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8/8/2019 Influence of natural and artificial binders in feeds for Litopenaeus vannamei on digestibility and growth
1/5
September | October 2010
Feature title: Inuence o natural and artifcial binders in eeds orLitopenaeus vannamei on digestibility and growth
The International magazine or the aquaculture eed industry
International Aquafeed is published five times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis ofinformation published.Copyright 2009 Perendale Publishers L td. All rights reserved. No par t of this publication may be reproduced in any formor by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058
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8/8/2019 Influence of natural and artificial binders in feeds for Litopenaeus vannamei on digestibility and growth
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Shrimp are external masti-
cators, meaning that they
chew their feed outside their
mouth and will not ingest the
feed at once.
Shrimp prefer soft pellets. Typically, in
semi-intensive farming, shrimp feed pellets
will stay in the water for 15 - 60 minutes
before the shrimp consumes them, but they
can lie in water for several hours before
consumption. Feeds should remain water-
stable during this period.
Meanwhile, feed pellets swell by taking
up water which makes them soft.
Producing water stable feeds which
become soft by water uptake but don't fall
apart is a challenge for every shrimp feed
producer.
Untill now, most shrimp feeds are pel-
leted, and binders are widely used to obtain
good water stability. Binders generally form
a network through the feed pellet and hold
it together while it interferes with the
water.
The mostly used binders are urea-
formaldehyde, wheat gluten and gelatin.
Most binders are only functional once.
Gelatinised starch, wheat gluten and
urea-formaldehyde will not work once
heated and cooled down. Gelatin can be
heated and cooled down several times and
will keep its functionality.
Although urea-formaldehyde is for-
bidden in the EU, it is widely used in
Asia as a binder in both fish and shrimp
feeds. It facilitates the production of water
stable feeds, but producers are unaware
of the nutritional consequences of using
this binder. Dominy et al (2003) already
observed better growth with natural bind-
ers compared to synthetic binders.
Goal
The goals of this study was to determine
the influence of the inclusion of synthetic
by Eric De Muylder of CreveTec, Leon Claessens and Mekki Herizi of Aquaculture Farming Technology, Fanny Yasumaruand Daniel Lemos of LAM Aquaculture Laboratory, University of So Paulo and Geert van der Velden of Sonac BV
Influence of natural and artificial bindersin feeds for Litopenaeus vannamei on digestibility and growth
"The goal of this
study was to
determine the
influence of the
inclusion of
synthetic or
natural binders
in feeds on their
digestibility and
on the growth of
shrimp"
10 | InnaInal AquAFeed | September-ctober 2010 -
F: Binders
binders or natural binders on the digest-
ibility of the feeds growth of shrimp
Material and MethodsDiets - Three different diets were for-
mulated (see table). Feeds were pelleted on
a 2mm die.
ResultsL e a c h i n g
rate and water
uptake - Analysis
for leaching rates
and water uptake
were done at
the labora-
tory of CreveTec.
Leaching was done during one
hour in fresh water.
As could be expected
from previous results, the
inclusion of ureumformal-
dehyde reduces the water
uptake that in turn reduces
the leaching rate. The values
for the three diets are within
standards.
DigestibilityThe three samples of feed were analysed
for in vitro digestibility with the pH stat
method, as described by Lemos et al (2009).
DH values were used to predict protein
digestibility by separate models relating
ingredients or diet DH to in vivo digest-
ibility as verifiable in Lemos et al. (2009).
Feed samples with PPD (Predicted Protein
Digestibility) from 90.7 to 92.0% may be
considered of high to very high protein
digestibility diets.
Growth trialExperimental system - Shrimp were put
in 12 nets of 150 liters each. The nets were
submerged in a bigger tank, which is con-
nected to a biofloc reactor. Water quality
is maintained through bioflocs and is the
same in all nets. There were four replicates
for each diet.
ShrimpEach net was stocked with 25 shrimp
(Litopenaeus vannamei) of 12-13g each.
They were acclimatised in the nets during
Table 1: Composition of test diets
I ng re di en t Di et WG Di et PBP Di et U F
Corn gluten 11 11 12,5
Fish meal 20 20 20
Wheat flour 31 31 31
Pro-Bind Plus - 2 -
Wheat gluten 2 - -
Urea-formaldehyde - - 0,5
Other * 7,5 7,5 7,5
Crude protein 37,74 38,01 38,05
Crude lipid 8,61 8,66 8,63
Crude fibers 2,92 2,91 2,94
Ash content 6,44 6,48 6,47
* Canola, Soybean meal, Fish oil, Soybean lecithin,premix
Table 2: Leaching rate and water uptake of test diets
Sample Diet WG Diet PBP Diet UF
Wat er up ta ke 10 7,63 % 105 ,13 % 8 9,89 %
Leaching rate 7,75% 8,29% 6,75%
- September-ctober 2010 | InnaInal AquAFeed | 11
F: Binders
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8/8/2019 Influence of natural and artificial binders in feeds for Litopenaeus vannamei on digestibility and growth
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Formaldehyde was shown to react with
the amino group of the N-terminal amino
acid residue and the side-chains of arginine,
cysteine, histidine, lysine residues.
