introduction to permaculture day one at earthwise november 2010

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An Introduction to Permaculture:Day One

Brooke ’Sparkles’ Murphy and Harry Wykman

17th and 18th of July, 2010

Introductions

Sparkles and TheWicked Problems

Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom

Permaculture InHistory

Check In

PermaculturePrinciples 1-3

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

References andResources

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Sparkles and The Wicked Problems

Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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Permaculture Ethics and IndigenousWisdom

Introductions

Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom❖ PermacultureEthics

❖ Care of Earth

❖ Care of People

❖ Fair Share

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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Permaculture Ethics

Introductions

❖ Care of Earth

❖ Care of People

❖ Fair Share

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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Care of Earth

Introductions

❖ Care of Earth

❖ Care of People

❖ Fair Share

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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● Story : MASANOBU

FUKUOKA

Care of Earth

Introductions

❖ Care of Earth

❖ Care of People

❖ Fair Share

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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FUKUOKA

● Soil

Care of Earth

Introductions

❖ Care of Earth

❖ Care of People

❖ Fair Share

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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FUKUOKA

● Soil

● Stewardship

Care of Earth

Introductions

❖ Care of Earth

❖ Care of People

❖ Fair Share

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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FUKUOKA

● Soil

● Stewardship

● Living Things

Care of Earth

Introductions

❖ Care of Earth

❖ Care of People

❖ Fair Share

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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FUKUOKA

● Soil

● Stewardship

● Living Things

"If permaculture is a philos-ophy, then it is a pragmatic,down-to-earth one, whichtakes the ecological limits ofour power and intelligence asfoundations for anything wedo." — Holmgren [2002, p6]

Care of Earth

Introductions

❖ Care of Earth

❖ Care of People

❖ Fair Share

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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"The question which must be addressed . . . isnot how to care for the planet, but how to carefor each of the planet’s millions of small piecesand parcels of land, each one of which is insome precious and exciting way different fromall others." — WENDELL BERRY, Culture andAgriculture, 1977

Care of People

Introductions

❖ Care of Earth

❖ Care of People

❖ Fair Share

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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● Story : JOSÉ MARÍA

ARIZMENDIARRIETA

Care of People

Introductions

❖ Care of Earth

❖ Care of People

❖ Fair Share

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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ARIZMENDIARRIETA

● Personal Responsibility(for overconsumption /own needs)

Care of People

Introductions

❖ Care of Earth

❖ Care of People

❖ Fair Share

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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ARIZMENDIARRIETA

● Non-material well-being(enjoying the simplethings)

Care of People

Introductions

❖ Care of Earth

❖ Care of People

❖ Fair Share

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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ARIZMENDIARRIETA

● Non-material well-being(enjoying the simplethings)

● New ways of being to-gether

Fair Share

Introductions

❖ Care of Earth

❖ Care of People

❖ Fair Share

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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Fair Share

Introductions

❖ Care of Earth

❖ Care of People

❖ Fair Share

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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● Example : The NYUN-GAR people past andpresent

Fair Share

Introductions

❖ Care of Earth

❖ Care of People

❖ Fair Share

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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● Share beyond our im-mediate circle

Fair Share

Introductions

❖ Care of Earth

❖ Care of People

❖ Fair Share

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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● Ecological investment(trees, biological capac-ity)

Fair Share

Introductions

❖ Care of Earth

❖ Care of People

❖ Fair Share

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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● Ecological investment(trees, biological capac-ity)

● Social investment (so-cial structures and en-terprise)

Permaculture In History

Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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Check In: What is Permaculture Brainstorm

Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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Permaculture Principles 1-3

Introductions

Check In

❖ Why Principles?

❖ Principle 1

❖ Principle 2

❖ Principle 3

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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Why Principles?

Introductions

Check In

❖ Why Principles?

❖ Principle 1

❖ Principle 2

❖ Principle 3

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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● They are abstract and theoretical

Why Principles?

Introductions

Check In

❖ Why Principles?

❖ Principle 1

❖ Principle 2

❖ Principle 3

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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✦ ie. not limited in time (history) or space (geography,place)

Why Principles?

Introductions

Check In

❖ Why Principles?

❖ Principle 1

❖ Principle 2

❖ Principle 3

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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✦ they are therefore transferable between places andtimes

Why Principles?

