iso 31 conforming typesetting in latex
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ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX
Moritz Nadler
December 16th, 2009
recompiled August 30, 2012 with TeX Live 2012
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 1 / 17
Outline
1 Introduction
2 The rules applied in LATEX
3 Some LATEX details and summary
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 2 / 17
Introduction
Outline
1 Introduction
2 The rules applied in LATEX
3 Some LATEX details and summary
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 3 / 17
Introduction
Why having rules and where do they come from
Like spelling rules they
increase readability
ease recognition
often lead to better looking formulae
If breaking the rules increases readability you can do it, but first knowthem!Different traditions different rules (Anglo-American, French, German,Russian...)Today also an international standard: ISO-31 XI and rules for units fromSIMy sources:
Bureau international des poids et mesures (BIPM) “SI brochure”
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry “Quantities,Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry’
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 4 / 17
Introduction
Why having rules and where do they come from
Like spelling rules they
increase readability
ease recognition
often lead to better looking formulae
If breaking the rules increases readability you can do it, but first knowthem!Different traditions different rules (Anglo-American, French, German,Russian...)Today also an international standard: ISO-31 XI and rules for units fromSIMy sources:
Bureau international des poids et mesures (BIPM) “SI brochure”
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry “Quantities,Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry’
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 4 / 17
Introduction
Why having rules and where do they come from
Like spelling rules they
increase readability
ease recognition
often lead to better looking formulae
If breaking the rules increases readability you can do it, but first knowthem!Different traditions different rules (Anglo-American, French, German,Russian...)Today also an international standard: ISO-31 XI and rules for units fromSIMy sources:
Bureau international des poids et mesures (BIPM) “SI brochure”
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry “Quantities,Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry’
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 4 / 17
The rules applied in LATEX
Outline
1 Introduction
2 The rules applied in LATEX
3 Some LATEX details and summary
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 5 / 17
The rules applied in LATEX
Variables, parameters, functions
Variables, parameters and functions are to be set italic – easy: this ismath mode’s default. Examples:
x1,2 =−b ±
√b2 − 4ac
2aand f (x) = x2
Tip for symbols consisting of several letters like Reynolds number Re orMach number Ma: use \mathit or even \mathit plus \!
Ma = F
Ma = 100 \mathit{M\!a}
Ma = 100 \mathit{Ma}
This rule also applies to capital Greek letters! E.g use \varPsi insteadof \Psi a.s.o. (amsmath). Example:
right: Ψ(x, t) = ψ(x)φ(t) wrong: Ψ(x, t) = ψ(x)φ(t)
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 6 / 17
The rules applied in LATEX
Variables, parameters, functions
Variables, parameters and functions are to be set italic – easy: this ismath mode’s default. Examples:
x1,2 =−b ±
√b2 − 4ac
2aand f (x) = x2
Tip for symbols consisting of several letters like Reynolds number Re orMach number Ma: use \mathit or even \mathit plus \!
Ma = F
Ma = 100 \mathit{M\!a}
Ma = 100 \mathit{Ma}
This rule also applies to capital Greek letters! E.g use \varPsi insteadof \Psi a.s.o. (amsmath). Example:
right: Ψ(x, t) = ψ(x)φ(t) wrong: Ψ(x, t) = ψ(x)φ(t)
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 6 / 17
The rules applied in LATEX
Variables, parameters, functions
Variables, parameters and functions are to be set italic – easy: this ismath mode’s default. Examples:
x1,2 =−b ±
√b2 − 4ac
2aand f (x) = x2
Tip for symbols consisting of several letters like Reynolds number Re orMach number Ma: use \mathit or even \mathit plus \!
Ma = F
Ma = 100 \mathit{M\!a}
Ma = 100 \mathit{Ma}
This rule also applies to capital Greek letters! E.g use \varPsi insteadof \Psi a.s.o. (amsmath). Example:
right: Ψ(x, t) = ψ(x)φ(t) wrong: Ψ(x, t) = ψ(x)φ(t)
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 6 / 17
The rules applied in LATEX
Functions with fixed names
Mathematical functions with fixed names are to be set upright. Just usename of function \exp (x), \cos (x), \sin (x) etc.
exp(x), sin(x), cos(x)
This also applies to Functions with fixed one letter names: Γ(x)
If LATEX doesn’t know the function use e.g. \operatorname{sgn} for
sgn(x) =
1 if x > 0
−1 if x < 0
0 if x = 0
If you often need sgn use \DeclareMathOperator{\sgn}{sgn}(amsmath). Now \sgn works like a “build in” function.
