japaness road associate_2002

Contents

Chapter1 General

1.I ScopeofApplication

I.2 DefinitionofTerms

1.3 PrecisionofDesignCalculation

1.4 ConstructionConditionsthatConstitutethePremiseofDesign

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1.5 MatterstoBeDescribedonDesignDrawingsandOtherDocuments…‥‥‥‥‥……‥‥‥…･…3

1.6 Steeltypeselection

Chapter2 FundamentalsofI)esign

2.1 General

2.2 LoadCombinationinDesignCalculations

2.3 VerificationofSafetyfわrLoads

2.4 StructuralAnalysts

Chapter3 AllowableStress

3.1 General

3.2 AllowableStressofSteel

3.2.1 Allowablestressofstructuralsteel

3.2.2AHowablestressofcastingsandfわrgings

3.2.3 AllowablestressofweldandfasteningSteel

3.2.4 AHowablestressofsteelplpeandsteelbar

Chapter4 DesignorMembers

4.1 GeneralProvisions

4.1.1 Considerationsfわrsecondarystress

4.1.2 Reciprocalstressmember

4.I.3 AlternatlngStressmember

4.1.4 Minimumthicknessofsteel

4.1.5 Slendernessratioofmember

4.2 PlateandStiffenedPlateSubjectedtoCompressiveStress

4.2.1 General

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4.2.2 Platesupportedonbothedgessubjectedtocompressivestress-･--- --･---･-･55