Introductions

Check In

❖ Why Principles?

❖ Principle 1

❖ Principle 2

❖ Principle 3

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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● Facilitate adaptation to continuous change

Why Principles?

Introductions

Check In

❖ Why Principles?

❖ Principle 1

❖ Principle 2

❖ Principle 3

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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● Facilitate adaptation to continuous change

● Facilitate critical thought (not commitment to particularstrategies, or even a particular set of principles)

Principle 1: Observe and interact

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● We need to know about natural systems - active observation and ex-change are necessary for this

● Emphasis on subtle, slow moving and small (deeply counter cultural)

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● We need to know about natural systems - active observation and ex-change are necessary for this

● Emphasis on subtle, slow moving and small (deeply counter cultural)

/home/harry/Documents/Business/Peacetree

Principle 2: Catch and store energy

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● Power Principle 1

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● Power Principle 1

● Build biological assets (theoretically limitless capacity)

Principle 3: Obtain a yield

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● Power Principle 2 — overemphasised in industrial society

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● Power Principle 2 — overemphasised in industrial society

● Necessary positive feedback (yield) and negative feedback (competi-tion)

/home/harry/Documents/Business/Peacetree

Plants

Introductions

Check In

Plants❖ Which Principle isThat?

❖ Why Plants?

❖ Perennial andAnnual

❖ nectar

❖ honey

❖ polinator support

❖ pest-confusing

❖ fertility

❖ ground cover

❖ weed barrier❖ Plants and HumanServices

Plant Tour

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Which Principle is That?

Introductions

Check In

❖ Why Plants?

❖ nectar

❖ honey

❖ pest-confusing

❖ fertility

❖ ground cover

Plant Tour

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Introductions

Check In

❖ Why Plants?

❖ nectar

❖ honey

❖ pest-confusing

❖ fertility

❖ ground cover

Plant Tour

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Obtain a Yield

Introductions

Check In

❖ Why Plants?

❖ nectar

❖ honey

❖ pest-confusing

❖ fertility

❖ ground cover

Plant Tour

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Obtain a Yield

Why Plants?

Introductions

Check In

❖ Why Plants?

❖ nectar

❖ honey

❖ pest-confusing

❖ fertility

❖ ground cover

Plant Tour

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Permaculture is not just organic gardening or alternativeagriculture but plants have a priviledged place inpermaculture systems.

Why Plants?

Introductions

Check In

❖ Why Plants?

❖ nectar

❖ honey

❖ pest-confusing

❖ fertility

❖ ground cover

Plant Tour

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Why Plants?

Introductions

Check In

❖ Why Plants?

❖ nectar

❖ honey

❖ pest-confusing

❖ fertility

❖ ground cover

Plant Tour

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Why? — Photosynthesis.

Why Plants?

Introductions

Check In

❖ Why Plants?

❖ nectar

❖ honey

❖ pest-confusing

❖ fertility

❖ ground cover

Plant Tour

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Why? — Photosynthesis.

"Solar energy (in the form of visible light) is usedby plants to transform water and carbon dioxidefrom the atmosphere into carbohydrates by thephotosynthetic process. These carbohydrates arethe start of the chemical energy supply chainthat provides for the needs of all other livingthings , as well as (indirectly) creating the fossilfuels of coal, oil and gas." [Holmgren, 2002, p31]

Perennial and Annual

Introductions

Check In

❖ Why Plants?

❖ nectar

❖ honey

❖ pest-confusing

❖ fertility

❖ ground cover

Plant Tour

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What’s the Difference?

Guild Functions: Beneficial Insect NectaryPlants

Introductions

Check In

❖ Why Plants?

❖ nectar

❖ honey

❖ pest-confusing

❖ fertility

❖ ground cover

Plant Tour

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Fennel

● Member of the Apiaceae family (with parsley, carrot, dilletc.), a family famous for their usefulness at attractingbeneficial insect, in particular those with small mouthparts like hover flies and parasitic wasps.

Guild Functions: Honey Plants

Introductions

Check In

❖ Why Plants?

❖ nectar

❖ honey

❖ pest-confusing

❖ fertility

❖ ground cover

Plant Tour

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Bush Basil● great bee plant

● very attractive hedge orstandard plant

● has potential to be apest-confuser also

Guild Functions: Pollinator Support Plants

Introductions

Check In

❖ Why Plants?

