innovative design: the expanding use of wood in construction

EX101

June 20, 2013 – 10:30 AM

1 LU

Innovative Design: The Expanding Use of Wood in Construction

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Acknowledgements/Credits

Speaker: Cheryl Ciecko, AIA, LEED AP, GGP Midwest Regional Director- WoodWorks

This program is registered with AIA CES for continuing

professional education. As such, it does not include

content that may be deemed or construed to constitute

approval, sponsorship or endorsement by the AIA of any

method, product, service, enterprise or organization. The

statements expressed by speakers, panelists, and other

participants reflect their own views and do not

necessarily reflect the views or positions of The AIA or of

AIA components, or those of their respective officers,

directors, members, employees, or other organizations,

groups or individuals associated with them. Questions

related to specific products, publications, and services

may be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

Course Description

• After a prolonged emphasis on concrete and steel for non-residential buildings, design professionals are using wood to great effect in a growing number of commercial and multi-family building types. Innovative applications for wood today include retail, schools, healthcare facilities, churches, bridges, industrial facilities, offices, student housing and more. Some applications are driven by wood's aesthetic and warmth while others cite its versatility or low carbon footprint. Their collective path has been made possible by building codes that increasingly recognize wood's structural and performance capabilities, and the continued evolution in the science and engineering of wood building systems and techniques.

• This session will challenge preconceptions about wood construction, while offering innovative solutions to current problems and providing attendees with a comprehensive background to move forward with taller, larger and more innovative wood structures.

Course Description Continued 1. Why any material? Wood has been a sought-after material for centuries thanks to its

renewability, affordability, warmth and beauty. More recently, its carbon benefits in comparison to concrete and steel have placed it at the forefront of green building design. The speaker will discuss life cycle comparisons of wood versus other structural materials and how the use of wood reduces a building’s carbon footprint. Sustainable forestry will be examined, including a discussion of myths and facts. The session also will explore how wood performs in the areas of durability, fire and moisture.

2. Building codes: Learn how the International Building Code increased the possibilities for wood construction by recognizing additional fire protection techniques, consolidating the maximum allowable areas and heights from the three legacy codes into one and allowing the use of wood in a wider range of building types. The session will look even further to building projects that have pushed the boundaries of wood design and construction.

3. Innovation: From six-story mid-rise to 30-story wood composite structures to wood bridges with 100-year service lives, the world of wood today is an exciting display of creativity and invention. Innovative wood materials and building systems are reducing the carbon footprint of the built environment while allowing wood to reach new heights, create safe havens in seismic zones and maximize energy efficiency. The session will showcase diverse projects from around the world to demonstrate innovation and inspire collaboration of materials destined to influence building professionals for decades to come.

Learning Objectives

• At the end of this program, participants will be able to:

1. Recognize the benefits of wood materials through evaluation of all materials using Life Cycle Assessment methodology.

• 2. Challenge preconceptions and myths related to forestry and the use of wood materials use in terms of sustainability, moisture, durability, and fire, through historical and contemporary project examples.

• 3. Make use of provisions in the International Building Code that allow designers to increase the allowable heights and areas of building projects beyond the stated tabular limits.

• 4. Utilize innovative wood materials and hybrid wood, steel, and concrete building systems that are being developed around the world today through exposure to a variety of project case study examples.

Life Cycle Assessment

Sustainability

Why wood?

Why choose any material?

Sustainability

Life Cycle Assessment – 1960s

http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/std/lca/pdfs/600r06060.pdf

Consider system boundaries

Product Use

or

consumption

Raw

Materials

Acquisition

Materials

Manufacture

Product

Manufacture

Final

deposition;

incineration;

landfill; recycle

or reuse

Waste

out

Em

issio

ns o

ut E

nerg

y In

Em

issio

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ut E

nerg

y In

Em

issio

ns o

ut E

nerg

y In

Em

issio

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ut E

nerg

y In

Em

issio

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y In

Waste

out

Waste

out

Waste

out

Waste

out

Reuse & Recycle

From cradle to grave… or cradle to cradle.

