introduction and overview sub workshop 4 mobile sources better air quality 2002 hong kong december...
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Introduction and OverviewSub Workshop 4Mobile Sources
Better Air Quality 2002Hong Kong
December 16-18, 2002
Summary Setting Standards For New & In Use
Vehicles Successful I/M Programs Diesel Retrofit Experiences Fuel Quality in Asia
Current Trends Desulfurization Costs & Benefits Clean Fuels Partnership
CNG Issues & Potential Benefits Modeling Mobile Source Emissions
CLEAN
VEHICLE
TECHNOLOGY
CLEAN
FUELS
APPROPRIATE
MAINTENANCE
ELEMENTS OF A COMPREHENSIVE
VEHICLE POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGY
TRANSPORTATION & LAND USE PLANNING
Integrated Air Quality Management Framework
Emissions
Ambient Concentration
Exposure
• Establish objectives, identify data gaps, studies and pilots
• Identify, analyze and select management options
• Develop strategies & implement action plan
• Institute monitoring and enforcement
Issues• Technical
• Economic
• Institutional
• Legal
• Policy
• Social
• StakeholderInvolvement
Options• Fuels & VehicleTechnology
• TrafficManagement
• Standards
• EconomicIncentives andDisincentives
New Vehicle Standards In Asia
Car Standards
95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 8 09 10
Bangladesh Euro 1 (proposed) Red = proposed
Cambodia
Hong Kong Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3
India Euro 1 Euro 2 (4 Metros) Euro 2** (proposed) ** = Euro 3 in 7 Megacities
Indonesia Euro 1 (proposed) Euro 2 (proposed)
Malaysia Euro 1 Euro 2
Nepal Euro 1
Philippines Euro 1
PRC Euro 1 Euro 2
SingaporeEuro 1 Euro 2
Sri Lanka Idle CO & HC/Diesel Smoke Standards
Taipei,China US Tier 1
Thailand Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4
Viet Nam Euro 1
New Vehicle Standards in Asia
Heavy Duty Diesel Truck Standards95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
Bangladesh Euro 1 (proposed)
CambodiaHong Kong Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3
India Euro 1 Euro 2 (4 Metros) Euro 2** (proposed) ** = Euro 3 in 7 Megacities
Indonesia Euro 1 (proposed) Euro 2 (proposed)
Malaysia Euro 1
Nepal Euro 1
Philippines Euro 1
PRC Euro 1 Euro 2
SingaporeEuro 1
Sri Lanka Diesel Smoke Standard
Taipei,China US 91
Thailand Euro 1 Euro 2
Viet Nam Euro 1
2- WHEELER MASS EMISSION STANDARDS OF ASIAN COUNTRIES,g/kmCOUNTRY VEHICLES YEAR CO HC NOx HC+NOx REMARKSINDIA ALL 2W 2000 2 2 IDC
ALL 2W 2005 1.5 1.5 IDC, DF of 1.2INDONESIA ALL 2W 2001 12 10
2007 5 3NEPAL ALL 2W 1999 2 2PRC, CHINA MOPEDS 2001 6 3 ECE R 47
MOPEDS 2005 1 1.2 ECE R 47M/CY, 2S 2002 8 4 0.1 ECE R 40M/CY, 4S 2002 13 3 0.3 ECE R 40
BEIJING ALL 2W 2003 4.5 3 ECE R 40ALL 2W 2004 3.5 2 ECE R 40
TAIPEI,CHINA < 700 CC 2002 3.5 2 CNS 11386<700cc,2S 2004 7 1 COLD START<700cc,4S 2004 7 2 COLD START
THAILAND ALL 2W 2001 4.5 3<110cc 2003 3.5 2>110cc 2004 3.5 2
VIET NAM M/CYCLES 2004 4.5 3M/CYCLES 2007 3.5 2MOPEDS 2004 6 3MOPEDS 2007 1 1.2
Source: Mr. Iyer
Fuel Quality is Critical Elimination of Lead in Gasoline
Allows Catalyst Technology Very Low Sulfur Levels
Enhances All Catalyst Technology Performance
Necessary To Use Advanced Technologies
Other Benefits Other Fuel Properties Also Important
Diesel Fuel Specifications Around The World
050100150200250300350400450500
PPM
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Sulfur in Fuel (PPM)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Tons Per Million Gallons
Tons of Directly Emitted PM From Diesel Fuels Sulfur
Other Benefits from Sulfur Control
Sulfur reduction reduces SO2 emissions. Less sulfate formation in the atmosphere
(about 1/3 of SO2 reacts to sulfate) Reduced acid rain.
Sulfur reduction reduces engine wear. Reduction from 2500 ppm to 500 ppm
reduces engine wear 10 - 20%; about 33% if starting out at 5000 ppm.
Greater engine wear with infrequent oil change.
