imc 451 week 4 - afma
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BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL
The term bib l iographic c ontro l refers to theoperation by which recorded information is organized
or arranged according to established standards and
thereby made readily identifiable and retrievable.
Indexing, classification and descriptive and subjectcataloguing are some of the activities involved in
bibliographic control. The most common too ls us ed
in bibliographic control are files or lists called
bib l iog raphic f i les or, if automated, bib l iographic
databases . Individual units of such files or
databases are called bib l iographic records .
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Definition
“The creation, development, organization,management and exploitation of records andinformation prepared to:
1. Describe items held in libraries or on databases
2. Facilitate user access to information”
(Harrod‟s Librarians‟ Glossary)`
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“A system for recording and describing library
materials in a catalogue or database, thereby
facilitating access to those materials in libraryor documentation centre; it contributes to
cultural and economic development by
helping to make information available”
(Winston Roberts and Ross Bourne, IFLA)
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“The operation or process by which recorded
information is organized or arranged andthereby made readily identifiable andretrievable. The term covers a range of
bibliographic activities, including completerecords of bibliographic items as published,standardization of bibliographic descriptionand provision of physical access throughconsortia, networks, or other cooperative
endeavors”
(Lois Mai Chan’s Cataloging andClassification: An Introduction)
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ANTIQUITY
DATE EVENTS
2000BC Sumerian tablet, one of the oldest lists of
books, found at Nippur. Sixty-two titles
are recorded on this tablet of which 24 are
titles of currently known literary works.
1500BC The Hittites recorded bibliographic information of
written works onto tablets. Their tablets included
colophons, a set of data at the end of a „document‟
that traced kinds of bibliographic data, such as
number of the tablet in a series, its, title, and the
name of the scribe.
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650BC The citizens in the city of Nineveh developed
a library that provided a collection that had a
systematic means of order and authenticity.
Greek civilization has contributed to the information of
the “main entry” concept, a western civilization
manifestation. Early Far Eastern societies and even
today designate a work‟s title as its main entry.
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MIDDLE AGES
In Europe, there were church and monasterylibraries. The demand for knowledge was not of great interest to the common man and woman.
8th Cent. Catalogs of library holdings during thisperiod were largely inventories of relatively small collections.
800-1200 There is evidence of very broad subjectarrangements. The categories wereusually two: Biblical and Humanistic.
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1300 At the end of the 13th century, a milestone in the
organization of information was attempted. The
Registrum Librorum Angliae, a union list of
holdings of English monastery libraries.
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EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE
1450 ca. The printing press was invented – creating anexplosion in publishing and duplicate copies of works. The vocation of “Bibliographer” became aby-product of the existence of the printing press.
1595 St. Martins Priory at Dover, the first listdesignated as a catalog. The catalog had 3sections of arrangement.
Part 1. Call number – located the exact location,
where a volume could be found.Part 2. Also arranged by call number. Containthe contents of each volume, with pagingand opening words.
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Part 3. Alphabetical listing by author and title and entriesof each volume found within a published work, called an
analytical entry.
1596 Andrew Maunsell, an English bookseller, compiled his
Catalog of English Printed Books that was prefaced withrules of entry. Maunsell introduced the entry of personal
names listed under surnames rather than forenames. This
concept helped to promote the early developments of
bibliographic control.
College libraries were just developing with very small
collections that were arranged in an inventory fashion.
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FROM INVENTORIES TO CODYFYING
DEVICES
1595 Konrad Gesner published an author bibliography. Included
was a preface that offered cross-references and variations
of names.
1596 Konrad Gesner published a subject index.
1791 Frederic Rostgaard published a discourse on cataloging in
which he called for subject arrangement subdivided
chronologically and by size of volume. Rostgaard alsopromoted a supplementary author index.
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1792 Following the French Revolution, theFrench government sent out instructions
for cataloging the collections of the
libraries that had been confiscated
throughout France. This marks the firstinstance of a national code. Libraries were
directed to make card catalogs – the first
instance of a card catalogs. The reverse
sides of playing cards were used as the
source for recording the information.
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PERIOD OF CODIFICATION
1831 Anthony Panizzi, a lawyer and political refugee from Italy
and an assistant librarian at the British Museum was a
strong advocate of cataloging and subject analysis.
Panizzi authored a cataloging code known as the “91
rules”. Panizzi is credited with the start of developing the“modern” theories of cataloging.
1850 Charles C. Jewett marked the introduction of the American
influence to cataloging and arrangement. Jewett build on
Panizzi‟s earlier efforts. Jewett is credited with developingrules for entry as they relate corporate authors.
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1876 Charles Cutter published his Rules for a PrintedDictionary Catalogue. Cutter‟s efforts placed
emphasis on establishing rules on filing entries.
Cutter was also the first to establish rules for
subject headings.
1876 Melvil Dewey, issued anonymously the first
edition of his classification. Dewey divided all
knowledge into ten main classes, with each of those divided again into ten division, and each of
those divided into ten sections. Dewey is a
landmark in the area of classification. Now in its
21st addition (DDC21).
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DESCRIPTION
In the twentieth century, the emphasis on description was rooted in
codes.
1941 The British and the Americans collaborated on a code in
1908. This collaboration was significant, because it servesas the first international cataloging code to be established.
1931 Americans and Italians collaborated to published the
Vatican Code. It was quickly accepted by catalogers in
many countries as the best and most complete code inexistence, but because it was written in Italian, most
Americans could not apply it.
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1941 The British and the Americans cooperated on
publishing a second edition to the volume that
was written in 1908. This code was written in two
parts: one for entry and heading, and one
for description.
1942 The Library of Congress (LC) Rules for
Descriptive Cataloging, served as a substitute to
the second part of the British and the American
effort.
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1949 The revisions, A.A.A Cataloging rules for Author and TitleEntries, were written after great criticism by Andrew Osbornin an article that he authored entitled “The Crisis inCataloging”
1967 The Americans and the British collaborated to establish the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules. Because there wasdisagreement on a few points, this work was published in twoseparate versions: North American and British.
1967 The presidents of the colleges and universities in the state of Ohio founded the Ohio College Library Center (OCLC) todevelop a computerized system in which the libraries of Ohioacademic institutions could share resources and reducecosts.
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1977 The International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) issued the InternationalStandard Bibliographic Description (ISBD),produced as a means for the internationalcommunication of bibliographic information. The
ISBD‟s objectives were to make records fromdifferent sources interchangeable, to facilitatetheir interpretation against language barriers, andto facilitate the conversion of such records tomachine-readable form.
1978 The Research Libraries Information Network(RLIN) was established to particularly to serveresearch libraries.
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1978 The AACR2 was published to accommodate thedevelopments established by the ISBD, to
address nonbook materials, to take into account
machine processing of bibliographic records,
and to reconcile the British and American texts.
1988 A revised edition of the AACR2 was published.
1998 The latest revised edition of the AACR2 waspublished.
2002 Current AACR edition (update 2005)
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