Life Cycle Assessment

BEES 4.0 • Developed by NIST –

National Institute of Science & Technology U.S. Dept. of Commerce

Life Cycle Assessment Tools

*Products

http://www.bfrl.nist.gov/oae/software/bees/

Referenced calculators:

Athena Impact Estimator Athena EcoCalulator

GaBi

SimaPro

Life Cycle Assessment Tools - Assemblies

LEED v2009 – Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment

LEED v4 – Building Life-Cycle Impact Reduction

Green Globes

Requirements for LCA: ISO 14040

Requirements for EPDs: ISO 14025

Report LCA data…

GHG Emissions Water Pollution Acid Rain Resource Depletion Energy Use Solid Waste

The next wave of ‘eco-labeling’….

Environmental Facts

Environmental Product Declarations

Environmental Product Declarations

Resources Acid rain

Water Climate chg Air

Life Cycle Assessment – Steel

www.steel.org

Life Cycle Assessment – Concrete

www.cement.org/basics/howmade.asps

Life Cycle Assessment – Wood

Material

Net Carbon Emissions

(kg C/metric ton)

Net Carbon Emissions Including Carbon Storage

Within Material (kg C/metric ton)

Framing lumber 50 -457

Medium density fiberboard (virgin fiber)

100 -382

Brick 80 80

Glass 150 150

Recycled steel (100% from scrap)

210 210

Concrete 240 240

Concrete block 264 264

Recycled aluminum (100% recycled content)

300 300

Steel (virgin) 660 660

Plastic 580 237

Aluminum (virgin) 4,260 4,260

Source: USEPA (2006). Values are based on life cycle assessment and include gathering and processing of raw materials, primary and secondary processing, and transportation. A carbon content of 49% is assumed for wood.

Net Carbon Emissions

Carbon Absorbed and Sequestered

Wood Products Store Carbon – 50%

New Genesis Apartments Los Angeles, CA

Killefer Flammang Architects Photos: naturallywood.com,

KC Kim, GB Construction

Volume of wood used 3,088 m3

Carbon sequestered and stored (CO2e)

2,340 metric tons

Avoided greenhouse gases (CO2e)

4,970 metric tons

Total potential carbon benefit (CO2e)

7,310 metric tons

Library Square

Kamloops, BC JM Architecture

Carbon savings from the choice of wood in this one building are equivalent to:

1,390 passenger vehicles off road for a year

Enough energy to operate 62 homes for 100 years

What is makes a forest sustainable?

Challenge preconceptions…Forests

Is this sustainable forest management?

Forestry Practices

Clear-cutting

Deforestation

Scientific practice to

accelerate forest

regeneration.

1940

1945 (+ 5 years )

1950 1950 (+ 10 years )

1955 1955 (+ 15 years )

1961 1961 (+ 21 years )

1971 1971 (+ 31 years )

1974 1974 (+ 34 years )

Photos:

Dovetail Partners

Natural Disruptions – Fire, Wind, Insects

Mountain Pine Beetle Epidemic

Glacier National Park 2011

Richmond Oval – Vancouver Olympics

Architects: Cannon Design Engineer: Fast & Epp Builder: StructureCraft

Deforestation

Cattle Ranching 65-70%

Agriculture 25-35%

Logging 2-3%

Causes - Brazilian Amazon 2000-2005

Sustainable Forest Certification

Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom ,United States

FSC PEFC Forest Stewardship

Council Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification

Sustainable Forest Certification

FSC PEFC Forest Stewardship

Council Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification

SFI CSA ATFS

Inclusive vs. Exclusive

LEED

FSC only

LCA NOT considered

Wood NOT renewable

LEED Accredited professional

required for entire process

Expensive

GREEN GLOBES

FSC, CSA, SFI, ATFS

LCA

Wood is renewable

Web Based, accessible format

Inexpensive

ANSI Standard (2009)

Commercial Green Building

Rating Systems

GREEN GLOBES

FSC PEFC

ATF

CSA

SFI

LEED U.S.

FSC FSC

BREEAM

FSC PEFC

SFI

ATF

CSA

USGBC is the ONLY certifier in the WORLD that does NOT accept PEFC

Note: Standards endorsed by PEFC include those in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States (SFI and ATFS).

103 global ha certified to

FSC

210 global ha certified to

PEFC

PEFC North America (66%)

FSC North America (35%)

World-Wide Sustainable Forestry

Certified Forests around the World

Deforestation in the U.S.?

