introduction to important molecules which comprise the structure and function of all living...

Introduction to important molecules which comprise the structure and

function of all living organisms

Categories:

Lipids

Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds

• Principle Elements

• Ratio of Various Elements

• Special Functional Groups

Hydroxyl ( -OH )

Carboxyl ( -COOH )

Carbonyl (C=O)

O H

C O

C

O

O H

Alcohols

Aldehydes, Ketones

Carboxylic acids

NH

HAminesAmino ( -NH2 )

Phosphate ( -H2PO4)

O

H

P O

OH

O

S HSulfhydryl ( -SH)

Organic phosphates

Thiols

Monomer

• Subunits that serve as building blocks

• Connected by condensation reactions (dehydration) Polymers

• Covalent bonding occurs• Solubility in Water

Monomer

Polymer

Polymer

Monomers

H HO

H HO

H2O

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O

H2O

Monomers

H HO

H2O

C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

Principle Elements: C, H, & O

H:O = 2:1

Many Hydroxyl Groups (-OH)

Monomers: Monosaccharides

Polymers: Polysaccharides

Water Soluble

• Energy Metabolism• Structural Components• Cell-to-Cell Contacts and Recognition• Elimination of wastes (fiber)

APT cell

Helper-T cell

Chemical FormulasC6H12O6

C6H12O6

From corn syrup

Chemical FormulasC5H10O5 C5H10O4

deoxyribose

MaltoseMaltose

SucroseSucrose

glucose + fructose

glucose + glucose

LactoseLactose

glucose + galactose

glycogen

• Principle Elements: C, H, & O

• Some With P & N

• H:O >>> 2:1

• Diverse Group of Biological Molecules

• Water Insoluble

• Energy Storage

• Protection & Cushioning of Body Organs

• Structural Components of Membranes

• Chemical Messengers (hormones)

• Triglycerides (neutral fats)• Phospholipids• Sterols• Waxes• Vitamins (D, E, K)

GlycerolGlycerolFatty AcidFatty Acid

GlycerolGlycerol

Fatty AcidsFatty Acids

• Saturated with H+

• Most animal fats are saturated, ex. butter• Solid at room temp

• Has one or more double bonds between carbons• Most vegetable fats• Liquid at room temp

Hydrophilic head

Hydrophobic tails

phosphorous

carbon

hydrogen

oxygen

Nonpolar hydrophobic tails (fatty acids) exposed to oil

Polar hydrophilic heads exposed to water

cholesterolBacon grease

• Cholesterol: < 175 mg/dl• Triglycerides: 30-175 mg/dl• HDL: >35 • LDL: <130• Cholesterol/HDL ratio: <4.5

indicates heart disease

• Family history of vascular disease • High levels of blood cholesterol • Smoking • Diabetes • Hypertension • Obesity

• Eat healthy• Exercise• Lose wt.• Quit smoking• 1 glass wine or beer• Medication• Surgery

• Principle Elements: C, H, O, & N

• Monomers: Amino Acids

• Polymers: Polypeptides or Proteins

• Generally Water Soluble

Functional Groups of Amino Acids

• Carboxylic Acid (-COOH)

• Amine (-NH2)

• R-Groups (variable - 20 different kinds)

• Enzymes

• Structural Proteins

• Chemical Messengers (Hormones)

• Contractile

• Antibodies

Levels of Protein Structure

Primary structure

Secondary structure

Tertiary structure

Quarternary structure

Primary structure: Linear sequence of amino acids

Levels of Protein Structure

Alpha helix

H-Bonds

Secondary structure:

Beta Pleated sheet

NH3 Leu Cys Val Asp Phe COO

Levels of Protein Structure

Tertiary: 3D configuration Weak bonds between side chains

Quartenary: Two or more polypeptides e.g. Hemoglobin (Hb)

Peptide bond

Dipeptide Water

AA1 AA2

GLY SER ALA TYR ILE GLNLEUMET

GLY SERASP GLUILE GLN HISASN

Enzymatic reactions are affected by:

Temperature pH Substrate conc. Enzyme conc.

• Catalysts- speed up a reaction• Not used up by reaction• Decrease activation energy of a reaction

(activation energy is needed to break chemical bonds)

Are very specific for their substrate

Substrates: Bind only to a restricted region of the enzyme (active site) Held in place by weak interactions (H-bonds)

Lock and key

Specificity of enzyme:

Active site

Enzyme (sucrase)

Substrate(sucrose)

The Functioning of EnzymesThe Functioning of Enzymes

active site

Enzyme

Principle Elements: C, H, O, N, & PPrinciple Elements: C, H, O, N, & P

Monomers: NucleotidesMonomers: Nucleotides

Polymers: Nucleic AcidsPolymers: Nucleic Acids

Generally Water SolubleGenerally Water Soluble

Nucleotide Components: Ribose (5-C) Sugar Phosphate Nitrogenous Base

• Genetic Instruction Set (DNA)

• Protein Synthesis (DNA & RNA)

• Energy Metabolism (ATP)

Polymers made up of individual nucleotides

Nucleotides contain• Phosphate group• Five carbon sugar• Ring shaped nitrogen base

DNA contains information for almost all cell activities

ATPATP

Role of ATP in Energy Role of ATP in Energy MetabolismMetabolism

ATP ATP ADP + ADP + PPii + Energy + Energy

Role of ATP in Energy Role of ATP in Energy MetabolismMetabolism

INQUIRY1. Describe the difference

between saturated and unsaturated fats.

2. Where are phospholipids found?

3. Cholesterol is the base molecule for what type of lipids?

4. Name a polysaccharide used to store energy.

5. Name the currency molecule for all the cells activities.