How did we get here? Sputnik - 1957

President  Eisenhower  forms  DARPA  in  Jan.  7th  1958    Defense  Advanced  Research  Projects  Agency    Military  and  scienBsts  form  a  new  agency  

History of the Internet Joseph C.R. Licklider Man-Computer Symbiosis (1960) Director of DARPA’s behavioral science office Conceived of interconnected computers He saw the importance of a standardized connection for computers He searched for top talent to work on an “Intergalactic Computer Network”. One of these programmers was Bob Taylor who used to go between 3 computers connected to three locations and none talked to each other. They weren’t cheap and he thought it would be much more efficient to have one that was networked with all.

History of the Internet Distributed Network

A  distributed  network  was  seen  as  a  potenBal  soluBon  for  a  connected  system  of  communicaBon  by  Paul  Baran  at  the  Rand  Company  (hired  by  the  Air  Force).  It  takes  5  years  for  Baran  to  convince  his  peers  that  this  soluBon  is  the  right  methodological  approach.    

History of the Internet AT&T  –  interconnected  the  country  phone  lines  by  1914.  The  telephone  switching  centers  would  be  high  value  targets  for  soviet  missiles  in  Cuba  because  they  were  so  close  to  major  ciBes    One  of  the  benefits  of  a  distributed  network,  it  provides  redundancy  for  informaBon  delivery  in  case  one  node  goes  down.    

History of the Internet Donald Davies – a British Physicist working independently from Baran also concluded the distributed network is the correct choice Davies came up with the idea of packet switching breaking up data into smaller “electronic packets” that could be dispersed across the network.

History of the Internet    ARPANET  –  project  started  in  1968  as  a  nuclear  war  proof  network    Advanced  Research  Projects  Agency  Network    -­‐  the  first  naBonwide  interconnected  computer  network        A  need  developed  to  share  the  research  from  various  universiBes  and  research  labs  working  on  DARPA  projects      Fall  of  1969  Stanford  and  UCLA  had  networked  computers  and  by  1970:  UCSB,  University  of  Utah,  MIT,  Harvard  and  Carnegie  Mellon.  By  1981  it  grows  to  200  connecBons.      Animated  history  of  the  internet    h^ps://vimeo.com/2696386          

History of the Internet    Elements  from  the  counterculture  movement  of  the  1960’s  conBnued  to  permeate  in  the  computer  culture  of  the  1970’s.  Ideas  like  “free  love”  and  communal  living  were  related  to  ideas  about  free  informaBon,  equality,  access,  democracy  and  sharing.            

Bell  Laboratories  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFK6RG47bww

Transistor Unix C programming language

Bell  Laboratories  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFK6RG47bww

Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson

Bell  Laboratories  Unix is an operating system that was created at Bell Labs from 1969 – 71.There are two key aspects of Unix that increased its popularity: 1. In 1972 it was rewritten in the C programming language. This made it easier to code than assembly language, and also made it hardware independent. So you don't have to rewrite the OS whenever you add it to different computers. 2. Because of an anti-trust case against AT&T they could not enter the computer business so they would give the OS away to whoever requested it. So universities, government agencies and companies could all have free software for their mainframes. When programming is taking off at universities all over the country, everyone is learning on Unix systems. All Apple computers, iPhones, iPads and Android OS use a Unix-like system under the hood.

History of the Internet 1972: Ray Tomlinson created the first practical email program and he invented the use of the @ symbol for email to designate the username and the location of the computer (ademirji@hunter.cuny.edu). The early rationale for the ARPANET was for time sharing of valuable, high-powered remote computing, but it was unexpected inventions like email that really exploded in popularity amongst their community by enabling networked participants to communicate.  

History of the Internet 1976 Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn developed TCP/IP the content of the information inside the packet did not matter (whether it was text, image, etc…) the file was treated the same. Another feature of TCP was the verification of the file transfer. http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/aug/27/news.google  

History of the Internet 1979 developed the Xmodem protocol that allowed computer users to transfer files without going through a host system. They distributed the technology for free to spread the capabilities with as many people as possible.  

History of the Internet USENET – developed at the Univ of NC – a system that operated like a bulletin board between UNC and Duke and became a significant, highly trafficked discussion system. Politics, music and sex were popular topics on the bulletin board USENET was rewritten by Matt Glickman and Mark Horton and distributed more widely, increasing access to universities that were not previously excluded from the ARPANET. The USENET bulletin boards were given a prefix of “alt” to distinguish them from the military and computer science research.