❖ nectar

❖ honey

❖ pest-confusing

❖ fertility

❖ ground cover

Plant Tour

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Lemon Balm● Generalist nectary plant

● Can be used as aground cover — has aclumping habit so manyplants are required

Guild Functions: Aromatic Pest-confusingPlants

Introductions

Check In

❖ Why Plants?

❖ nectar

❖ honey

❖ pest-confusing

❖ fertility

❖ ground cover

Plant Tour

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● Aromatic pest-confuser

● Nectary plant

● Ground Cover

● Culinary Use

● Thyme is valued for itsantiseptic and antioxi-dant properties, it is anexcellent tonic and isused in treating respira-tory diseases and a va-riety of other ailments[Fern, 2006]

Guild Functions: Fertility Plants

Introductions

Check In

❖ Why Plants?

❖ nectar

❖ honey

❖ pest-confusing

❖ fertility

❖ ground cover

Plant Tour

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Italian Alder

Photo by John Colwill 2010

● nitrogen fixer

● drought tolerant

● ~10 m high

● Semi evergreen in Perth

● fast growing

● good windbreak

Martin Crawford uses thistree extensively throughouthis forest garden.

Guild Functions: Ground Cover Plants

Introductions

Check In

❖ Why Plants?

❖ nectar

❖ honey

❖ pest-confusing

❖ fertility

❖ ground cover

Plant Tour

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Apple Mint● Jacke and Toensmeier

give apple mint a ratingof ’2 stars’ (highest) asa ground cover becauseof its thick cover.

● Also pest-confuser

● like many other mem-bers of this genus, is of-ten used as a domes-tic herbal remedy, be-ing valued especially forits antiseptic propertiesand its beneficial effecton the digestion

Guild Functions: Weed Barrier Plants

Introductions

Check In

❖ Why Plants?

❖ nectar

❖ honey

❖ pest-confusing

❖ fertility

❖ ground cover

Plant Tour

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Vetiver Grass

● Vetiver has very fibrous roots which penetrate verydeeply. As a result, vetiver excludes weeds, is usedextensively in tropical areas in erosion control and isdrought tolerant. It is a great mulch plant.

Plants and Human Services

Introductions

Check In

❖ Why Plants?

❖ nectar

❖ honey

❖ pest-confusing

❖ fertility

❖ ground cover

Plant Tour

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Microclimate Creation andBeauty

"The net coolingeffect of a young,healthy tree isequivalent to tenroom-size air con-ditioners operating20 hours a day."[Lancaster, 2007,p. 285]

● Not least, plants makeplaces livable.

Plant Tour

Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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The Seven F’s

Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s❖ Which Principle isThat?❖ Plants andHumans

❖ food

❖ fuel

❖ fibre

❖ fodder

❖ fertiliser

❖ farmaceuticals

❖ fun

Principles 4-6

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Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

❖ food

❖ fuel

❖ fibre

❖ fodder

❖ fertiliser

❖ farmaceuticals

❖ fun

Principles 4-6

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Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

❖ food

❖ fuel

❖ fibre

❖ fodder

❖ fertiliser

❖ farmaceuticals

❖ fun

Principles 4-6

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Obtain a Yield

Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

❖ food

❖ fuel

❖ fibre

❖ fodder

❖ fertiliser

❖ farmaceuticals

❖ fun

Principles 4-6

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Obtain a Yield

Plants and Human Yields: The Seven F’s

Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

❖ food

❖ fuel

❖ fibre

❖ fodder

❖ fertiliser

❖ farmaceuticals

❖ fun

Principles 4-6

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The Seven F’s provide a good framework for considering thevariety of plant-derived yields.

Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

❖ food

❖ fuel

❖ fibre

❖ fodder

❖ fertiliser

❖ farmaceuticals

❖ fun

Principles 4-6

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1. food,

Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

❖ food

❖ fuel

❖ fibre

❖ fodder

❖ fertiliser

❖ farmaceuticals

❖ fun

Principles 4-6

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1. food,

2. fuel,

Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

❖ food

❖ fuel

❖ fibre

❖ fodder

❖ fertiliser

❖ farmaceuticals

❖ fun

Principles 4-6

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1. food,

2. fuel,

3. fiber,

Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

❖ food

❖ fuel

❖ fibre

❖ fodder

❖ fertiliser

❖ farmaceuticals

❖ fun

Principles 4-6

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1. food,

2. fuel,

3. fiber,

4. fodder,

Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

❖ food

❖ fuel

❖ fibre

❖ fodder

❖ fertiliser

❖ farmaceuticals

❖ fun

Principles 4-6

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1. food,

2. fuel,

3. fiber,

4. fodder,

5. fertilizer, and

Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

❖ food

❖ fuel

❖ fibre

❖ fodder

❖ fertiliser

❖ farmaceuticals

❖ fun

Principles 4-6

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1. food,

2. fuel,

3. fiber,

4. fodder,

5. fertilizer, and

6. "farmaceuticals," and

Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

❖ food

❖ fuel

❖ fibre

❖ fodder

❖ fertiliser

❖ farmaceuticals

❖ fun

Principles 4-6

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1. food,

2. fuel,

3. fiber,

4. fodder,

5. fertilizer, and

6. "farmaceuticals," and

7. fun

Plants and Human Yields: Food

Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

❖ food

❖ fuel

❖ fibre

❖ fodder

❖ fertiliser

❖ farmaceuticals

❖ fun

Principles 4-6

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Chestnut

Plants and Human Yields: Fuel

Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

❖ food

❖ fuel

❖ fibre

❖ fodder

❖ fertiliser

❖ farmaceuticals

❖ fun

Principles 4-6

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Leucaena

Plants and Human Yields: Fiber

Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

❖ food

❖ fuel

❖ fibre

❖ fodder

❖ fertiliser

❖ farmaceuticals

❖ fun

Principles 4-6

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New Zealand Flax

Plants and Human Yields: Fodder

Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

❖ food

❖ fuel

❖ fibre

❖ fodder

❖ fertiliser

❖ farmaceuticals

❖ fun

Principles 4-6

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Tagasaste

Plants and Human Yields: Fertiliser

Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

❖ food

❖ fuel

❖ fibre

❖ fodder

❖ fertiliser

❖ farmaceuticals

❖ fun

Principles 4-6

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Comfrey According to Jacke andToensmeier [2005], Comfreyis a ’3 star’ dynamic accumu-lator Because it covers themain plants nutrients, N, P, Kand Ca. It covers:

● K — Potassium

● P — Phosphorus

● Ca — Calcium

● Cu — Copper

● Fe — Iron

● Mg — Magnesium

Plants and Human Yields:"Farmaceuticals"

Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

❖ food

❖ fuel

❖ fibre

❖ fodder

❖ fertiliser

❖ farmaceuticals

❖ fun

Principles 4-6

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Yarrow Yarrow has a high reputa-tion and is widely employedin herbal medicine, adminis-tered both internally and ex-ternally. It is used in the treat-ment of a very wide rangeof disorders but is particularlyvaluable for treating wounds,stopping the flow of blood,treating colds, fevers, kidneydiseases, menstrual pain etc[Fern, 2006]

Plants and Human Yields: Fun

Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

❖ food

❖ fuel

❖ fibre

❖ fodder

❖ fertiliser

❖ farmaceuticals

❖ fun

Principles 4-6

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Principles 4-6

Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

❖ Principle 4

❖ Principle 5

❖ Principle 6

❖ The Structure ofthe Principles

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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Principle 4: Apply self-regulation andaccept feedback

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● Checks Power Principles

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● Checks Power Principles

● Natural systems: Self-restraint avoids forceful negative feedback (eg.effects of climate change)

Principle 5: Use and value renewableresource and services

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● Neither limited environmentalism (value only) nor industrial (use only)— using and valuing preserves

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● Neither limited environmentalism (value only) nor industrial (use only)— using and valuing preserves

● Resources (eg. timber) and services (eg. shade or heat)

Principle 6: Produce no waste

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● Internal efficiency

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● Internal efficiency

● Maintenance as a subversive activity

The Structure of the Principles

Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

❖ Principle 4

❖ Principle 5

❖ Principle 6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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Principles 1 - 6

Introductions

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Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

❖ Principle 4

❖ Principle 5

❖ Principle 6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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Principles 1 - 6

● Self-reliance

Introductions

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Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

❖ Principle 4

❖ Principle 5

❖ Principle 6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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Principles 1 - 6

● Self-reliance

Principles 7 - 12

Introductions

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Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

❖ Principle 4

❖ Principle 5

❖ Principle 6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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Principles 1 - 6

● Self-reliance

Principles 7 - 12

● Interdependence

Introductions

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Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

❖ Principle 4

❖ Principle 5

❖ Principle 6

Soil and Composting

Guilds

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Principles 1 - 6

● Self-reliance

Principles 7 - 12

● Interdependence

● Standing Back

Soil and Composting

Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

❖ Which Principle isThat?