SingaporeMalaysia
ThailandPhilippines
IndonesiaMyanmar
BruneiIndia
PakistanBangladesh
Sri LankaChina
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
US Cents per Liter
10502503505001,0003,000
Cost of Reducing Sulfur in Diesel Fuel in Asia
(High Sulfur Crude)
Source: Enstrat International
Gasoline and Diesel Reformulation Costs in China
-
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
05-2 Euro2 05-4 Euro3 10-7 Euro3 10-11 Euro4 10-12 Euro5
US
cen
ts/g
allo
n
Cost cents/gal gasoline
Cost cents/gal diesel
Total cost, cents/gal
Source: Dr. Yamaguchi
Heavy Truck Survival Rates in the US
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
1 6 11 16 21 26
Vehicle Age
Surv
ival R
ate
Median Lifetime = 29 Years
New York City Retrofit Experience
-100%
-80%
-60%
-40%
-20%
0%
20%
CO2 NOx THC CO PM CO2 N Ox THC CO PM
Perc
enta
ge
Ch
ang
e in
g/m
i
OEM Catalyst / ULSD (50 ppm S) fuel
CRT Catalyst / ULSD (50 ppm S) fuel
NYC Bus ID# 6019 NYC Bus ID# 6065
-80% -80%
0%
-35%
0%
PM HC NOx Noise-90%
-80%
-70%
-60%
-50%
-40%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
Level B Level C
19931994
19951996
19971998
19992000
20012002
20032004
20051995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
No Retrofit
Level B Only
Levels B&C
Swedish Retrofit ProgramAll Trucks Above 3.5 Tons
Very Low Sulfur Fuel Dominates The Market
Diesel Particulate Filters
Trapped PMCell Plugs
Exhaust(PM, CO, HC)Enter
Ceramic HoneycombWall
Exhaust (CO2, H2O)Out
Issues to balance:
•sulfate formation
•regeneration and back pressure
•Fuel Economy
Reductions:
•-80 to 95% PM
•-80-100% HC, CO
•-80%+ toxins
Dealing With Dirty Diesels Clean Them Up
ULSD Oxidation
Catalysts Diesel PM Filters Certification
Process
Switch To CNG Fuel Availability &
Infrastructure New Engines Vs.
Conversions Certification
Process
1 1 1 1 10.71
3.65
0.05 0 0
1.151.27
0.280
1.67
Conventional Diesel & FuelLow Emission Diesel & ULSD
CNG w/o Ox Catalyst0
1
2
3
4
& Fuel w/371 PPM S
Normalized To Conventional Diesel
NOxNO2PMSO4NMHC
Source:SWRI
School Bus Emissions Comparison of Conventional Diesel & 371 PPM S Fuel with CNG
and Low Emissions Diesel & 14 PPM S Fuel
1 1 1
1
1 1
0.05 0 0.030.190.28
0.030.28
0 0.06
18.522.53
0.06
Conventional Diesel & FuelLow Emission Diesel & ULSD
CNG w/o Ox Catalyst0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
& Fuel w/371 PPM S
Normalized To Conventional Diesel
0
5
10
15
Formaldehyde
PMSO4
PAH & DerivativesFormaldehyde
Acetaldehyde POM
Source:SWRI
School Bus Emissions Comparison of Conventional Diesel & 371 PPM S Fuel with CNG
and Low Emissions Diesel & 14 PPM S Fuel
California Air Resources Board Study Of Oxidation Catalyst On
CNG Bus
Aldehydes Reduced by 95% NMHC Emissions Reduced by 88% 1,3 Butadiene Below Detection Limit Additional Reduction of PM, CO and
Total HC Additional Reduction of Ultrafine PM
Bottom Line: Clean Diesels with Very Low Sulfur Fuel orCNG with OxCat Can Substantially Reduce Emissions BUT
Only If Done Well
Emission Standards & Compliance
Test timing
Vehicles
testedRequirement
Emission Test method
FullMode
Short Test
Before production
Representative of Production
(Certification)
Main test
Add On test
Type approv
al
Durability
At shipment
Production sampling
COP
After sale
In field In-use Test Rare Common
Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance (I/M)
Program Purpose:
To Assure that vehicle is properly maintained and used
Identify Dirtiest Vehicles & Get Them Repaired
General Attributes: Relatively short Relatively simple
Types Idle 2-Stage Idle Steady Speed
Loaded Transient Loaded
I/M Plays A Critical Role
Improved Vehicle MaintenanceDeterrent To TamperingDeterrent To MisfuelingPrimary Enforcement Mechanism For Other Strategies
Alternative Fuel RetrofitOther Retrofit
Pre-1981 1981-87 Post 19870
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
(g/km)CO
Before Repair After Repair
Results of the British Columbia I/M Program Audit
Transportation Planning & TDM Are Critically Important Public Transportation Alternatives Land Use Planning Road Pricing Other
Break TheViciousCircle
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