hum 2461 humanities of latin america sfc fall 2013 week 4
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Today’s AgendaDay 6
Week 4
• Attendance• CANVAS & HUM2461.wordpress.com• POPOL VUH
1. Notes and Interpretation • 1st Assignment Week 4: HW#1 &
HW#3 due on Tuesday, Sept. 10, 2013• Pop Quiz
CANVAS
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Pre-Classic: 3500 BCE – 353
Classic: 353 – 900
Post-Classic: 900 – 1523 (1697)
Reminder: Maya Periods
Mayas
* Mayan art
Terminology
religio
mythic stylization / realism
admiratio
horror vacui
Syncretism depending on period:
Early: noneLate: lots
"writing" (tz’ib’) +
"he who writes" (ah tz’ib’) _____________________________________
It is a description of the act of writing
Notes on Popol Vuh (1)
• 2500 BCE – 1550 CE: oral text• Myth: "gift of Quetzalcóatl to humans"• 353 CE: Mayas invent 365-day calendar• ca. 1550: Maya Quiché
– Diego Reynoso, town councilman– Santa Cruz Quiché, Guatemala
• ca. 1700: Fr. Francisco Ximénez – Spanish translation– Newberry Library, Chicago
Notes on Popol Vuh (1a)
• Three parts:• Part 1 9 chapters
• Part 2 14 chapters
• Part 3 5 chapters
• The oldest literary/religious printed work in Latin America (16th Century edition).
• Oral text (between 2500 B.C.E. and 1550 C.E.)
Notes on Popol Vuh
• Three parts:• Part 1 9 chapters
• Part 2 14 chapters
• Part 3 5 chapters
PART I CHAPTERS 1-9
Chapter 1 Just water. Creation of FLORA begins. Heart of Heaven are 3 gods: 1. Caculhá Huracán 2. Chipi Caculhá 3. Raxa-Caculhá.
Chapter 2 Creation of FAUNA begins. -- Forefathers give ROLES and MISSIONS to animals.
1st DESTRUCTION: FAUNA. THEN IT COMES 1st creation of man: made of mud.
2nd DESTRUCTION: mud man.THEN IT COMES 2nd creation of man: made of wood (tzité)
Chapter 3 3rd DESTRUCTION: wooden man.Chapter 4 VUCUB-CAQUIX reigned. Not face of SUN or MOON, JUST HIM.
Part 1:
Chapter 5 Hunahpú and Xbalanqué (the twin brothers) appeared. What learned VUCUB-CAQUIX is superficial, ambitious and egocentric. “not become vain”
Chapter 6 Description of the DESTRUCTION of Vucub-Caquix and his two sons: Zipacná and Cabracán. VUCUB-CAQUIX was injured by a discharge from Hun-Hunahpú's blowgun which struck him squarely in the jaw.
Chapter 7 Story about Zipacná and the four hundred boys.Chapter 8 Death of Zipacná.Chapter 9 Death of Cabracán “Lure him to where the sun rises”Birth of Hunahpú and Xbalanqué (the twin brothers).
Part 1:
Notes on Popol Vuh (1b)
• Religious (creation and gods).
• 4 Codex (books) found
1. The Paris Codex (1930s)
2. The Grolier Codex (1970s)
3. The Dresden Codex (1810, Alexander von Humbolt)
4. The Madrid Codex (Under possession of Juan de Tro y Ortolano in Madrid in 1866)
Notes on Popol Vuh (2)
•Retranslation into Maya Quiché• Opening 2 lines:
– Are, u xe 'oher tzih.– Varal K'iche, u bi.
• This is the root of the former word.• Here is Quiché by name.
Notes on Popol Vuh (3)
• Genre: near-heroic myth and history– no single hero– myth and history of a people (Quiché Maya)– origins to 1550
• Coherent literary work–order, scope, unity, episodes
• Popol Vuh: totality of the Maya Epoch
• Next Epoch: "Holy Cross"
Notes on Popol Vuh (4)
• 4 Mythic Cycles: 1st Cycle: wood "men" puppets (to line 820) 2nd Cycle: destruction of 7 Parrot & sons (l. 1674) 3rd Cycle: Hero twins become Sun & Moon (l. 4708) 4th Cycle: ½ of whole text (men learn to pray)
– first Fathers to present
– Heart of Heaven & Earth
• Quiché people in 4th creation• First Fathers, from corn by creator• Quiché: most powerful Maya in Guatemala in 1550• Modern Quiché call their language Cakchiquel• Quiché society: patriarchal, patrilineal, patrilocal• "God" in Quiché: Dios qahavixel• Public religious drama / private divination
Notes on Popol Vuh (5)
• Quiché (Yucatán, Aztec) calendar: sacred mystery• Quiché "count of days"
– 260 days (13 deified numbers x 20 days)
– Solar calendar: 18 months x 20 days) + 5
– year cycles only begin on 4 days (of 20 days)
– 13-year cycle x 4 beginning days = 52 years
Notes on Popol Vuh (6)
• Toltec / Aztec influence 900 – 1500– military & religious terms
• Place: Utatlán, Guatemala (sacred geography)– Rivers, mountains, highlands, volcanoes, valleys
– Quiché came from Tula (myth)
• Popol Vuh: chronicle of one lineage: Kaveks of Quiché• Pedro de Alvarado conquered Quichés 1524-1525
Notes on Popol Vuh (7)
Quetzalcóatl(968 – 1025)
968 Quetzalcóatl to Tulaarrived from eastlight skinred beard
priest-king became demi-god
monotheismcivilizationpeacedefeated by war priest-god
Quetzalcóatl968 Quetzalcóatl to Tula
defeated by war priest-god
1000 Quetzalcóatl from Tula to Chichén ItzáKukulkán (in Maya language)did same for Mayan capitaldefeated by war priest-god
1025 Quetzalcóatl from Chichén Itzá on boat sailed east promised to return
similar in Popol Vuh
Tezcatlipoca
Pre-Aztecs (English)3 Peoples
Olmecs (1400 BCE – 300 BCE)
teotihuacanos (100 BCE – 750)
Toltecs (900 – 1100)
Cuicuilco
Pre-Azteca (español)3 Pueblos
olmeca (1400 BCE – 300 BCE)
teotihuacanos (100 BCE – 750)
tolteca (900 – 1100)
Cuicuilco
Olmec civilization is the mother culture of Mesoamerica
Typical Olmeca Artifacts
A. Megalithic statues.
Helmeted heads.
Show a "masculine ideal.”
They have "oriental"-shaped eyes and a "jaguar" mouth, which is turned down at the corners.
B. Stone altars with bas-reliefs; tombs; boxes; jade carvings.
Cuicuilco (600 BCE – 100 BCE): 20,000Cuicuilco = “Place of Song / Many Colors”Cuicuilco
Ehécatl (god of wind)Huehuetéotl (old god / god of old age)
Xitle (100 BCE) Teotihuacán
Toltecs
900-1200 CE
Tula (North of Teotihuacan)
968: Topiltzin Quetzalcóatl
Atlantes (knight warriors)
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