History of the Internet The mid 1980’s the growth of the personal computer begins. The Apple Macintosh computer in 1984 is a breakthrough product.

History of the Internet Tom Jennings creates the Fidonet which was a BBS (bulletin board system) that enabled people of all sorts of interests and sub-cultures to communicate across the globe. It was very affordable and open and became an important way for countercultural groups to communicate in countries like Russia.

History  of  the  Internet  •  NSFNET •  Al Gore sponsored legislation to fund a

high-speed network using fiber-optic technology

•  Shifted speeds from 56kbps (kilobits per second) to 1.5 Mbps (megabits per second)

•  NSFNET replaces ARPANET giving 30 times more bandwidth

•  Universities could daisy chain together to supercomputers

History  of  the  Internet  

Tim  Berners-­‐Lee  

-­‐  CERN  creates  HTML  so  all  different  types  of  computers  and  languages  (DOS,  UNIX,  Apple)  can  access  the  Internet  

 -­‐  Create  HTTP  (hypertext  

transfer  protocol)    

-­‐  Creates  the  URL  (uniform  resource  locator)  –  this  combines  the  informaBon  on  the  applicaBon  protocol  and  the  computer  address  holding  the  requested  info    

-­‐  CERN  distributes  the  www  sohware  for  free  over  the  Internet  

 

History  of  the  Internet  •  March of 1989 Tim Berners-Lee while working at CERN he

circulates a paper making a persuasive argument for a graphical interface for requesting information from networked databases.

•  After a year, CERN gave him the job to write the program, calling his work “the world wide web”.

•  He created a system of hyperlinks that make a request to a server. A URL (uniform resource locator) address is determined by the server and sent back to the computer that requested it.

•  The packets of data could be text, images, sound and video.

•  CERN is a Center for Scientific Research based in Switzerland (it is not a for-profit company)

History  of  the  Internet  "Many  systems  are  organised  hierarchically.  The  CERNDOC  documentaBon  system  is  an  example,  as  is  the  Unix  file  system,  and  the  VMS/HELP  system.  A  tree  has  the  pracBcal  advantage  of  giving  every  node  a  unique  name.  However,  it  does  not  allow  the  system  to  model  the  real  world.”    Tim  Berners-­‐Lee    

History  of  the  Internet  

Tim  Berners-­‐Lee  

"In  a  market  economy,  anybody  can  trade  with  anybody,  and  they  don't  have  to  go  to  a  market  square  to  do  it.  What  they  do  need,  however,  are  a  few  pracBces  everyone  has  to  agree  to,  such  as  the  currency  used  for  trade,  and  the  rules  of  fair  trading.  The  equivalent  of  rules  for  fair  trading,  on  the  Web,  are  the  rules  about  what  a  URI  means  as  an  address,  and  the  language  the  computer  use  -­‐  HTTP  -­‐  whose  rules  define  things  like  which  one  speaks  first,  and  how  they  speak  in  turn."    

History  of  the  Internet  

In  the  fall  of  1993,  Marc    Andreessen  a  college  student  working  part-­‐Bme  for  $6.85  an  hour  at  the  NaBonal  Center  for  Super  Computer  ApplicaBons  (which  had  recently  adopted  the  www)  at  the  University  of  Illinois  tried  to  give  the  web  a  more  graphic  media  rich  interface.  He  created  the  Mosaic  web-­‐browser  and  posted  it  for  free.    

History  of  the  Internet  •  Jan. 1993 - Marc Andreesen releases the first version of

Mosaic

•  Dec. 1994 – Netscape Navigator released – by 1996 it was the most popular web browser. By 2002 it was all but gone.

•  Netscape’s demise was brought on by Internet Explorer and was a key example in the Microsoft antitrust trial – saying that Windows OS could not bundle IE with it because it is a monopolistic practice

History  of  the  Internet  

History of the Internet    Animated  history  of  the  internet    h^ps://vimeo.com/2696386      

CharacterisBcs  of  Web  2.0  -  http://www.oreilly.com/pub/a/web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html

-­‐  “The  bursBng  of  the  dot-­‐com  bubble  in  the  fall  of  2001  marked  a  turning  point  for  the  web.  Many  people  concluded  that  the  web  was  overhyped,  when  in  fact  bubbles  and  consequent  shakeouts  appear  to  be  a  common  feature  of  all  technological  revoluBons.  Shakeouts  typically  mark  the  point  at  which  an  ascendant  technology.”  is  ready  to  take  its  place  at  center  stage.  The  pretenders  are  given  the  bum's  rush,  the  real  success  stories  show  their  strength,  and  there  begins  to  be  an  understanding  of  what  separates  one  from  the  other.”   - Tim O’Reilly

