introduction to space life support€¦ · life support design rules of thumb • a crew member...

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Introduction to Space Life Support• Reminder of the term project• Overview of life support systems• Milestones in life support systems design• Major requirements• Case Study: International Space Station

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© 2019 David L. Akin - All rights reserved http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu

Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Term Design Project Goals• Provide opportunity to use principles of class to

perform open-ended realistic design • Reinforce experiences with engineering in teams,

making technical presentations• Address a problem of real interest to NASA

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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Notional Content of Projects• Life support systems

– Air systems– Water systems– Waste handling– Food

• Habitability aspects– Internal layout– Windows, hatches, docking ports, and airlocks– Crew accommodations– Pressure vessel size, shape, and orientation

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Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Required Habitability Elements• Pressurization and pressure control• Power and lighting• Life support• Food storage and preparation• Trash management and disposal• Human waste management• Air revitalization and resupply• Water reclamation and resupply• Thermal control• Humidity and particulate control• EVA and pressurized rover support• Fire detection and protection• Logistics management and stowage

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Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Life Support Block DiagramO2CO2WaterNutrientsWasteStores

Humans

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Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Life Support Block DiagramO2CO2WaterNutrientsWasteStores

Atmosphere Management

Hygiene Facilities

WaterManagement

FoodPreparation

Waste Management

Humans

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Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Life Support Block DiagramO2CO2WaterNutrientsWasteStores

Atmosphere Management

Hygiene Facilities

WaterManagement

FoodPreparation

Waste Management

Humans

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O2 Reclamation

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Life Support Block DiagramO2CO2WaterNutrientsWasteStores

Atmosphere Management

Hygiene Facilities

WaterManagement

FoodPreparation

Waste Management

Humans

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Plants &Animals

O2 Reclamation

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Essentials of Life Support• Air

– Constituent control• CO2 scrubbing• Humidity control• Particulate scrubbing• O2, N2 makeup

– Temperature control• Water• Food• Waste Management

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Air Revitalization ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

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Equivalent Systems Mass• Compress multiple decision criteria (mass, power,

volume, thermal control) into one (mass)• ESM relates consumables to marginal mass

required to supply them• ISS ESM values:

– Volume: 67 kg/m3

– Power: 77 kg/kW– Thermal: 164 kg/kW

• Does not include logistics (consumables) or crew time (but these are likely ESM categories, too)

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Air Revitalization ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

ESM Conversion Factors by Mission

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Mission/Segment

Volumekg/m3

Powerkg/kW

Thermalkg/kW

Crew Timekg/crew-hr

ISS 67 476(cont) 77(day) 164 1.6

Mars transit 16 83 21 1.1

Mars surface 2.1 175 67 1.1

Minimal Lunar 51 300 (cont)

25 (day) 50 2

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Human Metabolic Inputs and Outputs

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from Jones, “Design Rules for Space Life Support Systems” SAE 2003-01-2356, July 2003

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Oxygen Requirements

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from Lange et. al., “Advanced Life Support Requirements Document” JSC-38571B, Sept. 2002

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Water Requirements• Potable water - 2 L/crew-day (2 kg/crew-day)• Hygiene water

– Nominal - 2.84-5.16 L/crew-day– Contingency - 2.84 L/crew-day

• from Lange et. al., “Advanced Life Support Requirements Document” JSC-38571B, Sept. 2002

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Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Metabolic Energy Requirements• Men (W=mass in kg)

– 18-30: 26W+1154 kcal/day– 30-60: 19.7W+1494 kcal/day

• Women (W=mass in kg)– 18-30: 23.5W+794 kcal/day– 30-60: 13.9W+1326 kcal/day

• Add 500 kcal/day for– EVA days– Moderate exercise days– End-of-mission countermeasure days

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Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Life Support Design Rules of Thumb• A crew member requires 5 kg of consumables/day

