india’s swachhbharat mission - sanitation and...

India’s Swachh Bharat Mission 20th April 2017 || Washington D.C.

Parameswaran Iyer, Secretary to Government of India

Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation

India is implementing the biggest sanitation program in the world

550million 350million

NumberofpeopleinruralIndiapracticingopendefecation

SBMlaunchedon2nd Oct2014ODFIndiatobeachievedby2nd Oct,2019

October2014 April2017

SDG-6needsIndiatoachieveaSwachh Bharat

Why sanitation is critical for India

Sanitationsaveslives• Diarrheakillsover100,000childreneveryyearinIndia

• Equivalentto2jumbojetcrashesdaily

Nutritionandproductivity• Lackofsanitationleadstophysicalandcognitivestuntinginchildren

• Potentiallylessproductivefutureworkforce

Women’ssecurityanddignity• OpenDefecationaseriousthreattosafetyanddignityofwomen

• Holdingitintillitisdarkisalsoahealthissue

ItisestimatedthatlackofsanitationcostsIndiaover6%ofourGDP

Political will is driving the SBM

1986CRSP

1999 TotalSanitationCampaign

2012Nirmal BharatAbhiyan

2014SwachhBharatMission

PMhasmadeSBMthegovernment’sflagshipprogram

Largepublicinvestment:$20billionforSBMrural

BehaviourchangeandusageattheheartofSBMstrategy

Policyshiftfromoutputtooutcome:fromnumberoftoiletsconstructedtoODFvillages

FocusalsoonSolidandLiquidWasteManagementandSwachhta (cleanliness)

Swachh Bharat Mission Progress

SanitationCoveragegoneupfrom42%to64%sincelaunchofMission

190,000villagesand131districtsareODF

Sikkim,HimachalPradeshandKeralaareOpenDefecationFree

76%- 100%

0%- 50%

51%- 75%

Complete

Coverage:64%ODFdistricts:131ODFvillages:190,000

Key SBM Issues

Scale Complexity

Financing Sustainability

Key SBM Issues

Scale Complexity

Financing Sustainability

SBM in India: How big is the challenge?

• 30states• 677districts• 650,000villages• 1.25billionpeople• 550millionpracticedopendefecationatthestartofSBM

SBMisarguablythebiggestbehaviourchangecampaignever

Scaling up through Technology and Capacity strengthening

HalfamillionSwachhagrahis

• Attemptingtocreatearmyoftrainedgrassrootsmotivators– onepervillage

SwachhBharatPreraks

• 600YPs,oneperdistrict

Virtualclassrooms

• CAStrainingconductedthroughvirtualclassrooms

Knowledgeandlearning

• SwachhSangrah– KMportalconnectingalldistricts

Nationalevents

• SwachhShakti–Over6000womenvillageheadsaddressedbyPM

Leveragingsocialmedia

• WhatsApp• Twitter• Facebook

Key SBM Issues

Scale Complexity

Financing Sustainability

Complexity of Behavior ChangeUsageChallenges Someapproachesunder SwachhBharat

Culturaldiversityofthecountry

FlexibilitytoStates fordevelopinglocalsolutionstotacklelocalculturalandmindsetissues

Scarcity ofwater PipedwatersupplyonprioritytoODFvillages,ruralpan

Toiletsaresmall,dingyandclaustrophobic

HHs freeto designtheirowntoilets,e.g.inPunjab,bathingfacilitiesbeingaddedatowncost

Stigmaassociatedwithpit-emptying

Nationalcampaignontoilettechnology,includingcommunityleadersandcelebritiesemptyingpits

Womendon’thaveasay;Mendon’tfeelaneed

Campaignscelebratingwomenaschampions,notvictims;Campaignsfocusedonmenforbehaviourchange,e.g.Darwaza Bandh

Engaging all stakeholders • ClarioncallbythePMtomakeSBMajan andolan (people’smovement)• Community,notindividual,attheforefront– collectivebehaviorchange• Inter-personalcommunicationaswellasmassmedia• Involvingcelebritiesandinter-faithleaders

