ilma lexical+relations

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LEXICAL RELATIONS

Ilma Sagita

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Meaning and lexemes

(lexical items)

• Lexicon = repository of unpredictable information.

 – Pronunciation

 – Meaning

 – Grammatical category

 – (Linked to) encyclopedic knowledge, register,frequency.

 – … 

• We may think of this in terms of lexemes, insofaras kick , kicked , kicks, kicking have a predictablepart and an unpredictable part to their meaning.The dictionary/lexicon need list only (to) kick . 

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One “word” several

lexemes• bank 1 : side of a river.

• bank 2 : financial institution

• One word, (at least) two senses, two lexemes.

• The word bank is ambiguous—it could mean ‘bank1’,it could mean ‘bank2’. This is different fromvagueness, for example with large, small (Mickey is

large, Willy is a small ), or student  ( John, Mary ) withrespect to gender.

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Lexical Relation is a culturallyrecognize pattern of association

that exist between lexical unit inlanguage. It categorizes therelationship between words

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Types of

LexicalRelationship

•

Homonymy  • Polysemy  

• Hyponymy  

• Synonymy  

•  Antonymy  

•Meronymy  

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HOMONYMY

In linguistics, homonym is one of a group of words

that share the same spelling and the same

pronunciation but have different meanings, usually

as a result of the two words having different origins. 

The word “bank” in “river bank” and “Lloyd’s

 bank” are classified as two different words withseparate meanings even though they have the

same form.

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But both homophone and homograph

absolutely have different meaning

Homophone

• Identical

pronunciation

e.g

to  with  too

too  with two

Homograph

• Identical spelling

e.g

bear   with bear

tire  with tire 

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POLYSEMY

“Eye” is classified as one word with two different

meanings.This happens when the difference in meaning is

predictable or regular.

There is a core meaning from which the othermeanings (“eye” of a needle, “eye” of a 

tornado) can be predicted.

one word with two different

meanings

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HYPONYMY

Hyponymy is the relation of inclusion. A

hyponym includes the meaning of a more

 general words or we might know it as its

hypernym (superordinate).

The significance of hyponym is included in its

hypernym, also the meaning of the hypernym

is included in the meaning of the hyponym.

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HYPONYMY

Flower(hypernym)

Rose Orchid Jasmine

Rose, Orchid and Jasmine are the hyponyms

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SYNONYMY

• Synonyms are lexemes which have the same

meaning

• English has a lot of synonyms because its

vocabulary comes from different sources

(Anglo-Saxon, Latin, Greek, French)

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Do these pairs mean

the same thing?

• Salt and Sodium Chloride

• Deep and profound

• Freedom and liberty

• Govern and direct

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• Some words only occur in certain styles (saltand sodium chloride)

• Some words only occur in certain collocations(deep water but not profound water)

• Some words are emotionally stronger (e.g.freedom, not liberty)

• Some words overlap in meaning but are notidentical (e.g. govern and direct)

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ANTONYMY

• Gradable antonyms - these are capable of

comparison (e.g. wetter, very wet)

• Complementary (either or) antonyms - if one

applies the other does not (e.g. alive/dead)

• Converse antonyms - these are mutually

dependent; you cannot have one without the

other (e.g. wife/husband)

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Are these pairs the

same kind of opposite?alive 

dead 

big 

little 

buy  

sell 

clumsy  

dexterous 

dry  

wet 

first 

last 

happy  

sad 

husband 

wife 

large 

small 

married 

single 

over 

under 

hot 

cold 

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MERONYMY

It is a term used to describe a part-

whole relationship between lexical

items (single or group of words that

convey a single meaning).

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 How to identify

meronymy?• X is a meronym of Y if X is a part of Y, or Y has X

• Meronymy reflects hierarchical classifications inthe lexicon

The lexicon of a language is its vocabulary,including its words and expressions. In other

words, it is a language's inventory of lexemes.

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Meronymy Vs hyponymy

•

Hyponymy is always transitive, meaning that if an item is a partof a part, then that first item is part of the larger whole.Examples:hawk is a hyponym of bird, and bird is a hyponym of animal, sohawk is a hyponym of animal

• Meronymy may or may not be transitive.transitive example:nail is a meronym of finger, and finger of hand, we can say thatnail is a meronym of hand, for we can say hand has nails.Intransitive example:hole is a meronym of button, and button of shirt, but we can’tsay that hole is a meronym of shirt, for we can not say shirt hasholes.

• Formula to distinguish meronymy and hyponymy:Meronymy: oxygen is a part of  airHyponymy: Cheetah is a kind/a type of  cat 

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REFERENCES

Farmer, Ann K., & Demers, Richard A. (2001). A

Linguistics Workbook . London: MIT Press.

Crystal, David. (2008). A Dictionary of Linguisticsand Phonetics . Malden: Blackwell Publishing.

Yule, George. (2006). The Study of Language . New

York: Cambridge University Press.

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