4.2.3 Projectingplatesubjectedtocompressivestress

4.2.4 Stiffenedplatesubjectedtocompressivestress

4.2.5 Stiffeners

4.3 MemberSubjectedtoAxialForceandBendingMoment

4.4 PerfbratedPlate

4･5 CompressionMemberHavingananglesectionandTsection

4･6 EffbctiveCross-SectionalAreaofTensionAngleSteel

Chapter5ExaminationorDurability

5.1 General

5.2 RustandCorrosionPrevention

5.3 FatigueDesign

Chapter6 Connections

6.1 Connectionof'members

6.I.1 General

6.I.2 Useofweldandhighstrengthbolts

6.2 Weldedjoints

6.2.1 General

6.2.2 Weldtypesandapplication

6.2.3 EffectivetllrOat

6.2.4 Effectivelengthofweld

6.2.5 LegandsizeoffHletweld

6.2.6 MinimumeffTectivelengthoffHletweld

6.2.7 Stressinweldedjointsubjectedtoaxialorshearforce

6.2.8 Stressinaweldedjointsubjectedtobendingmoment

6.2.9 Verificationofresultantstressinweldedjoint

6.2.10 Buttjoint

6.2.ll Lapjoint

6.2.12 TJoint

6.3 Highstrengthboltedjoint

6.3,1 General

6.3.2 Bolts,nutsandwashers

6.3.3 Boltlength

6.3.4 AHowablefわrceofbolts

6.3.5 DesignofhighstrengthboltforfrictiongripCOnneCtion

6.3.6 DesignofhighstrengthboltfわrbearlngCOnneCtion

6.3.7 Designoflligh-Strengthboltfわrtensileconnection

6.3.8 Designofspliceplate

6.3.9 Calculationofnetcross-sectionalarea

6.3.10 MinimumcenteトーO-Centerdistancebetweenbolts

6.3.I1 MaximumCenter-tO-Centerdistancebetweenbolts

6.3.12 Edgedistance

6.3.13 Minimumnumberofbolts

6.3.14 Beveledwasherandcurvedwasher

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6.3.15 Filler

6.4 ConnectionbyplnS

CIlapter7 Sway】iracingandLateraHiracing

7.1 Genera】

7.2 Structureofswaybracingandlateralbracing

Cllapter8 Decks

8.1 General

8.1.1 Scopeofapplication

8.1.2 Designingeneral

8,2 Reinfbrcedconcretedecks

8.2.1 Scopeofapplication

8.2.2 General

8.2.3 Spansofdeck

8.2.4 Designbendingmomentofdeck

8.2.5 Minimumtotalthicknessofdecks

8,2.6 Typesandarrangementofreinforcement

8.2.7 Allowablestressorreinfbrcement

8.2.8 Specifiedcompressivestrengthofconcrete

8.2.9 AHowablestressofconcrete

8.2.10 Haunchondeck

8.2.ll Deckatgirderend

8.3 Prestressedconcretedeck

8.3.1 Scopeofapplication

8.3.2 General

8.3.3 Spanofdeck

8.3.4 Designbendingmomentofdeck

8.3.5 Minimumtotalthicknessofdeck

8.3.6 Typesandplacementofreinforcement

8.3.7 PlacementofprestresslngSteel

8.3.8 Specifiedcompressivestrengthofconcre te

8.3.9 Allowablestressofconcrete

8.3.10 Haunchondeck

8.3.ll Deckatgirderend

8.4 0rthotroplCStee一deck

8.4.1 Scopeofapplication

8.4.2 Designingeneral

8.4.3 Loaddistributionbypavement

814･4 Effectivewidthofdeckplatewithrespecttodeckormoorsystemaction.."."......183

8.4.5 Minimumthicknessofdeckplate

8.4.6 Minimumthicknessoflongitudinalrib

8.4.7 Structuraldetails

Chapter9 FloorSystem

9.1 General

9.2 SPanoffloorsystem

9.3 Calculationofsectionalforcesofstringer

9.4 Floorbeamshavingacontinuousconcretedeck

9.5 Comectionoffloorsystems

9.6 Swaybraclng

Chapter10 SteelGirder

10.1 ScopeofappHcation

10.2 Designatlarge

10.2.1 General

10,2.2 NormalstressduetobendinglllOment

10.2.3 Shearstressaccompanylngbendingofweb

10.2.4 StressduetotorsionallllOment

10.2.5 Verificationofresultantstress

10.2.6 Verificationofbiaxialstressstate

10.3 Flange

103.1 General

10.3.2 ThicknessofproJeCtionoftensionf一ange

10.3.3 Tensionflangeofboxgirder

10･3･4 Flangeoflaminatedsteelplates

10.3.5 Effectivewidthofflange

10.4 Web

10.4.1 General

10.4.2 Tllicknessofweb

10.4.3 Placementandspacingofverticalstiffeners

10.4.4 Stiffness,Steeltypeandthicknessofverticalstiffener

10.4.5 Attachmentmethodforverticalstiffener

10.4.6 Positionofhorizontalstiffener

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10.4.7 Stiffhess,Stee一typeandthicknessofhorizontalstiffener.…..‥..…....……...……."‥220

10.5 Structureofloadconcentrationpoint

10.5.1 General

10･512 Stiffeneratloadconcentrationpoint

10.5.3 Designdetails

10･6 Swaybracingandlateralbraclng

10.6.1 General

10.6.2 Swaybraclng

10.6.3 Lateralbracing

10.7 Camber

Cllapterll GirderStructurewi仙 ConcreteDeck

ll.1 General

1日 .1 Scopeofapplication

ll.1.2 Treatmentofcompositeactionofdeck

ll.2 Generalmattersrelatingtodesign

ll.2.1 Specifiedcompressivestrengthofdeckconcrete

I1.2.2 Young'smodulusratioofsteeltodeckconcrete

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11･2･3 Amountandplacementofreinfbrcementindecksubjectedtotensilestress‥…….234

ll.2.4 EffTectivewidthofdeck

ll.2.5 Superpositionofmaingirderactionandslabaction

ll.2.6 Creepofdeckconcrete

11.2.7 Temperaturedifferencebetweendeckconcreteandsteelgirder.......,...."."......"239

ll.2.8 Dryingshrinkageofdeckconcrete

ll.3 Allowablestress

ll.3.1 Allowablestress

ll.3.2 Verificationforsafetyfromyield

ll.4 Deck

ll.4.1 General

11.4.2 Structureofpartwhereshearfわrcesconcentrate

ll.4.3 Joint

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11.4.4 Compressivestrengthofdeckconcretewithcompositeactionimposed"""....."248