– ~1/2 water, 1/3 food, 1/6 oxygen– (including water in food) 77% H2O, 17% O2, 12% food

solids– Dehydration reduces food mass by 2/3

• Food solids produce about 5 calories/gm• Respiration produces about 3.4 calories/gm O2

• Males need about 1/3 more calories than females– Or, males need 1/7 more than average, females 1/7 less– Males need one extra day/week of food, females one less

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Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

ISS Water Usage

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from Jones, “Design Rules for Space Life Support Systems” SAE 2003-01-2356, July 2003

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

ISS Life Support Block Diagram

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Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

ISS Configuration and Life Support Layout

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

ISS Life Support Systems• ACS - Atmosphere Control and Supply• THC - Temperature and Humidity Control• AR - Atmosphere Revitalization• FDS - Fire Detection and Suppression• WM - Waste Management• WRM - Water Recovery and Management• VS - Vacuum Services• EVA Support• Other

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Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

USOS ECLSS Systems

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

ACS - Atmosphere Control and Supply• Control total atmospheric pressure (monitor total

pressure and add nitrogen)• Control oxygen partial pressure (monitor ppO2

and add oxygen)• Relieve overpressure• Equalize pressures• Respond to rapid decompression (detect and

recover)• Respond to hazardous atmosphere (detect,

remove, recover)

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Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

ACS Schematic - Airlock Module

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

ACS Pressure Control Assembly

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Manual Pressure Equalization Valve

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

USOS Personal Breathing Apparatus (PBA)

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Volatile Organics Analyzer (VOA)

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

THC - Temperature and Humidity Control• Control atmospheric temperature (monitor and

remove heat)• Control atmospheric moisture (monitor, remove,

dispose of collected moisture)• Circulate atmosphere intramodule• Circulate atmosphere intermodule

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Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

THC - Temperature and Humidity Control

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

CCAA* THC Fan Assembly

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

*Common Cabin Air Assembly

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

THC CHX* Schematic

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*Condensing Heat Exchanger

from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

THC CHX “Slurper Bar” Schematic

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

THC Water Separator

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

IntraModule Ventilation (IMV) Hardware

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

AR - Atmosphere Revitalization• Control CO2 (monitor, remove, dispose of)• Control gaseous contaminants (monitor, remove,

dispose of)• Control airborne particulate contaminants (remove

and dispose of)• Control airborne microbial growth (remove and

dispose of)

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Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Air Revitalization Schematic

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

4BMS CDRA* Schematic

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

*4-Bed Molecular Sieve Carbon Dioxide Removal Apparatus

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

OGA-Oxygen Generator Assembly Schematic

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Trace Contaminant Control Subassembly

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

TCCS Charcoal Bed Assembly

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

TCCS LiOH Bed Assembly

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Other ISS Life Support Systems• FDS - Fire Detection and Suppression

– Respond to a fire (detect, isolate, extinguish, recover)

• WM - Waste Management– Accommodate crew hygiene and wastes

• WRM - Water Reclamation and Management– Provide water for crew use (monitor quality, supply

potable and hygiene water, process wastewater)– Supply water for payloads

• VS - Vacuum Services (for payloads)

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Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Russian Fire Safety Criteria

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

U.S. Fire Safety Criteria

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Fire Detection and Suppression

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

WRM Architecture

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Urine Processing Schematic

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Vacuum Compression and Distillation Subassy

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

EVA Support Services• Support denitrogenation (in suit, “campout”)• Support suit servicing and checkout (provide

water, oxygen, in-suit purge)• Support station egress (recover airlock atmosphere

and depress)• Support station ingress (repressurize airlock and

accept suit wastewater)

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Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

USOS ECLSS Functional Integration

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Other (Different) ECLSS Components• Russian Segment• Columbus Attached Pressurized Module (ESA)• Japanese Experiment Module (JAXA)• Mini-Pressurized Logistics Module (ASI)

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