introduction to groundwater and aquifer
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Introduction to Groundwater
and Aquifer
By: Putika Ashfar .K
References
• Heath, Ralph C., 1983, Basic ground-water hydrology: U.S . Geological Survey Water-Supply
• Todd, D.K. and Mays L.W., (2005): Groundwater Hydrology.(3rd Edition). John Wiley & Sons, New York
• Ground water is one of the most valuable natural resources . • Ground-water hydrology is the subdivision of the science of hydrology
that deals with the occurrence, movement, and quality of water beneath the Earth's surface .
Porous Media and Groundwater Flow
1. Water-bearing rocks
2. Voids of rocks
3. Deposits Consolidation
Water bearing rocks
Voids of rocks • Primary openings If the voids were formed at
the same times as the rocks
• Secondary openings The voids were formed after
rock formed
(E.g : granite)
• Both Primary and
Secondary openings (E.g : limestone, sandstone)
Deposits Consolidation
• Unconsolidated deposits Consist of material derived from the disintegration of consolidated
rocks. The material consists, in different types of unconsolidated deposits, of particles of rocks or minerals ranging in size from fractions of a millimeter (clay size) to several meters (boulders).
• Semi-Unconsolidated deposits These are rocks in which openings include both pores and fractures-
in other words, both primary and secondary openings .
• Consolidated deposits consist of mineral particles of different sizes and shapes that have
been welded by heat and pressure or by chemical reactions into a solid mass.
Zones of Groundwater
Unsaturated zone
saturated zone
aquiclude
aquitard
Zones of Groundwater
Unsaturated zone / vadose zone A zone contains of water and air Capillary fringe A zone which is result from water and rocks attraction, usually adjacent with unconfined aquifer Saturated zone Full water zone Water level Level in the saturated zone when hydraulic pressure equal to athmospheric pressure
Soil surface
Water level
Groundwater
Capillary fringe
Unsaturated zone
saturated zone
well
Aquifer
Aquifer Water bearing geological formation that can store and yield usable amount of water
Aquitard A bed of low permeability adjacent to an aquifer and may serve as a stirage unit
Aquiclude A solid and impermeable area overlies the aquifer pressure which cause a confined aquifer zone
Aquifuge Impermeable body of rocks which contains no interconnected openings
Soil surface
Water level
Confined aquifer
Aquitard
aquifuge
Confining unit
Confining unit
Aquifer Properties
• Porosity (n)
• Specific Yield (Sy)
• Specific Retention (Sr)
• Total Head (Ht)
• Hydraulic Gradient
• Hydraulic Conductivity (K)
• Transmittivity (T)
Porosity (n) The ratio of opening voids to total volume of a
soil/ rocks
Vt = total volume of soil/ rocks sample Vv = volume of opening voids
Specific Yield (Sy)
• Water storage in the groundwater that drain under the influence of gravity
• It simply tells how much water available for man use
Vt = total volume of soil/ rocks sample Vr= volume of water retained
Specific Retention (Sr) • Tells how much water is available after drained by
gravity
• The part retained on rock surfaces in a very small openings (capillary fringe indeed)
Vr = volume of water retained
Total Head (Ht) and Hydraulic Gradient
Ht = z + hp
Ht= total head
z = elevation head
Hp = pressure head
Hydraulic gradient • The change head per unit distance in
a given direction • If the direction isnt specified, choose
the direction with maximum rate of decrease of head occurs
hL = head between 2 wells L = horizontal distance between wells
Hydraulic Gradient
hL 18 m
Water line
Soil surface
datum
Bottom of aquifer
hp
hp
15 m
z
z
ht ht
L = 780 m
Hydraulic Conductivity (K)
By its area,aquifer can be classified as : Homogenous area if hydraulic conductivity (K) is same in any area of aquifer Hetergenous area If there is any differences of K in aquifer By moving direction of groundwater flow : Isotropic If hydraulic conductivity (K) is same in all direction Anisotropic Hydraulic conductivity (K) in one flow direction is different
Q = quantity of water per-unit per-time A = cross-sectional area
Transmittivity (T)
The capacity of aquifer to transmit water in kinetic viscocity
T = K.b
K = hydraulic conductivity
b = aquifer thickness
Transmittivity (T)…. (example) Given average daily flow of two wells as below :
Discharge from half-aquifer (Q) = 5616 m3/day
Distance from A to B = 5000 m
Average thickness of aquifer (b) = 50 m
Average slope on water table = 1/2000
Station Average daily flow (m3/s)
A 2485
B 2355
Storage Coefficient (S)
Volume of water that an aquifer release from or take into
storage
for confined aquifer S = 0,00005 – 0,005
for unconfined aquifer S = 0,07 – 0,25
• Thank you
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