ll.5 Shearconnector

ll.5.1 Generalmatters

ll.5,2 Shearforcecausedbydryingshrinkageofdeckconcret eandtemper ature

differencebetweendeckconcreteandsteelgirder

ll.5.3 MaximumspaclngOfshearconnector

ll.5.4 Minimumshearconnectorspacing

ll.5.5 Allowableshearfわrce

11.5.6 Shearconnectornearintermediatesupport

11.5.7 Verificationofshearconnectorforsafetyfromyield

ll.5.8 Stud

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ll.6 Steelgirderflangethickness

ll.7 Camber

Chapter12 Truss

12.1 Scopeofapplication

12.2 Member

12.2.1 Generalmatters

12.2.2 Configurationofsection

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12.2.3 EffTectivebucklinglengthofcompressionmemberoftruss...‥.....………....….….…260

12.3 Panelpoint

12.3.1 Genera】

12.3.2 Gusset

12.4 Stiffeningbydiaphragmorothermember

12.5 Lateral,swayandportalbracings

12.5.1 Generalmatters

12.5.2 Lateralbraclng

12.5.3 Swaybracing

12.5.4 Portalbraclng

12.6 Secondarystressintruss

12.7 Ponytruss

12.8 Chordmemberdirect一ysupportingdeck

12.9 Camber

12.10 Verificationfわrglobalbuckling

Cllapter13 Arcll

13.1 Scopeofapplication

13.2 General

13.3 Effectofdisplacement

13.4 0ut-ofJplanebucklingofarch

13.5 DesignlngOfarchrib

13.6 Verificationofultimatestrength

13.7 Hangerorcolumn

Chapter14 SteelPipeStructure

14.I Scopeofapplication

14.2 Steel

14.3 Allowablestress

14.4 Stiffener

14･5 Jointofsteelpipe

14.6 Structuraldetails

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1416.2 FlangeJOint

14.6.3 Gussetjoint

14.6.4 Branchjoint

14.6.5 Panelpointstructure

14.6.6 Singlesteel-pipemember

14.6.7 Bendingangleofbendpipe

Chapter15 Rigid-FrameStructure

15.1 Scopeofapplication

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15.2 Liveloadandimpactusedinthedesignofarigid一打amepler……‥ ….……‥ …‥… ‥‥…‥317

15.3 Windload

15.4 Effectoffoundationstructure

15.5 0verallbucklingofrigidframe

15.5.1 General

15.5.2 Effectivebucklinglengthofrigidframe

15.5.3 Rigid一什amememberonwhichaxialcompressiveforceandbending

momentact

15.6 Verificationofstressresultantly

15.7 Deflectionofrigid-framebridge

15.8 Deflectionofrigid-framepler

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15.9 Effectofhorizontaldisplacementofstruttedrigid-framebridge……..…日..……."..…‥..328

15.10 Cornerofintersection

15.ll Stiffeningofloadconcentrationpointandbentportion

15.12 Bearlngandanchorportion

15.13 Rustandcorrosionprevention

Chapter16 CableStructure

16.I Scopeofapplication

16.2 Cablestructuredesigningeneral

16.3 Ropesandstrandsforcable

16.4 Young'smodulusofcable

16.5 Allowablevalueofcable

16.6 Structuraldesign

16.6.1 Socket

16.6.2 Curvatureradiusofcableandhanger

16.6.3 Cableband

16.6.4 Cableanchoragestructure

16.7 Rustandcorrosionprevention

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Chapter17 ConstrllCtion

17.1 General

17.I.1 Scopeofapplication

17.1.2 Constructioningeneral

17.1.3 Executionplan

17.I.4 Inspection

17.2 Steel

17.3 Fabrication

17.3.1 Working

17.3.2 MeImberprecision

17.3.3 Assemblyprecision

17.3.4 Transportation

17.4. Welding

17･4･l Weldinglngeneral

17.4.2 Weldingconsumables

1714･3 AssemblytoleranceofmaterialpleCeS

17.4.4 Weldingprocedure

17.4.5 Surfaceflawinspection

17.4.6 Internalflawinspection

17.5 Highstrengthbolt

17.5.1 Highstrengthboltworkingeneral

17.5.2 qualitycontro一andstorageofhighstrengthbolt

17.5.3 Connectionsurfacetreatment

17.5.4 Bolttlghtenlng

17･5･5 Inspectionaftercompletionoftightenlng

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17.6 Workofweldingandhighstrengthbolt什ictionconnection

