ilma lexical+relations
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LEXICAL RELATIONS
Ilma Sagita
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Meaning and lexemes
(lexical items)
• Lexicon = repository of unpredictable information.
– Pronunciation
– Meaning
– Grammatical category
– (Linked to) encyclopedic knowledge, register,frequency.
– …
• We may think of this in terms of lexemes, insofaras kick , kicked , kicks, kicking have a predictablepart and an unpredictable part to their meaning.The dictionary/lexicon need list only (to) kick .
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One “word” several
lexemes• bank 1 : side of a river.
• bank 2 : financial institution
• One word, (at least) two senses, two lexemes.
• The word bank is ambiguous—it could mean ‘bank1’,it could mean ‘bank2’. This is different fromvagueness, for example with large, small (Mickey is
large, Willy is a small ), or student ( John, Mary ) withrespect to gender.
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Lexical Relation is a culturallyrecognize pattern of association
that exist between lexical unit inlanguage. It categorizes therelationship between words
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Types of
LexicalRelationship
•
Homonymy • Polysemy
• Hyponymy
• Synonymy
• Antonymy
•Meronymy
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HOMONYMY
In linguistics, homonym is one of a group of words
that share the same spelling and the same
pronunciation but have different meanings, usually
as a result of the two words having different origins.
The word “bank” in “river bank” and “Lloyd’s
bank” are classified as two different words withseparate meanings even though they have the
same form.
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But both homophone and homograph
absolutely have different meaning
Homophone
• Identical
pronunciation
e.g
to with too
too with two
Homograph
• Identical spelling
e.g
bear with bear
tire with tire
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POLYSEMY
“Eye” is classified as one word with two different
meanings.This happens when the difference in meaning is
predictable or regular.
There is a core meaning from which the othermeanings (“eye” of a needle, “eye” of a
tornado) can be predicted.
one word with two different
meanings
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HYPONYMY
Hyponymy is the relation of inclusion. A
hyponym includes the meaning of a more
general words or we might know it as its
hypernym (superordinate).
The significance of hyponym is included in its
hypernym, also the meaning of the hypernym
is included in the meaning of the hyponym.
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HYPONYMY
Flower(hypernym)
Rose Orchid Jasmine
Rose, Orchid and Jasmine are the hyponyms
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SYNONYMY
• Synonyms are lexemes which have the same
meaning
• English has a lot of synonyms because its
vocabulary comes from different sources
(Anglo-Saxon, Latin, Greek, French)
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Do these pairs mean
the same thing?
• Salt and Sodium Chloride
• Deep and profound
• Freedom and liberty
• Govern and direct
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• Some words only occur in certain styles (saltand sodium chloride)
• Some words only occur in certain collocations(deep water but not profound water)
• Some words are emotionally stronger (e.g.freedom, not liberty)
• Some words overlap in meaning but are notidentical (e.g. govern and direct)
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ANTONYMY
• Gradable antonyms - these are capable of
comparison (e.g. wetter, very wet)
• Complementary (either or) antonyms - if one
applies the other does not (e.g. alive/dead)
• Converse antonyms - these are mutually
dependent; you cannot have one without the
other (e.g. wife/husband)
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Are these pairs the
same kind of opposite?alive
dead
big
little
buy
sell
clumsy
dexterous
dry
wet
first
last
happy
sad
husband
wife
large
small
married
single
over
under
hot
cold
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MERONYMY
It is a term used to describe a part-
whole relationship between lexical
items (single or group of words that
convey a single meaning).
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How to identify
meronymy?• X is a meronym of Y if X is a part of Y, or Y has X
• Meronymy reflects hierarchical classifications inthe lexicon
The lexicon of a language is its vocabulary,including its words and expressions. In other
words, it is a language's inventory of lexemes.
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Meronymy Vs hyponymy
•
Hyponymy is always transitive, meaning that if an item is a partof a part, then that first item is part of the larger whole.Examples:hawk is a hyponym of bird, and bird is a hyponym of animal, sohawk is a hyponym of animal
• Meronymy may or may not be transitive.transitive example:nail is a meronym of finger, and finger of hand, we can say thatnail is a meronym of hand, for we can say hand has nails.Intransitive example:hole is a meronym of button, and button of shirt, but we can’tsay that hole is a meronym of shirt, for we can not say shirt hasholes.
• Formula to distinguish meronymy and hyponymy:Meronymy: oxygen is a part of airHyponymy: Cheetah is a kind/a type of cat
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REFERENCES
Farmer, Ann K., & Demers, Richard A. (2001). A
Linguistics Workbook . London: MIT Press.
Crystal, David. (2008). A Dictionary of Linguisticsand Phonetics . Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
Yule, George. (2006). The Study of Language . New
York: Cambridge University Press.
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