7% Hydro

3% Renewables

2009 Electric Sector Generation

M

“Dryers help protect the environment. They save trees from being used…”

Think About the Messages…

Biophilia

What is the difference between a ‘philia’ and a ‘phobia’?

“The connections that human beings subconsciously seek with

the rest of life”

Biophilia = “love of living systems”

Is there an emotional connection…

when people see and touch wood?

Study: Wood and Health

Herrington Recovery Center Wisconsin Architect: TWP Architecture Photo: Curtis Waltz

Wood in Schools

Rosa Parks Elementary School Washington

Architect: Mahlum Architects Photo: Benjamin Benschneider

Challenge preconceptions …Moisture

Moisture

What building materials are immune to moisture damage or mold?

Moisture Damage

What material is mold-proof?

Dust/Dirt Moisture + = Mold

Challenge preconceptions…Durability

Durability

Do structural materials impact durability & useful life?

Fulton County Stadium, Atlanta, GA

1965-

Horyuji Temple, Ikaruga, Nara, Japan 607-711

12th Century, 1374, 1603

Materials = Long Life Span?

500+ years!

32 years!

1997

Prentice Women’s Hospital - Chicago

Architect: Bertrand Goldberg 1975 Useful life: 37 years???

Built - 1915

Many Glacier Hotel, Montana

1915 - ?

Many Glacier Hotel Glacier National Park, MT Architect: McMahon,Thomas D.; Et al. Photos: Cheryl Ciecko

Five-Story Wood Structure

Built 1906 500,000 s.f.

Butler Brothers Building – 9 Stories

Butler Square today…

St. Louis, MO Architect: Harry W. Jones Renovated 1974

Structural System = Long Useful Life?

• No Relationship!

Reasons for demolition

•Changing Land values

•Lack of suitability

•Lack of maintenance

http://www.cwc.ca/NR/rdonlyres/67D42613-BF5D-4573-BD43-C430B0B72C08/0/Service_Life_E.pdf

Challenge preconceptions... Fire

Sustainability

Moisture

Durability

Fire

Performance in Fire

http://www.awc.org/pdf/tr10.pdf

CHAR !

Char protects the inner core.

Cold wood

Cold wood

Heated wood Char Layer

Timber Fire Design

Fire Resistive Construction Resources

• AITC Technical Note 7

http://www.aitc-glulam.org

• AWC Technical Report 10 http://www.awc.org/pdf/tr10.pdf

IBC Provisions influence wood use

How high can you build with wood?

4 stories wood – Type V

4 stories of residential over podium (parking or retail)

• 60-80 units/acre

Inman Park Condos, Atlanta, GA Davis & Church

• Sprinkler systems

• Fire walls

• Mezzanines

• Fire-resistive materials

• Concrete Podium

5+ Stories with wood – Type IIIA

Marselle Seattle, WA Architect: PB Architects Photo: Matt Todd

Increased Opportunities

Marselle Seattle, WA Architect: PB Architects Photo: Matt Todd

Mezzanine + $250K Increased value +$1M

New Materials = Taller Wood Buildings

Bridport House, UK Karakusevic Carson Architects

Stadthaus, UK Andrew Waugh Architects

Alternative Means Engineered Solution Heavy Timber.

Cross Laminated Timber (CLT)

Photos: by FPInnovations

How does CLT work?

Nine Story Building in UK

Saved 23 weeks

Sustainable?

Stadthaus London

Andrew Waugh Architects

Carbon storage = 210 years of 10% reduction in CO2

Forté

Melbourne Victoria Harbour at Docklands

Melbourne, Australia Architect and rendering: Lend Lease

10-Story CLT building

– 10 stories

• ANSI/APA PRG 320 2012

• IBC 2015

CLT Codes and Standards

www.masstimber.com

Innovation & Collaboration…

Sentinal Structures

Credit Valley Hospital Prairie Island, MN

Credit Valley Hospital Convention Ctr, Vancouver

Using wood materials in new ways…

Prairie Island, MN

Recreational Facilities

Percy Norman Aquatic Centre Vancouver, BC Architect: Hughes Condon Marler LEED Gold

Solemar Saltwater Baths Bad Durreim, Germany

Aquatic Facilities

Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre Thunder Bay, ON Architect: Salter Farrow Pilon Architect Inc. Photo: Peter Sellar

Healthcare

Carlo Fidani Peel Regional Cancer Centre

Mississauga, ON Architect: Farrow Partnership

Atlanta, GA Architect: Perkins & Will Photo: Jim Roof Creative Photography

Willson Hospice House

Cultural Facilities

Blue Ridge Parkway Destination Center Asheville, NC Architect: Lord, Aeck & Sargent Architects Photos: Jonathan Hillyer LEED Gold

Washington, DC Architect: Bing Thom Architects Structural engineer: Fast+Epp Fabricator: StructureCraft Builders Washington, D.C.

