infection control infection control unit-f unit-f

Infection ControlInfection ControlUNIT-FUNIT-F

Microorganisms orMicroorganisms orMicrobesMicrobes Small living organismsSmall living organisms Not visible to the naked eyeNot visible to the naked eye Microscope must be used to see themMicroscope must be used to see them Found everywhere in the Found everywhere in the

environmentenvironment Found on and in the human bodyFound on and in the human body Many are part of normal flora of bodyMany are part of normal flora of body May be beneficialMay be beneficial

MicroorganismsMicroorganisms

This consist of any organism that This consist of any organism that can be seen with the aid of a can be seen with the aid of a microscopemicroscope

Also known as microbeAlso known as microbe

Microbe ClassificationsMicrobe Classifications

BacteriaBacteria ProtozoaProtozoa Fungi Fungi Rickettsiae Rickettsiae Viruses Viruses

Pathogens• Also known as germs

• Disease producing organism

• At times, non-pathogens can become pathogenic when it is present in another body system.– Ex. E. Coli

Non-Pathogens

• Microorganisms that are part of the normal flora and are beneficial in maintaining certain body processes

BacteriaBacteria

Simple, one-celled organisms that Simple, one-celled organisms that multiply rapidlymultiply rapidly

Some are beneficial and some cause Some are beneficial and some cause diseasedisease

Classified by shape and arrangementClassified by shape and arrangement– Cocci- round or spherical in shapeCocci- round or spherical in shape– Bacilli- rod-shapedBacilli- rod-shaped– Spirilla- spiral or corkscrew in shapeSpirilla- spiral or corkscrew in shape

Flesh Eating Bacteria

• Necrotising fasciitis (NF)

• NF is a bacterial infection that attacks the soft tissue and the fascia which covers the muscles. NF can occur from minor trama but is usually related to surgery.

• The NF Bacteria is commonly called strep type A.

ProtozoaProtozoa

One-celled animals often found in One-celled animals often found in decayed materials and contaminated decayed materials and contaminated waterwater

May contain flagella, which allows May contain flagella, which allows better movementbetter movement

Some are pathogenic and cause Some are pathogenic and cause disease disease – Ex. Malaria, amebic dysentery Ex. Malaria, amebic dysentery

trichomonas, and African sleeping diseasetrichomonas, and African sleeping disease

FungiFungi

Simple, plantlike organisms that live Simple, plantlike organisms that live on dead organic matter.on dead organic matter.

Yeast and molds are two common Yeast and molds are two common forms that can be pathogenicforms that can be pathogenic

Cause diseasesCause diseases– Ex. Ring worm, athlete’s foot, thrush, Ex. Ring worm, athlete’s foot, thrush,

histopasmosis, and yeast vaginitishistopasmosis, and yeast vaginitis Cannot be killed by antibioticsCannot be killed by antibiotics

Fungus Cont.Fungus Cont.

Antifungal medications are Antifungal medications are available for pathogenic fungiavailable for pathogenic fungi– Must be taken internally for long Must be taken internally for long

periods of time and may cause liver periods of time and may cause liver damagedamage

Penicillium

Athletes Foot

Ring Worm

RickettsiaeRickettsiae

Micro parasite that lives within an Micro parasite that lives within an organismorganism

Commonly found in fleas, lice, Commonly found in fleas, lice, ticks, and mitesticks, and mites

Transmitted to humans by the Transmitted to humans by the bites of these insectsbites of these insects

RickettsiaeRickettsiae

Causes diseasesCauses diseases– Ex. Typhus fever and Rocky Ex. Typhus fever and Rocky

Mountain spotted feverMountain spotted fever Antibiotics are effective against Antibiotics are effective against

many different rickettsiaemany different rickettsiae

VirusesViruses

Lives on living cellsLives on living cells Smallest microorganismsSmallest microorganisms Visible only through electron Visible only through electron

microscope.microscope.

VirusesViruses

Visible only through electron Visible only through electron microscopemicroscope

Cannot reproduce unless they are Cannot reproduce unless they are inside another living cellinside another living cell

Spread human to human by blood Spread human to human by blood and other body secretions and other body secretions

VirusesViruses

Difficult to kill because they are Difficult to kill because they are resistant to many disinfectants resistant to many disinfectants and are not affected by antibioticsand are not affected by antibiotics

Causes diseasesCauses diseases

Hepatitis BHepatitis B

Hepatitis BHepatitis B

Also known as Serum hepatitisAlso known as Serum hepatitis Caused by HBV virus and is Caused by HBV virus and is

transmitted by blood, serum, and transmitted by blood, serum, and other body secretionsother body secretions

Affects the liver, leads to scarring Affects the liver, leads to scarring or destruction of liver cellsor destruction of liver cells

Life long infectionLife long infection Cirrhosis of liverCirrhosis of liver

Hepatitis CHepatitis C

Caused by HCV virusCaused by HCV virus Transmitted by blood and blood Transmitted by blood and blood

containing fluidscontaining fluids Referred to as ‘silent epidemic’Referred to as ‘silent epidemic’ Sometimes don’t experience Sometimes don’t experience

symptoms for decades after symptoms for decades after infectioninfection

No vaccination, unlike Hep BNo vaccination, unlike Hep B

AIDSAIDS

Acquired Immune Deficiency Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeSyndrome

Caused by the HIV virus (Human Caused by the HIV virus (Human immunodeficiency virus)immunodeficiency virus)

Suppresses immune systemSuppresses immune system Contracted by body fluidsContracted by body fluids

EndogenousEndogenous

Infection or disease originating Infection or disease originating within the bodywithin the body

Include metabolic disorders, Include metabolic disorders, congenital abnormalities, tumors, congenital abnormalities, tumors, and infections caused by and infections caused by microorganismsmicroorganisms

Exogenous

• Infection or disease originating outside of the body

• Include pathogenic organisms that invade body, radiation, chemical agents, trauma, electric shock, and temperature extremes

Aerobic

• Organisms that need oxygen to live.

Escherichia coli

Anaerobic

• Lives without oxygen.

• Facultative Bacteria

NoscomialNoscomial

Pertaining to or originating in a Pertaining to or originating in a health care facility such as a health care facility such as a hospitalhospital

Usually transmitted from health Usually transmitted from health care worker to the patientcare worker to the patient

Antibiotic-resistantAntibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus, pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, pseudomonas,

and enterococciand enterococci

OpportunisticOpportunistic

Infections that occur when bodies Infections that occur when bodies immune systems are weakimmune systems are weak

Do not usually occur within Do not usually occur within individuals with good immune individuals with good immune systemssystems– Ex. Kaposi’s sarcoma or neumocystis Ex. Kaposi’s sarcoma or neumocystis

cariniicarinii

AsepsisAsepsis

Being free from infectionBeing free from infection Any object or area that may Any object or area that may

contain pathogens is considered contain pathogens is considered to be contaminatedto be contaminated

Aseptic techniques are directed Aseptic techniques are directed toward maintaining cleanliness toward maintaining cleanliness and eliminating or preventing and eliminating or preventing contamination contamination

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Fungus

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Bacteria

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Protozoa

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Rickettsia

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Virus – Bird Flu