interviewing for research
Post on 03-Jun-2018
218 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
1/40
Interviews
Steinar Kvale, Svend Brinkmann,
InterViews: Learning the Craft of
Qualitative Research Interviewing.
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
2/40
The Interview
Interviewer Interviewee
Interview
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
3/40
Interviews
Unstructured
Structured
Semi-structured
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
4/40
Interviews
Unstructured Interviews
Researcher has a small set of self-
prompts to help investigate the researchquestion, but questions are not fixed.One question can lead to a number offollow-up questions depending on the
response. They tend to be more likeconversations than interviews.
Useful when exploring a new area.
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
5/40
Interviews
Structured Interviews
The questions are fixed and
predetermined as is the sequence ofquestions. No new questions can beadded during interview, and questionsare given to interviewee (generally
several days) before the interview begins. A lot of senior managers prefer time to
prepare their answers.
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
6/40
Interviews
Semi-Structured Interviews
Some interview questions are fully
decided, whereas others might not befixed. The researcher has leeway inasking follow-up questions.
This is the ideal compromise, it gives a
structure to the interview, but also givesflexibility.
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
7/40
Kvales Seven Stages
1 Themazing
2 Designing
3 Interviewing
4 Transcribing
5 Analyzing
6 Verifying
7 Reporting
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
8/40
Kvales Seven Stages
1. Themazing
What is the theme of the interview?
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
9/40
Kvales Seven Stages
1. Themazing
What is the theme of the interview?
Its your Research Question
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
10/40
Kvales Seven Stages
2. Designing
How will the intended knowledge beobtained?
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
11/40
Kvales Seven Stages
2. Designing
How will the intended knowledge beobtained?
Design your Interview Questions
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
12/40
Interview Questions
IntroductoryQuestions Warm up questions
FollowupQuestions Listen for Red Lights
Probing Questions Unlimited scope
question
SpecifyingQuestions Exact information
Direct Questions Introducing a new topic
Indirect Questions Projective questions
StructuringQuestions Transitioning to new
topics
InterpretingQuestion Clarifying questions
Silences
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
13/40
Kvales Seven Stages
3. Interviewing
Conduct the interviews carefully
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
14/40
Interviews
Establish a rapport
Treat interviewees with respect
Think about your appearance
Think about body language
Maintain firm eye contact Dont Invade their space
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
15/40
Interviews
How are you going to record?
Tape recorder
Pen and papermust be verbatim
Video recorder
But whichever you use, you must do a
verbatim recording of the interview,both questions and answers.
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
16/40
Kvales Seven Stages
4. Transcribing
Converting interview into written text
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
17/40
Kvales Seven Stages
4. Transcribing
Converting interview into written text
Must include everything said. Can be inappendix of thesis or on a CD.
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
18/40
Kvales Seven Stages
5. Analyzing
Based on the appropriate type ofinvestigation
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
19/40
Simple Analysis
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
20/40
Analysing Text
Faced with the lack of organisation of data
and the sheer amount of rambling can be
somewhat overwhelming With the best will in the world about trying to
avoid bias, when there is multiple
interpretations of data, selecting the one that
best matches your research questionbecomes very tempting.
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
21/40
Simple Tabulation
Interviewee Money Fame Power Social Fulfilment Other
Person 1 15 6 4 0 1 38
Person 2 5 3 6 5 4 27
Person 3 1 0 3 12 21 46
.....
..
.....
..
.....
..
.....
..
.....
..
.....
..
.....
..
Reasons for Choosing a career
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
22/40
Choosing categories
Use ones from the literature
They will have validated the categories,
and you will have something to comparewith.
Use categories connected with your
research question Derive categories from data
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
23/40
Deriving Categories
Verbatim Analysis Compatible with Windows Windows-Compatible
Knowledge management Knowledge engineering
Gist Analysis Compatible with Windows == Windows-Compatible
Knowledge management == Knowledge engineering
Superordinate Analysis Derive superclasses If one interviewee mentions Windows-Compatible and
another one interviewee mentions Linux-Compatible, youcan derive a category of Compatibility
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
24/40
How to analyse?
Colour Coding
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
25/40
Advanced Analysis
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
26/40
Meaning Analysis
Meaning Coding
Adding tags or keywords to text
segments that represent the main themesof the interviews
Meaning Condensation
Summarising larger sentences into short,
simple sentences. Meaning Interpretation
Adding more details, background and
context to specific parts of the interview
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
27/40
Language Analysis
Linguistical Analysis Looking at the linguistics and grammar
Conversation Analysis Treating the interview as a conversation
Narrative Analysis Treating the interview as a story
Discourse Analysis
Try to evaluate the truth of the responses Deconstruction
Taking the interview apart and putting together again
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
28/40
Eclectic Analysis
Bricolage
Using a collection of techniques as a
collage
Theoretical Reading
Creating your own reading on the text
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
29/40
Kvales Seven Stages
6. Verifying
Checking that validity, reliability, andgeneralizibility of the findings
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
30/40
Kvales Seven Stages
Validity
Can you check the truth of the statements? e.g. number of
employees in organisation, number of customers
Reliability Are there any internal contradictions? Did you include the
same question twice expressed in different ways to check
the truthfulness of the responses?
Generalizibility How do the answers agree with broader research and
other interview answers?
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
31/40
Kvales Seven Stages
7. Reporting
Communicate findings in a scientific andethical manner.
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
32/40
Kvales Seven Stages
7. Reporting
Communicate findings in a scientific andethical manner.
In the dissertation document
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
33/40
Interviews FAQ
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
34/40
What books should I read about
interviews?
Anything and everything by Steinar
Kvale
Interpreting Qualitative Data by DavidSilverman
Research Design by John Creswell
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
35/40
How do I think of questions for the
interview?
There really should be two sources
All questions need to come from the
research question of the experiment If you find literature with a sufficiently
similar research topic, you can use or
adapt those questions
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
36/40
How many people should I interview?
12
10 people
is a good rule-of thumb
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
37/40
Are there situations where I shouldnt
use interviews?
Yes, loads of situations, e.g. electoral
voting behaviour, or capturing a
persons attitudes and interactionswith their environments.
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
38/40
When should I do the
interviews?
Typically there are two times to do
interviews;
As part of the requirements gatheringprocess
As part of the evaluation process
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
39/40
Are there software packages that can
help me ??
Loads
ATLAS.ti
nVIVO
MaxQDA
NUD*IST
HyperRESEARCH
But, do not underestimate the power of
Excel, its a brilliant tool when used well
-
8/12/2019 Interviewing for Research
40/40
Further Tips
Decide on an order of questions that easily flowsone to the next
Try to use language that is easy to understand andrelevant to the interviewee
Avoid Leading questions
Try to stop the interviewee using qualifiers
Add a few control questions into the interview forvalidation
Avoid smalltalk during the interview LISTEN, LISTEN, LISTEN
top related