Arena Stage at the Mead Center

Jackson Hole International Airport Jackson, WY

Architect: Gensler Photo: Cheryl Ciecko

Transportation

Building Size: 115,578 s.f. Const. Cost: $30.6 million Photo: Cheryl Ciecko LEED Silver

Jackson Hole International Airport

Fentress Architects Denver, CO

Raleigh Durham International Airport

Raleigh, NC Architect: Fentress Architects

Engineers: Stewart Engineering, Inc. ARUP Engineering

Layton Petro Mart

Greenfield, WI Architect and photo: Arquitectura, Inc

Unreinforced (0%) 1% GFRP 2% GFRP 3% GFRP

6.75" x 52-1/2" DF with 6.75" x 0.525" GFRP on tension face

6.75" x 45" DF with 6.75" x 0.9" GFRP on tension face

6.75" x 43-1/2" DF with 6.75" x 1.3" GFRP on tension face 6.75" x 66" DF

Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Glulam

AEWC

• Tension reinforced glulam

• FRP reinforced shear walls

• Blast resistant technology

Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP)

FRP use in Blast Resistant testing

Blast Testing Results

Before

After

AEWC

•Moment connections for Heavy Timber

•Rapid erection

•Light weight

•Light carbon footprint

•Earthquake resistant

Post Tension Glulam

Glulam with LVL Tension Lamination

LVL Tension Lam

•Full length- no finger joints

•Greater tensile strength = 3000 psi

•Glulam floor beams – EWS C415 & Y117

•Glulam design properties and layup combinations – EWS Y117

University & School Facilities

Bethel University Arden Hills, MN

Roosevelt University California

$40,000 savings for gym roof structure $2.7 million savings due to use of wood framing

El Dorado High School El Dorado, AR

Architect: CADM Architecture Photos: Dennis Ivy

Inspirational Projects

Oakland, CA

Cathedral of Christ the Light Oakland, CA Architects: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Architects & Engineers Kendall Heaton Architects

Cathedral of Christ the Light

• 110 feet tall

• Designed for 1000 yr. earthquake event

• Building life of 300 years

Belmont Abbey College Chapel

WGM Design, Inc. Lancaster County Timber Frame

Belmont, NC Architect: WGM Design, Inc.

Photos: Tim Buchman

Industrial

Panelized Roofs

Construction Savings:

• Batt insulation Savings

• Construction detail savings

• Construction Time savings

• Safer construction

Photo: Panelized Structures

Panelized Roofs

Photos: Jerry Gregg, Hilbers Inc.

What is Next?! .. Wood Skyscraper

20-Stories- CLT Building in Norway…

Sky is the limit!

The Case for Tall Wood Buildings

Mass Timber – 30 stories

Architect: Michael Green

Engineer: Eric Karsh

concrete jointed timber frame”

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill – Chicago Research

“Concrete jointed timber frame” Reduces carbon footprint by 60-75%

Prototype: 395 ft. tall/ 42 story

Images: SOM

45450 kg

Sequesters 1 ton of GHGs

45450 kg -22% size Generated

2 tons of GHGs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHbD_X456BA

Wood Cube vs. Concrete Cube

• Cost

• Faster construction time

• Easy to work with

• Aesthetics

• Sustainability

• Carbon

• Renewable

The benefits of using wood…

Renewable & provides

assurance of Environmental Responsibility regarding

production.

WOOD is the ONLY material:

The Future???

Contact Information

Cheryl A. Ciecko, AIA WoodWorks

Twitter: @Inspiredarcht

Cheryl@woodworks.org

ReThink Wood Booth #1542 - Wood Pavilion

Thank you!