SwachhBharat

Communities

IconicPlaces

AllMinistriesofGoI

Stateanddistrict

PvtsectorSOEs

Faithleaders

DevtPartners

NGOs,CivilSociety

Making Sanitation “everyone’s business”

Key SBM Issues

Scale Complexity

Financing Sustainability

Large investment in Sanitation

Indiainvesting~$40billion*over4-5yearsinsanitationthroughgovernment,privatesectorandselffinancing

PublicfundingforRuralSanitation~$20billion

PublicfundingforUrbanSanitation~$10billion

OtherGovt funds• MNREGA($2.5billion)• AllMinistriesearmarkedfunds(~$1billion)forsanitationintheirbudgets

CorporateSector• Swachh BharatKosh:Received~$100million

• Corporateinvestmentinsanitation(~$5billion)

Self-financing• User&Communityfinancing

• SanitationlendingtoHHsthroughMicrofinance

*estimated

Leveraging Public Financing

• FederalSBM-GFundsallottedtoStatesonademand,performancecumcompetitivebasis

• MostStatesallotfundstodistrictsonaperformancecumneedbasis• IncentiveofRs.12,000(~$190)offeredtoover85millioneligible

householdstobuildanduseatoilet• CentralandstatebudgetsalsousedforIECandODFsustainability• Publicfundsalsoserveas“collateral”toleverageprivateanduser

financing

Addressing HH liquidity through micro-finance

Mappingdemandtosupply• Lastmiledistribution

throughlinkagewithgovt entitieslikeIndiaPost

• Over$100millionofsanitationloansalreadydisbursed–coverslessthan1%ofaddressablemarketpresently

• Tremendousopportunityforbanks,financialinstitutionsandbeneficiaries

Source: DalbergIndia

Inspiring examples of self-financing by citizens in rural India

Sushila Khurkute (Palghar,Maharashtra)• TribalwomanfromruralMaharashtra• Decidedtobuildherowntoilet.• Shecontinuouslydugapitfor3daysinrockyterrain• HergritanddeterminationmadeherthefaceofSwachh Bharatinherdistrict

Akkamma Sharanabasava (Kalaburagi district,Karnataka)• Soldhergoldjewelry,mortgagedherLICbondsandinvestedRs.96,000toconstructtoiletsnotjustforherselfbutalsoherneighbours

• AsanSHG,alsoranaruralsanitationmarttohelpothersincommunity• Constructed325toiletsin8months• Appointedmasonsandpurchasedconstructionmaterialinbulk

Examples of private sector financing

• Swachh BharatKosh hascollectedover$100millionthroughindividualsandinstitutions

• AllPSUsadvisedtospendatleast33%oftheirCSRfundsontheSwachhBharatMission

• TataTrustssponsoring600YPs,oneforeachdistrictinIndia,estimatedtocostover$10million

• “BanegaSwachh Bharat”– NationalmediacampaignbyprivatesectormediagiantsandFMCGbrands

• 90/100topcompanieswithlargestCSRspendshavecontributedtoSanitationwithmedianspendof$1million

Key SBM Issues

Scale Complexity

Financing Sustainability

Sustainability and usage - the prime focus • SuccessmetricisODFvillagesandnottoiletsconstructed– usageoftoiletsiskey• QualityofprocessfollowedforODFthroughCommunityApproachestoSanitation(CAS)• Detailedsustainabilityprotocolinplace,withmultiplechecksandbalances

Multipleverifications• EachODFvillageverifiedbythedistrictandODFdistrictisverifiedbytheState

• Centralindependentverificationsandevaluationstudies

Incentivizingsustainability• Partofstateallocationbasedonsustainabilityperformance

• Specialsustainabilityfunds

ContinuedIECpostODF• ContinuedIECandNigrani Samitisforatleast9monthspostdeclaration

ODFtoODF+• SLWMprojectsprioritizedinODFvillages

• PrioritypipedwatersupplytoODFvillages