how did we get here?€¦ · taking off at universities all over the country, everyone is learning...
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How did we get here? Sputnik - 1957
President Eisenhower forms DARPA in Jan. 7th 1958 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Military and scienBsts form a new agency
History of the Internet Joseph C.R. Licklider Man-Computer Symbiosis (1960) Director of DARPA’s behavioral science office Conceived of interconnected computers He saw the importance of a standardized connection for computers He searched for top talent to work on an “Intergalactic Computer Network”. One of these programmers was Bob Taylor who used to go between 3 computers connected to three locations and none talked to each other. They weren’t cheap and he thought it would be much more efficient to have one that was networked with all.
History of the Internet Distributed Network
A distributed network was seen as a potenBal soluBon for a connected system of communicaBon by Paul Baran at the Rand Company (hired by the Air Force). It takes 5 years for Baran to convince his peers that this soluBon is the right methodological approach.
History of the Internet AT&T – interconnected the country phone lines by 1914. The telephone switching centers would be high value targets for soviet missiles in Cuba because they were so close to major ciBes One of the benefits of a distributed network, it provides redundancy for informaBon delivery in case one node goes down.
History of the Internet Donald Davies – a British Physicist working independently from Baran also concluded the distributed network is the correct choice Davies came up with the idea of packet switching breaking up data into smaller “electronic packets” that could be dispersed across the network.
History of the Internet ARPANET – project started in 1968 as a nuclear war proof network Advanced Research Projects Agency Network -‐ the first naBonwide interconnected computer network A need developed to share the research from various universiBes and research labs working on DARPA projects Fall of 1969 Stanford and UCLA had networked computers and by 1970: UCSB, University of Utah, MIT, Harvard and Carnegie Mellon. By 1981 it grows to 200 connecBons. Animated history of the internet h^ps://vimeo.com/2696386
History of the Internet Elements from the counterculture movement of the 1960’s conBnued to permeate in the computer culture of the 1970’s. Ideas like “free love” and communal living were related to ideas about free informaBon, equality, access, democracy and sharing.
Bell Laboratories https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFK6RG47bww
Transistor Unix C programming language
Bell Laboratories https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFK6RG47bww
Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson
Bell Laboratories Unix is an operating system that was created at Bell Labs from 1969 – 71.There are two key aspects of Unix that increased its popularity: 1. In 1972 it was rewritten in the C programming language. This made it easier to code than assembly language, and also made it hardware independent. So you don't have to rewrite the OS whenever you add it to different computers. 2. Because of an anti-trust case against AT&T they could not enter the computer business so they would give the OS away to whoever requested it. So universities, government agencies and companies could all have free software for their mainframes. When programming is taking off at universities all over the country, everyone is learning on Unix systems. All Apple computers, iPhones, iPads and Android OS use a Unix-like system under the hood.
History of the Internet 1972: Ray Tomlinson created the first practical email program and he invented the use of the @ symbol for email to designate the username and the location of the computer (ademirji@hunter.cuny.edu). The early rationale for the ARPANET was for time sharing of valuable, high-powered remote computing, but it was unexpected inventions like email that really exploded in popularity amongst their community by enabling networked participants to communicate.
History of the Internet 1976 Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn developed TCP/IP the content of the information inside the packet did not matter (whether it was text, image, etc…) the file was treated the same. Another feature of TCP was the verification of the file transfer. http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/aug/27/news.google
History of the Internet 1979 developed the Xmodem protocol that allowed computer users to transfer files without going through a host system. They distributed the technology for free to spread the capabilities with as many people as possible.
History of the Internet USENET – developed at the Univ of NC – a system that operated like a bulletin board between UNC and Duke and became a significant, highly trafficked discussion system. Politics, music and sex were popular topics on the bulletin board USENET was rewritten by Matt Glickman and Mark Horton and distributed more widely, increasing access to universities that were not previously excluded from the ARPANET. The USENET bulletin boards were given a prefix of “alt” to distinguish them from the military and computer science research.
History of the Internet The mid 1980’s the growth of the personal computer begins. The Apple Macintosh computer in 1984 is a breakthrough product.
History of the Internet Tom Jennings creates the Fidonet which was a BBS (bulletin board system) that enabled people of all sorts of interests and sub-cultures to communicate across the globe. It was very affordable and open and became an important way for countercultural groups to communicate in countries like Russia.
History of the Internet • NSFNET • Al Gore sponsored legislation to fund a
high-speed network using fiber-optic technology
• Shifted speeds from 56kbps (kilobits per second) to 1.5 Mbps (megabits per second)
• NSFNET replaces ARPANET giving 30 times more bandwidth
• Universities could daisy chain together to supercomputers
History of the Internet
Tim Berners-‐Lee
-‐ CERN creates HTML so all different types of computers and languages (DOS, UNIX, Apple) can access the Internet
-‐ Create HTTP (hypertext
transfer protocol)
-‐ Creates the URL (uniform resource locator) – this combines the informaBon on the applicaBon protocol and the computer address holding the requested info
-‐ CERN distributes the www sohware for free over the Internet
History of the Internet • March of 1989 Tim Berners-Lee while working at CERN he
circulates a paper making a persuasive argument for a graphical interface for requesting information from networked databases.
• After a year, CERN gave him the job to write the program, calling his work “the world wide web”.
• He created a system of hyperlinks that make a request to a server. A URL (uniform resource locator) address is determined by the server and sent back to the computer that requested it.