❖ Soil

❖ Soil Types

❖ Soil Nutrients

❖ Soil pH

❖ Soil Life

❖ Energy Cycling

Guilds

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Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

❖ Soil

❖ Soil Types

❖ Soil Nutrients

❖ Soil pH

❖ Soil Life

❖ Energy Cycling

Guilds

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Introductions

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Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

❖ Soil

❖ Soil Types

❖ Soil Nutrients

❖ Soil pH

❖ Soil Life

❖ Energy Cycling

Guilds

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ProduceNo Waste

Introductions

Check In

Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

❖ Soil

❖ Soil Types

❖ Soil Nutrients

❖ Soil pH

❖ Soil Life

❖ Energy Cycling

Guilds

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ProduceNo Waste

Introductions

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Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

❖ Soil

❖ Soil Types

❖ Soil Nutrients

❖ Soil pH

❖ Soil Life

❖ Energy Cycling

Guilds

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What do we know about soil?

Soil Types: Parts and Particles

Introductions

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Plants

Plant Tour

The Seven F’s

Principles 4-6

Soil and Composting

❖ Soil

❖ Soil Types

❖ Soil Nutrients

❖ Soil pH

❖ Soil Life

❖ Energy Cycling

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Soil is primarily made up of

● minerals ,

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● minerals ,

● water ,

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● minerals ,

● water ,

● gases , and

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❖ Soil pH

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● minerals ,

● water ,

● gases , and

● living and decayingorganic matter .

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❖ Soil Life

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● minerals ,

● water ,

● gases , and

● living and decayingorganic matter .

Ideally, these parts will beformed into a crumb, allow-ing the retention of waterand nutrient while maintain-ing sufficient space for ex-change of gasses, includingoxygen.

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❖ Soil

❖ Soil Types

❖ Soil Nutrients

❖ Soil pH

❖ Soil Life

❖ Energy Cycling

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Soils are broadly classifiedby the size and relativeamount of their componentparts.

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● sands are those soilswhere particles be-tween 2-0.05mm;

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● silts are 0.05-0.002mm;

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● clays are less than0.002mm.

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● clays are less than0.002mm.

● a loam is formed byaround 20% clay, 40%silt and 40% sand.

Soil Nutrients: Macronutrients

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● Nitrogen (N) is required for vegetative growth,chorophyll production and protein formation .Nitrogen deficiency is indicated by chlorosis (yellowingof leaves) and stunted development.

✦ Sources of Concentrated Nitrogen include animalmanures, green manures / mulches and blood andbone.

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❖ Soil Life

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● Nitrogen (N) is required for vegetative growth,chorophyll production and protein formation .Nitrogen deficiency is indicated by chlorosis (yellowingof leaves) and stunted development.

✦ Sources of Concentrated Nitrogen include animalmanures, green manures / mulches and blood andbone.

● Phosphorus (P) is required for flowering andreproduction, tissue ripening and hardinessPhosphorus deficiency is indicated by reduced growthand dull green leaves.

✦ Sources of Concentrated Phosphorus include bonemeal, bird manures and powedered rock phosphate.

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● Potassium (K) is required for drought tolerance, rootgrowth and thick cell walls . Potassium deficiency is diffucultto recognise though is sometimes indicated by yellowing ofleaf tips and edges and retarded growth.

✦ Sources of Concentrated Potassium include the ash ofyoung wood, bone meal, animal manures and liquidseaweed.

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● Calcium (Ca) is essential in the production of cell walls .Calcium deficiency is results in the most marked retardationof growth. Deficiencies in all other elements are very difficultto recognise, though some indications are given by whichweed species grow readily in a particular soil.