CharacterisBcs  of  Web  2.0  -  User-generated content, usability & interoperability Believers in web 2.0 will talk about the transformation of the web where users are allowed to interact and collaborate with each other using social media (not just static content on a site) Examples of web 2.0 site are Facebook, blogs, wikis, Youtube, Vimeo, Flickr Usability – a user centered focus in the interaction design Interoperability – a framework or system that allows other systems to access and utilize it. Ex. the # was not part of the original version of Twitter, it was added by a group of Many people are critical of the term Web 2.0 and consider it marketing jargon

CharacterisBcs  of  Web  2.0  

The  Internet  and  Democracy  Over the last several years we’ve become very aware of the power and importance of the Internet and social media in social justice movements and citizen reporting like in Ferguson, MO.

The  Internet  and  Democracy  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mVR2rLLqYJw This  is  also  important  across  the  globe,  from  Neda  Agha-­‐Soltan  in  Iran  to  fomenBng  revoluBon  in  Egypt.    

The  Internet  and  ExploitaBon    What  is  the  flip  side  of  this  empowering  of  democracy  in  social  media?    

The  Internet  and  ExploitaBon    The  web  has  a  dual  nature  of  incredible  potenBal  for  expanding  democracy  and  infinite  exploitaBon.  It  blurs  the  line  between  work  and  play,  labor  and  leisure  in  unprecedented  fashion.    

The  Internet  and  ExploitaBon    “Because  audience  power  is  produced,  sold,  purchased  and  consumed,  it  commands  a  price  and  is  a  commodity..  You  audience  members  contribute  your  unpaid  work  Bme  and  in  exchange  you  receive  the  program  material  and  the  explicit  adverBsements”.  –  Dallas  Smythe    “The  difference  between  the  audience  commodity  on  tradiBonal  mass  media  and  on  the  Internet  is  that,  in  the  la^er  case,  the  users  are  also  content  producers;  they  engage  in  constant,  ohen  creaBve,  acBvity,  communicaBon,  community  building,  and  content  producBon.”  –  ChrisBan  Fuchs      

The  Internet  and  ExploitaBon    “The  waged  employees  who  create  social  media  online  environments  that  are  accessed  by  users  produce  part  of  the  surplus  value.  The  audience  makes  use  of  the  plarorm  for  generaBng  content  that  they  upload  (user-­‐generated  data).  …  Their  products  are  user-­‐generated  data,  personal  data,  and  transacBon  data  about  their  browsing  behavior  and  communicaBon  behavior  on  corporate  social  media.”        “Corporate  social  media  sell  the  users’  data  commodity  to  adverBsing  clients  at  a  price  that  is  larger  than  the  invested  constant  and  variable  capital.  The  surplus  value  contained  in  this  commodity  is  partly  created  by  the  users  and  partly  by  the  corporaBons’  employees.  The  difference  is  that  the  users  are  unpaid  and  therefore  infinitely  exploited.”  –  ChrisBan  Fuchs      

The  Internet  and  ExploitaBon    How  is  this  patent  first  approach  of  Apple  different  from  the  spirit  of  the  Bell  Labs,  CERN,  etc…?      

The  Internet  and  ExploitaBon    What  is  the  way  out  of  this  infinite  exploitaBon  trap?      

The  Internet  and  ExploitaBon    What  is  the  way  out  of  this  infinite  exploitaBon  trap?    “CommunicaBon  is  part  of  the  commons  of  society.  Denying  humans  the  ability  to  communicate  is  like  denying  them  the  right  to  breathe  fresh  air;  it  undermines  the  condiBons  of  their  survival.  Therefore  a  communicaBve  commons  of  society  should  be  available  without  payment  or  other  access  requirement  for  all  and  should  not  be  privately  owned  or  controlled  by  a  class.”  –  ChrisBan  Fuchs      Others,  like  Jaron  Lanier  have  argued  for  a  micropayment  system.  If  your  translaBon  is  used  from  English  to  Spanish  of  a  text  in  Google  Translate,  then  you  should  receive  some  small  compensaBon  each  Bme  it  is  used.          

The  Internet  and  ExploitaBon    Together,  how  do  we  work  towards  a  goal  of  communicaBve  commons?    This  is  one  of  the  key  quesBons  of  our  Bme,  how  do  we  get  the  Internet  with  ciBzen’s  interest  in  mind  versus  corporate  interest.