: Heaven’s

Gate suicides

The Internet becomes part of a major news story when members of the Heaven’s Gate cult create a website before committing suicide

KTTV LOS ANGELES

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1997

Video:ABC News: March 26, 1997: Heaven's Gate Cult Suicide

Journalists point readers to their source material

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1997

• The Dallas Morning News online edition gets an exclusive that Timothy McVeigh has claimed responsibility for the Oklahoma City Bombing

• First time a mainstream news organization breaks a major story on its website -- not in its newspaper

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1998Jan. 19: Early reports of U.S. President Clinton’s involvement with White House intern Monica Lewinsky demonstrate how a small independent news site can seize a national news agenda

DEFENSE DEPT. / WIKIPEDIA

BOB MCNEELY / WIKIPEDIA

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1998

A media frenzy follows both online and in the traditional press

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1998September: Starr Report

A new relationship between politicians and the public – Starr bypasses the press and distributes a major political document online first

Kenneth StarrU.S. GOVERNMENT

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2000Mainstream news sites begin to involve their audience

Death of Pierre Trudeau: Canadians share their stories on news websites

GOVERNMENT OF CANADA

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2001

Sept. 11:

Online news operations stumble …

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2001

… then recover …

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2003

Classified listingsflee print ... and take money with them

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2003• Canada.com

moves to paid subscription model

• Breaking news is free

• Other content requires $$

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2003

• The dawn of citizen media

• Blogging software makes web publishing easy

• The “Baghdad Blogger” captivates the world

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2004

Bloggers lead the way in forcing CBS to retract its story on George W. Bush’s military service

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Bloggers beat the mainstream media to tsunami-ravaged South-East Asia …

2004

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2005

Mainstream media starts harnessing user-generated video

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News sites rush to establish citizen communities

2005

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2005

Major trend: “A growing number of news outlets are chasing relatively static or even shrinking audiences for news. One result of this is that most sectors of the news media are losing audience.

The only sectors seeing general audience growth today are online, ethnic and alternative media.”

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Participatory journalism advocate Dan Gillmor tries (and fails) to puthis emerging ideas into practice

2006

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2006

Web 2.0: The Collaborative Web

Time Magazine Personof the Year

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2007

Bloggers face greater legal scrutiny

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2007Citizen media grows in importance

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2007

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1. “Journalism is becoming a smaller part of people’s information mix”

2. “The signs are clearer that advertising works differently online than in older media. The consequence is that advertisers may not need journalism as they once did, particularly online.”

2007

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2007• September:

Journalism sites move away from subscription-based news

• Advertising is seen as the only workable funding model

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2009Use of citizen content is commonplace

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2009

“Power is shifting to the individual journalist and away, by degrees, from journalistic institutions."

MARK LUCKIE / GETLUCKIE.NET

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2010Experiments with mobile

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2011

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2012

“A more fundamental challenge that we identified last year has intensified — the extent to which technology intermediaries (Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple) now control the future of news.”

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2012

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2013

Instagram“arrives”