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 7 / 17
The rules applied in LATEX
Functions with fixed names
Mathematical functions with fixed names are to be set upright. Just usename of function \exp (x), \cos (x), \sin (x) etc.
exp(x), sin(x), cos(x)
This also applies to Functions with fixed one letter names: Γ(x)
If LATEX doesn’t know the function use e.g. \operatorname{sgn} for
sgn(x) =
1 if x > 0
−1 if x < 0
0 if x = 0
If you often need sgn use \DeclareMathOperator{\sgn}{sgn}(amsmath). Now \sgn works like a “build in” function.
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 7 / 17
The rules applied in LATEX
Functions with fixed names
Mathematical functions with fixed names are to be set upright. Just usename of function \exp (x), \cos (x), \sin (x) etc.
exp(x), sin(x), cos(x)
This also applies to Functions with fixed one letter names: Γ(x)
If LATEX doesn’t know the function use e.g. \operatorname{sgn} for
sgn(x) =
1 if x > 0
−1 if x < 0
0 if x = 0
If you often need sgn use \DeclareMathOperator{\sgn}{sgn}(amsmath). Now \sgn works like a “build in” function.
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 7 / 17
The rules applied in LATEX
Functions with fixed names
Mathematical functions with fixed names are to be set upright. Just usename of function \exp (x), \cos (x), \sin (x) etc.
exp(x), sin(x), cos(x)
This also applies to Functions with fixed one letter names: Γ(x)
If LATEX doesn’t know the function use e.g. \operatorname{sgn} for
sgn(x) =
1 if x > 0
−1 if x < 0
0 if x = 0
If you often need sgn use \DeclareMathOperator{\sgn}{sgn}(amsmath). Now \sgn works like a “build in” function.
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 7 / 17
The rules applied in LATEX
Units
Units are to be set upright. Always! In all traditions! No excuses! Thisincludes the SI-prefix for 10−6 µ (textcomp)
right: r = 3 µm wrong: r = 3µm
Code of this example:
\text{right:} \quad r = 3 \, \text\textmu\mathrm{m}\quad \text{wrong:} \quad r = 3\mu m
To save time just use sistyle or siunitx: r = \SI{30000}{\micro m}becomes r = 30 000 µm
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 8 / 17
The rules applied in LATEX
Units
Units are to be set upright. Always! In all traditions! No excuses! Thisincludes the SI-prefix for 10−6 µ (textcomp)
right: r = 3 µm wrong: r = 3µm
Code of this example:
\text{right:} \quad r = 3 \, \text\textmu\mathrm{m}\quad \text{wrong:} \quad r = 3\mu m
To save time just use sistyle or siunitx: r = \SI{30000}{\micro m}becomes r = 30 000 µm
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 8 / 17
The rules applied in LATEX
Units
Units are to be set upright. Always! In all traditions! No excuses! Thisincludes the SI-prefix for 10−6 µ (textcomp)
right: r = 3 µm wrong: r = 3µm
Code of this example:
\text{right:} \quad r = 3 \, \text\textmu\mathrm{m}\quad \text{wrong:} \quad r = 3\mu m
To save time just use sistyle or siunitx: r = \SI{30000}{\micro m}becomes r = 30 000 µm
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 8 / 17
The rules applied in LATEX
Constants
Mathematical constants are to be set upright, physical or technicalconstants italic. Use \mathrm. Examples:
right: eiπ = −1 wrong: e iπ = −1.