Therefore it is advisable to use nutrition-
al binders, with a high protein digestibility.
Gelatin-based binders are a good alter-
native to gluten and ureumformaldehyde.
Gelatin and gluten have the advantage of
being fully digestible and to contain real
proteins for the shrimp.
References
De Muylder E., Hans Hage & Geert van der
Velden, 2008
Binders: Gelatin as alternative for urea
formaldehyde and wheat gluten in the production
of water stable shrimp feeds. International
Aquafeed 2008, Volume 11 issue 2
De Muylder E., Carine van Vuure, Romain de Vargas
, Daan Delbare and Geer t van der Velden, 2008
Utilisation of hydrolyzed animal proteins and
gelatin as supplement in low fishmeal diets for
juvenile white shrimp
Aqua Culture Asia Pacific Volume 5 number 4
Dominy, W.G., J.J. Cody, J.H. Terpstra, L.G. Obaldo,
M.K. Chai, T.I. Takamori, B. Larsen & I.P. Forster,
2003. A Comparative Study of the Physical and
Biological Properties of Commercially-Available
Binders for Shrimp Feeds. Journal of Applied
Aquaculture. Vol 14(3/4) 81- 99.
Lemos, D. ; Lawrence, A. ; Siccardi, A. . 2009.
Prediction of apparent protein digestibility of
ingredients and diets by in vitro pH-stat degree of
protein hydrolysis with sp ecies-specific enzymes
for juvenile Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus
vannamei. Aquaculture, v. 295, p. 89-98.
was between
7.0 and 7.5.
All shrimp
showed good
growth (>1,5
g/week) during
the experiment.
The diet with
inclusion of
ureumformal-
dehyde showed
the lowest
growth, which
can be a results
of the lowerprotein digest-
ibility observed.
DiscussionThe inclusion of a synthetic binder
improves water stability and reduces
leaching.
This would result in a lower FCR. But at
the same time, this binder links to proteins
and reduces its digestibility.
This reduction in protein digestibility
results in a slightly s lower growth.
Ureaformaldehyde is a synthetic binder
with no nutritional value. It cannot be
digested by fish
or shrimp, instead
it adds nitrogen
(false proteins)
to the diet which
ends up like
ammonia in the
ponds.
In the process,
formaldehyde is
bound to the NH2 group of Urea to form
a polymer.
However, the formaldehyde can also
bind to other amine (NH2) groups in other
products such as melamine or amino acids.
Formaldehyde is a cross-linking agent to
inactivate, stabilise or immobilise proteins.
one week. They were then weighed and the
trial started. The shrimp trial lasted for five
weeks.
Measurements during trialAt the start and each week, the
shrimp were weighed together and
counted, to have the average weight and
total biomass. Feeding gift was adjusted
daily according to an expected growth
curve and average weight from last
measurement.
At the end of t he experiment, all shrimp
were weighed individually.
Water qualityDO was more than 6ppm at all times.
Temperature was between 27.5C and 28.0C.
Salinity was kept between 11.4 and 11.7ppt. pH
MoreinforMation
Mr. Geert van der Velden
Tel: + 31 499 364826
Mob: + 31 651 063301
Fax: + 31 499 373873
Email: geertvandervelden@sonac.biz
Table 4: Growth parameters of the shrimp during the experiment.
Diet Diet WG Diet PBP Diet UF
Initial ind. weight (g) 13,05 13,10 12,80
Final ind. weight (g) 21,28 22,23 21,17
Average growth (g/week) 1,88 1,91 1,86
FCR 1,56 1,26 1,34
Survival 77% 90% 92%
12 | InnaInal AquAFeed | September-ctober 2010
F: Feature
Table 3: Crude protein and in vitro digestibility of ingredients forLitopenaeus vannamei based on the degree of hydrolysis (DH%) byspecies proteolytic enzymes. Results expressed as mean (sd).
SampleCrude Protein
(%)*In vitro protein
hydrolysis (DH,%)Predicted protein
digestibility (%)**
Diet WG 37,20% 4,69 (0,10)a 91,9 (0,11)c
Diet PBP 37,80% 4,78 (0,15)a 92,0 (0,15)c
Diet UF 37,80% 3,89 (0,12)b 90,7 (0,22)d
* Determined by C, H, N autoanalyser, N x 6.25** Lemos et al. (2009
- Different superscripts among feed samples denote significant statisticaldifferences (P < 0.05, one way ANOVA)
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V OLUME 13 IS SUE 5 2010
Influence of natural andartificial binders
- in feedsfor Litopenaeusvannamei
on digestibility &growth
Ecobiol Aqua-the effectivesingle strain probiotic
A general overviewaquaculture in the EU
Abalone feed development
in South Africa
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