• The packets of data could be text, images, sound and video.
• CERN is a Center for Scientific Research based in Switzerland (it is not a for-profit company)
History of the Internet "Many systems are organised hierarchically. The CERNDOC documentaBon system is an example, as is the Unix file system, and the VMS/HELP system. A tree has the pracBcal advantage of giving every node a unique name. However, it does not allow the system to model the real world.” Tim Berners-‐Lee
History of the Internet
Tim Berners-‐Lee
"In a market economy, anybody can trade with anybody, and they don't have to go to a market square to do it. What they do need, however, are a few pracBces everyone has to agree to, such as the currency used for trade, and the rules of fair trading. The equivalent of rules for fair trading, on the Web, are the rules about what a URI means as an address, and the language the computer use -‐ HTTP -‐ whose rules define things like which one speaks first, and how they speak in turn."
History of the Internet
In the fall of 1993, Marc Andreessen a college student working part-‐Bme for $6.85 an hour at the NaBonal Center for Super Computer ApplicaBons (which had recently adopted the www) at the University of Illinois tried to give the web a more graphic media rich interface. He created the Mosaic web-‐browser and posted it for free.
History of the Internet • Jan. 1993 - Marc Andreesen releases the first version of
Mosaic
• Dec. 1994 – Netscape Navigator released – by 1996 it was the most popular web browser. By 2002 it was all but gone.
• Netscape’s demise was brought on by Internet Explorer and was a key example in the Microsoft antitrust trial – saying that Windows OS could not bundle IE with it because it is a monopolistic practice
History of the Internet
History of the Internet Animated history of the internet h^ps://vimeo.com/2696386
CharacterisBcs of Web 2.0 - http://www.oreilly.com/pub/a/web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html
-‐ “The bursBng of the dot-‐com bubble in the fall of 2001 marked a turning point for the web. Many people concluded that the web was overhyped, when in fact bubbles and consequent shakeouts appear to be a common feature of all technological revoluBons. Shakeouts typically mark the point at which an ascendant technology.” is ready to take its place at center stage. The pretenders are given the bum's rush, the real success stories show their strength, and there begins to be an understanding of what separates one from the other.” - Tim O’Reilly
CharacterisBcs of Web 2.0 - User-generated content, usability & interoperability Believers in web 2.0 will talk about the transformation of the web where users are allowed to interact and collaborate with each other using social media (not just static content on a site) Examples of web 2.0 site are Facebook, blogs, wikis, Youtube, Vimeo, Flickr Usability – a user centered focus in the interaction design Interoperability – a framework or system that allows other systems to access and utilize it. Ex. the # was not part of the original version of Twitter, it was added by a group of Many people are critical of the term Web 2.0 and consider it marketing jargon
CharacterisBcs of Web 2.0
The Internet and Democracy Over the last several years we’ve become very aware of the power and importance of the Internet and social media in social justice movements and citizen reporting like in Ferguson, MO.
The Internet and Democracy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mVR2rLLqYJw This is also important across the globe, from Neda Agha-‐Soltan in Iran to fomenBng revoluBon in Egypt.
The Internet and ExploitaBon What is the flip side of this empowering of democracy in social media?
The Internet and ExploitaBon The web has a dual nature of incredible potenBal for expanding democracy and infinite exploitaBon. It blurs the line between work and play, labor and leisure in unprecedented fashion.
The Internet and ExploitaBon “Because audience power is produced, sold, purchased and consumed, it commands a price and is a commodity.. You audience members contribute your unpaid work Bme and in exchange you receive the program material and the explicit adverBsements”. – Dallas Smythe “The difference between the audience commodity on tradiBonal mass media and on the Internet is that, in the la^er case, the users are also content producers; they engage in constant, ohen creaBve, acBvity, communicaBon, community building, and content producBon.” – ChrisBan Fuchs
The Internet and ExploitaBon “The waged employees who create social media online environments that are accessed by users produce part of the surplus value. The audience makes use of the plarorm for generaBng content that they upload (user-‐generated data). … Their products are user-‐generated data, personal data, and transacBon data about their browsing behavior and communicaBon behavior on corporate social media.” “Corporate social media sell the users’ data commodity to adverBsing clients at a price that is larger than the invested constant and variable capital. The surplus value contained in this commodity is partly created by the users and partly by the corporaBons’ employees. The difference is that the users are unpaid and therefore infinitely exploited.” – ChrisBan Fuchs
The Internet and ExploitaBon How is this patent first approach of Apple different from the spirit of the Bell Labs, CERN, etc…?
The Internet and ExploitaBon What is the way out of this infinite exploitaBon trap?
The Internet and ExploitaBon What is the way out of this infinite exploitaBon trap? “CommunicaBon is part of the commons of society. Denying humans the ability to communicate is like denying them the right to breathe fresh air; it undermines the condiBons of their survival. Therefore a communicaBve commons of society should be available without payment or other access requirement for all and should not be privately owned or controlled by a class.” – ChrisBan Fuchs Others, like Jaron Lanier have argued for a micropayment system. If your translaBon is used from English to Spanish of a text in Google Translate, then you should receive some small compensaBon each Bme it is used.
The Internet and ExploitaBon Together, how do we work towards a goal of communicaBve commons? This is one of the key quesBons of our Bme, how do we get the Internet with ciBzen’s interest in mind versus corporate interest.
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