japan, honshu earthquake

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Tohoku earthquakeJAPAN 2011

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Introduction

The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami ,literally “Eastern Japan Great EarthquakeDisaster ” was caused by a 9.0

magnitude undersea megathrustearthquake off the coast of Japan thatoccurred at 14:46 at local time on Friday, 11March 2011. The epicenter was approximately72 km east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku,with the hypocenter at an underwater depthof approximately 32 km.

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Magnitude : 9.0

Date-Time : Friday, March 11, 2011 at 05:46:23UTC

Friday, March 11, 2011 at 02:46:23 PM atepicenter

Location : 38.322°N, 142.369°E

Depth : 32 km (19.9 miles) set by locationprogram

Region : NEAR THE EAST COAST OF HONSHU,JAPAN

Distances : 129 km (80 miles) E of Sendai, Honshu, Japan

177 km (109 miles) ENE of Fukushima, Honshu, Japan 373 km (231 miles) NE of TOKYO, Japan

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The red point is the epicenter of the earthquake

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Tectonic movement

The earthquake was resulted from thrust faulting on ornear the subduction zone plate boundary between thePacific and North America plates. (Convergentmovement)The rate of convergence at this plate boundary is about83 mm/yr (8 cm/year). This is a fairly high convergencerate and this subduction zone is very seismically active.

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Foreshocks

This earthquake was preceded by a series of largeforeshocks over the previous two days,beginning on March 9th with an M 7.2 eventapproximately 40 km from the March 11earthquake, and continuing with 3 earthquakesgreater than M 6 on the same day.

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Aftershocks

Japan experienced over 900 aftershocks sincethe earthquake with about 60 being over 6.0M and three over 7.0 M. A 7.7 M and a 7.9 Mquake occurred on March 11 and the thirdone on April 7, 2011, with a disputedmagnitude.

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Magnitude of earthquakes (M5-6=small yellow circles, M6-7 orange circles,M7+ large red circles) off the coast of Honshu, 9-14 March.

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Primary effects

The National Police Agency has confirmed 12,915 deaths, 4,711injured, and 14,921 people missing acrosseighteen prefectures.Japan's National Police Agency said on 3 April 2011, that 190,000

buildings were destroyed or damaged by the quake andtsunami.The earthquake and tsunami created an estimated 25 milliontons of rubble and debris in Japan.Tsunami: The earthquake which was caused by 5 to 8 meters

upthrust on 180-km wide seabed at 60 km offshore from theeast coast of Tōhoku resulted in a major tsunami whichbrought destruction along the Pacificcoastline of Japan'snorthern islands and resulted in the loss of thousands of livesand devastated entire towns.

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Secondary effects

At Fukushima I and II tsunami waves overtoppedseawalls and destroyed diesel backup powersystems ,so the cooling systems failed, leading to

severe problems at Fukushima I, including twolarge explosions and radioactive leakage. Over200,000 people were evacuated. Sea water was

pumped onto the plant to attemptto cool it.This caused releases of radioactive materials.(The first time happening in an earthquake)

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WaterIn the immediate aftermath of the calamity, at least1.5 million households were reported to have lostaccess to water supplies.Electricity:

According to Tōhoku Electric Power, around 4.4million households in northeastern Japan wereleft without electricity. Several nuclear andconventional power plants went offline after theearthquake, reducing TEPCO's total capacity by21 GW.Economic effect and the earthquake shocked manymarkets.

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Human preparedness and response

Japan is perched on top of several convergingtectonic plates. Geological instabilities causearound 1,000 tremors each year. Tsunamis aretriggered by earthquakes, hundreds of whichstrike Japan each year. So the Japanesegovernment must have been very prepared to

the earthquake . They have special buildingwhich are built to tackle the earthquake,seismic stations ,Tsunami shelters ,etc.

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Earthquake preparedness is drilled intoJapanese children during their school years

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Japan has said it will cost as much as 25 trillionyen ($309bn; £189bn) to rebuild the countryafter the deadly earthquake and tsunami.Japan declared a state of emergency followingthe failure of the cooling system at

the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, resultingin the evacuation of nearby residents.International teams in rescue effort.

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Bibliography

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific -12711226http://earthquake.usgs.govhttp://www.iris.edu/hq/retm

http://www.guardian.co.uk/search?q=effects+of+Japan+earthquake&section=uk|worldhttp://www.ehow.com/list_7152827_primary-secondary-effects-earthquakes.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunamihttp://www.nationalgeographic.comhttp://www.google.com/imghp

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Good luck Japan !Thank you for watching.

Done by Oussama Ameur Khallil