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● Calcium (Ca) is essential in the production of cell walls .Calcium deficiency is results in the most marked retardationof growth. Deficiencies in all other elements are very difficultto recognise, though some indications are given by whichweed species grow readily in a particular soil.

● Sulfur (S) is required for protein formation.

Soil Nutrients: Micronutrients or TraceElements

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● Iron (Fe) and Magnesium (Mg) are essential inchlorophyll production. Magnesium deficiency is shownin yellowing between the veins on older leaves.Iron deficiency is shown most clearly in yellowingbetween the veins on young leaves.

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● Other trace elements include Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn),Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Mo), Boron (B),Chlorine (Cl), Aluminium (Al), Sodium (Na),Silicon (Si) and Cobalt (Co)

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❖ Soil Types

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❖ Soil pH

❖ Soil Life

❖ Energy Cycling

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● Other trace elements include Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn),Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Mo), Boron (B),Chlorine (Cl), Aluminium (Al), Sodium (Na),Silicon (Si) and Cobalt (Co)

Trace elements can be added through the use of a rock dust.An example composition of a ’rock dust’ is:

Soil pH

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❖ Energy Cycling

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Soil pH

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❖ Soil Life

❖ Energy Cycling

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Element Ideal pH Range

Nitrogen 6.0 - 8.0Potassium 6.0

Phosphorus 6.5 - 7.5Most Others 5.5 - 7.0Earthworms > 5

Soil pH

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❖ Energy Cycling

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● pH is a measure of theconcentration of hydro-gen ions.

Soil pH

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● Each point on the scalerepresents a change bya factor of ten in acidity.

Soil pH

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❖ Soil Life

❖ Energy Cycling

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● Each point on the scalerepresents a change bya factor of ten in acidity.

● Soil nutrients becomemore or less available toplants depending uponthe pH.

Soil Life: Mycelia and Mycoremediation

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Paul Stamets on Mycoremediation

Energy Cycling

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Exercise : Shut Your System

Energy Cycling

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Exercise : Shut Your System

A Very Brief Introduction to Guilds

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Guilds❖ Plants andEcosystems

❖ Video

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Plants and Ecosystems: Guilds

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Traditional Centered Per-maculture Guild

"Guilds are madeup of a close asso-ciation of speciesclustered arounda central element(plant of animal).This assemblyacts in relationto the element toassist in health,aid our work inmanagement,

or buffer adverseenvironmental ef-fects." — MOLLI-SON [1988, p. 60]

Plants and Ecosystems: Guilds

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More recent PERMACULTURE writing has seen this definitionexpanded. Guilds are not seen as necessarily ‘centered’ butinclude any beneficial interspecies interaction whichdemonstrates either or both mutual support and resourcesharing. JACKE and TOENSMEIER [2005, 151] that

"mutual support guilds build social structure."

They continue, writing that these relationships

". . . can include such diverse interactions aspollination support, inhibition of competitors,physical support or vines, microclimatemodification, providing habitat for critical animals orany number of other functions."

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Farm for the Future: Martin Crawford’sForest Garden

References and Resources

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❖ References

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References

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References

Ken Fern. Achillea millefolium - Plants For A Future databasereport, 2006. URLhttp://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Achillea+millefolium

David Holmgren. Permaculture : principles & pathwaysbeyond sustainability. Holmgren Design Services, HepburnVic., 2002. ISBN 9780646418445.

Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier. Edible forest gardens:Ecological vision and theory for temperate climatepermaculture. vol. 1. Chelsea Green Pub. Co., White RiverJunction Vt., 2005. ISBN 9781931498807.

Brad Lancaster. Rainwater Harvesting for Drylands andBeyond (Vol. 2): Water-Harvesting Earthworks. RainsourcePress, Tucson, July 2007. ISBN 0977246418. URLhttp://www.amazon.com/dp/0977246418.

B Mollison. Permaculture : a designer’s manual. Tagari

Credits

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This document, authored by Harry Wykman in collaboration wi thBrooke ’Sparkles’ Murphy is licensed under a Creative Commo nsAttribution 2.5 Australia License.

● 35 Woolgar WayLOCKRIDGE, 6054

● (08) 9377 1258 or 0419662189

● harry@peacetreepermaculture.com.au

● www.peacetreepermaculture.com.au

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