Nothing special for physical constants needed. Examples:
ε0 =1
µ0c20
≈ 8.85× 10−12 As
Vm
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 9 / 17
The rules applied in LATEX
Indices
Indices being variables are to be set italic, indices being text orabbreviation are to be set upright. Use \mathrm. Examples:
µr, µB =e~
2me, Thot > Tcold, xmax = 7, Veff
an =1
n2,
∞∑i ,j
mi ,j , cP > cV
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 10 / 17
The rules applied in LATEX
Matrices and vectors
No special rules for vectors. Just don’t break the existing ones. → Don’tuse \mathbf, keep vectors italic. Examples:
Avn = λnvn with A ∈ CN×N , v ∈ CN , λ ∈ C
or Avn = λnvn or ~a · ~b = |~a||~b| cosα but not a · b = |a||b| cosα
Create bolt italic letters in math mode with \bm (bm)
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 11 / 17
The rules applied in LATEX
Mathematical operators
Mathematical operators (like functions with fixed names) are to be setupright. Normally LATEX knows them, like + \lim, \nabla, \det etc.:
a + b, limx→∞
f (x) = 0, F = −∇Epot, detA = 4
If LATEX doesn’t know use \operatorname or \DeclareMathOperatorfor multi-letter operators and \mathrm for single-letter operators:
\DeclareMathOperator{\grad}{grad}\bm F = - \grad E_\mathrm{pot}
F = − gradEpot, z = x + iy ⇐⇒ Re z = x ∧ Im z = y ,
B = AT,
∫x2 dx =
1
3x3,
dn
dxnf (x)
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 12 / 17
The rules applied in LATEX
Mathematical operators
Mathematical operators (like functions with fixed names) are to be setupright. Normally LATEX knows them, like + \lim, \nabla, \det etc.:
a + b, limx→∞
f (x) = 0, F = −∇Epot, detA = 4
If LATEX doesn’t know use \operatorname or \DeclareMathOperatorfor multi-letter operators and \mathrm for single-letter operators:
\DeclareMathOperator{\grad}{grad}\bm F = - \grad E_\mathrm{pot}
F = − gradEpot, z = x + iy ⇐⇒ Re z = x ∧ Im z = y ,
B = AT,
∫x2 dx =
1
3x3,
dn
dxnf (x)
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 12 / 17
The rules applied in LATEX
Elements and particles
Elements and particles are to be set upright. Examples:
2 H2 + O2 −−→ 2 H2O µ− −−→ e− + ν̄e + νµ
This can be done with \mathrm:
2\mathrm H_2 + \mathrm O_2 \longrightarrow 2\mathrm{H_2 O}
but is much easier with \ce from mhchem:
\ce{2 H2 + O2 -> 2 H2O}
Especially if it gets more complicated:
\ce{ ^{238}U -> ^{234}Th + ^4He^{2+} + 2 e-}
238U −−→ 234Th + 4He2+ + 2 e–
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 13 / 17
The rules applied in LATEX
Elements and particles
Elements and particles are to be set upright. Examples:
2 H2 + O2 −−→ 2 H2O µ− −−→ e− + ν̄e + νµ
This can be done with \mathrm:
2\mathrm H_2 + \mathrm O_2 \longrightarrow 2\mathrm{H_2 O}
but is much easier with \ce from mhchem:
\ce{2 H2 + O2 -> 2 H2O}
Especially if it gets more complicated:
\ce{ ^{238}U -> ^{234}Th + ^4He^{2+} + 2 e-}
238U −−→ 234Th + 4He2+ + 2 e–
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 13 / 17
Some LATEX details and summary
Outline
1 Introduction
2 The rules applied in LATEX
3 Some LATEX details and summary
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 14 / 17
Some LATEX details and summary
Problems of LATEX
1 uses Anglo-American tradition: “wrong” treatment of Greek letters.2 Computer Modern and nearly all other free fonts don’t have upright
lower-case Greek letters (besides µ)3 font selection and shape selection is a mess e.g.: \mathrm might not
do what you want depending on document class and font (e.g.:beamer)
4 LATEX is very old, development very slow: one only gets lots ofimportant features with extra packages
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 15 / 17
Some LATEX details and summary
Solutions to these Problems (sort of)
1 force “correct” format: e.g.: \varGamma Γ instead of \Gamma Γ (notfor Γ(x))
2 no good solution exists. You canignore it: eiπ = −1 µ− −−→ e− + ν̄e + νµuse upgreek: eiπ = −1 µ− −−→ e− + ν̄e + νµ
use MinionPro
3 don’t use \mathrm directly use \newcommand{\mathup}{\mathrm}.Replace \mathrm with \textup or \mathsf if necessary.
4 know and use the additional packages but beware of incompatibilities
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 16 / 17
Some LATEX details and summary
Summary
In formulas italic are:
variables and parameters e. g.: x or Re
functions, e. g.: f (x) or Ψ(x)
physical constants, e. g.: c0
indices that are variables or physical quantities, e. g.: ai ,j or cVand upright are:
functions with fixed names, e. g.: sin(x) or Γ(x)
mathematical constants, e. g.: π, i or e
units and SI-prefixes, e. g.: λ = 0.56 µm
indices, that are names or abbreviations, e. g.: xmax or µB
chemical elements and particles, e. g.: H2O or e–
mathematical operators, e. g.: AT = B
The content of this talk as an article: moritz-nadler.de/formelsatz.pdf
Moritz Nadler ISO 31 conforming typesetting in LATEX December 16th, 2009 17 / 17
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