if/then - eiu
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Chapter 4B: More Advanced PL/SQL Programming
© Abdou Illia MIS 4200 - Spring 2015
Monday 2/23/2015
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Lesson B Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to:• Create PL/SQL decision control structures• Use SQL queries in PL/SQL programs• Create loops in PL/SQL programs• Create PL/SQL tables and tables of records• Use cursors to retrieve database data into PL/SQL
programs• Use the exception section to handle errors in
PL/SQL programs
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IF/THEN• Decision control structures
– Alter order in which statements execute– Based on values of certain variables
• Syntax:IF condition THENcommands that execute if condition is TRUE;
END IF;• Condition
– Expression evaluates to TRUE or FALSE– If TRUE commands execute
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• Question: What two lines do you need to change to make the program display Today is not Friday when the current day is different than Friday?
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IF/THEN/ELSE• Syntax:
IF condition THEN
commands that execute if condition is TRUE;
ELSE
commands that execute if condition is FALSE;
END IF;
• Evaluates ELSE command if condition FALSE
Nested IF/THEN/ELSE• Placing one or more IF/THEN/ELSE statements
within program statements that execute after IF or ELSE command
• Important to properly indent program lines
IF/THEN/ELSE
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Nested IF/THEN/ELSE
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IF/ELSIF
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Logical Operators AND, OR, and NOT• Create complex expressions for decision control structure
condition• AND: Expressions on both sides of operator must be true
for combined expression to be TRUE• OR: Expressions on either side of operator must be true
for combined expression to be TRUE• Order of evaluation (precedence):
– NOT– AND– OR
• Parentheses can be used to override precedence and force the program to evaluate the OR first
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Using SQL Queries in PL/SQL Programs
• Use SQL action query– Put query or command in PL/SQL program
– Use same syntax as the syntax used to execute query or command in SQL*Plus
– Can use variables instead of literal values like ‘Tammy’• To specify data values INSERT INTO Student (s_first)
VALUES (curr_first_name);
WHERE s_first = curr_first_name;
Changing the values one by one and adding them to the table requires a lot of coding. What is the best way of handling this kind of repetitive job in programming?
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Loops• Systematically executes program statements
• Periodically evaluates exit condition to determine if loop should repeat or exit
• Pretest loop– Evaluates exit condition before any program
commands execute
• Posttest loop– Executes program commands before loop evaluates
exit condition for first time
• PL/SQL has 5 types of loop structures:– LOOP…EXIT - WHILE…LOOP
– LOOP…EXIT WHEN - Numeric FOR loop
– Cursor FOR loop
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The LOOP...EXIT Loop
• Pretest or posttest• Syntax:
CREATE TABLE count_table(counter NUMBER(2));
SQL statement LOOP[program statements]IF condition THENEXIT;
END IF;[additional program
statements]END LOOP;
Syntax
The LOOP...EXIT WHEN Loop
LOOPprogram statementsEXIT WHEN condition;
END LOOP;
Syntax (posttest loop)
The WHILE...LOOP
• WHILE…LOOP is a Pretest loop
WHILE condition LOOPprogram statements
END LOOP;
Syntax
Q: Why the SELECT * FROM count_table shows only counter 6 to 10?
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The Numeric FOR Loop• Does not require explicit counter increment
FOR counter_variable IN start_value .. end_valueLOOP
program statementsEND LOOP;
Syntax
Cursor
• A pointer to memory location on database server
• Used to: – Retrieve and manipulate database data in PL/SQL
programs
• Types:– Implicit cursor
– Explicit cursor
Implicit Cursors• Context area
– A memory location created by INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, or SELECT
– Contains information about query (# rows, etc.)
• Active set
– Set of data rows that query retrieves when a SELECT query is issued
• Implicit cursor
– A pointer to the context area
– Called so, because you do not need to write code to explicitly create the cursor or retrieve its values
– Used to assign output of SELECT query to PL/SQL program variables when query will return only one record*
* Error occurs if query returns no records or more than one record
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Implicit Cursors (continued)
• To retrieve data using implicit cursor in PL/SQL, you add an INTO clause to the SELECT query
• Syntax:SELECT field1, field2, ...
INTO variable1, variable2, ...
FROM table1, table2, ...
WHERE join_conditions
AND search_condition_to_retrieve_1_record;
• Variables must be declared in Declaration section
• Variables must have same data types as fields
• To avoid errors, %TYPE reference data type should be used
Implicit Cursors (continued)
Explicit Cursors
• Retrieve and display data in PL/SQL programs for query that might– Retrieve multiple records
– Return no records at all
• Must explicitly write the code to– Declare cursor
– Open cursor
– Fetch data rows
– Close cursor
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Explicit Cursors (continued)
• Declare explicit cursor syntax:– CURSOR cursor_name IS select_query;
• Open explicit cursor syntax:– OPEN cursor_name;
• Fetch values using LOOP…EXIT WHEN loop:LOOP
FETCH cursor_name INTO variable_name(s);
EXIT WHEN cursor_name%NOTFOUND;• Close cursor syntax:
– CLOSE cursor_name;
Note: When the cursor is declared, system doesn’t check errors in the query. It creates the memory structure to store the active set. The PL/SQL interpreter checks for error and interprets the query when opening the cursor
Q: At this point, what is the value for current_bldg_code?
The declared variable is used to retrieve the cursor content and to display
• Using %ROWTYPE variable to display explicit cursor values
Using a cursor and a single variable to retrieve multiple fields values
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Handling Runtime Errors in PL/SQL Programs
• Runtime errors– Occur when an exception (unwanted event) is raised
– Cause program to fail during execution
• Possible causes (exceptions):– Division by zero - inserting incompatible data
– Constraint violation - retrieving 0/several rows with implicit cursor
• Exception handling– Programmers place commands in EXCEPTION section
• Handle exception options– Correct error without notifying user of problem
– Inform user of error without taking corrective action
• After exception handler executes– Program ends
DECLAREvariable declarations
BEGINprogram statements
EXCEPTIONerror-handling statements
END;
• Handling error procedure depends the type of exception:– Predefined exception - undefined exception– User-defined exception
Predefined Exceptions• Most common errors that occur in programs
• PL/SQL language: – Assigns exception name
– Provides built-in exception handler for each predefined exception
• System automatically displays error message informing user of nature of problem
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Exception Handler Syntax• Can create exception handlers to display alternate
error messages
Using the WHEN OTHERS exception• The SQLERRM built-in function is used to handle other exception• To use the SQLERRM function, you must
– Declare a VARCHAR2 variable– Assign the declared variable the error’s text and code
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Undefined Exceptions
• Less common errors
• Do not have predefined names
• Must explicitly declare exception in program’s declaration section
• Associate new exception with specific Oracle error code
• Create exception handler in exception section – Using same syntax as for predefined exceptions
Example of undefined exception
Loc_id 60 doesn’t exist in LOCATION
• The ORA-02291 exception is not predefined.
• Need to explicitly declare the exception and write a handler
Creating an exception handlerDECLARE
e_exception_name EXCEPTION;PRAGMA EXCEPTION_UNIT(e_exception_name, -Oracle_error_code);
Syntax
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User-defined Exceptions
• Used to handle an exception that – Does not raise Oracle runtime error
– But requires exception handling to• Enforce business rules or
• Ensure integrity of database
• Example:– Internal Northwoods’ rule is “Users can delete row
from the ENROLLMENT table only if s_grade is NULL”
– Trying to delete a delete an ENROLLMENT row where the s_grade is not NULL will raise an exception that needs to be handled
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