atthesametimeinmembermainlyreceivlngbendingmoment...…...…………=……."..416

17.7 Erection

17.7.1 Workbasic

17.7.2 Confirmationoferectionlocation

17.7.3 Ensurlngthequalityoferectionmember

17.7.4 Assembly

17.7.5 Stressadjustment

17.8 Concretedeck

17.8,1 General

17.8.2 Concretematerial

17･8･3 Formandsupport

17･8･4 Reinforcementbarprocessingandarrangement

17.8.5 (〕ualitycontrolofconcrete

17.8.6 Concretework

17.8.7 Floorthicknessprecision

17.9 0rthotroplCSteeldeck

17.9.1 Weldedjointofclosedsectionrib

17.9.2 Weldingdeckplateinlengthwisedirection

17.9.3 Inspectionofdeckplatewelding

17.9.4 Cornerwelding

17.10 Rustpreventionandcorrosionprevention

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ＳＰＥＣⅡⅢＣＡＴⅡＯＮＳＦＯＲＨＨＧＨＷＡＹＢＲⅡＤＧＥＳ

PＡＲＴＩＶＳＵＢＳＴＲＵＣＴＵＲＥＳ

ＭＡＲＣＨＺＯＯ２

JＡＰＡＮＲＯＡＤＡＳＳＯＣＩＡＴＩＯＮ

PreftIce

RoadimprovementinJapanhasbeellpromotedinfllllfiorcesillcetheFirst5-yearRoad

lmprovementP1anwhichstartedinl954、Sincethell,９hve-yearplanshavefbllowedsuccessively・

Duringthisperiod・therehasbeellarapidincreaseinroadtrafHc・lnresponsetothis・roadnetwork

improvementhasbeenpromotedactively,however・therearestil］strongdemandsforroadnetwork

improvementinbothurbanandruralareas・

InadditionlTandglobalizationarepenneatingthroughtheeconomyandsociety6andpeopleare

increasinglyinterestedinlMngandglobalenvironmentsanduniversaldesi9,．Withthesefactors

andothersinthebackground・ｔｈｅｎｅｅｄｓｏｆｔｈｅｐｅｏｐｌｅｆｂｒｔｈｅｒｏａｄｆllnctionsandroadspacehave

beendiversifled・andappropriateactionsarerequiredfbrroadqualityimprovement、

Accordingly9theMinistryofLandJnfTastructureandTransportdrewupaNew5-yearRoad

lmprovementPlan・whichstartedinl998・Followingthisplan，theMinistryispromotingroad

improvementfbrsupportingtheimplementationofaneweconomicstructure・roadimprovementfbr

supportingthebuildupofactivecommunitiesandcities・roadimprovementfbrsustainingabetter

livingenvironmenLandroadimprovementfbrmakingthelandsafetolivein・

Ｊａｐａｎｉｓｉｎｓｕｃｈａｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｂｕｔｉｔｈａssteeptopographicalfeaturesandmanyriversoandisunder

stringentspatialrestraintsintheurbaｎａｒｅａｓｄｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｄｅｎｓｅｌａｎｄｕｓｅ・T11ebridgeisan

indispensablestructurefbrroadimprovementandmustcopewiththeseproblems・Itisnecessary

fbrbridgestopromoteappropriateimprovementwhilereducingtheliflecyclecostandlesseningthemaintenancework．

Astotechnicalstandardsfbrroadbridges,the11ConstructionStandardfiorNationalandPrefectural

HighwayｓＭｗａｓｌａｉｄｄｏｗｎｉｎＩ８８６ａｓｔｈｅｆｌrstJapanesestandardfiorroadstructuresandadesignlive

loadwasprescribedfiorbridgesinthisstandard・Sincethenstandardsfiorbridgeshavebeen

preparedinresponsetothedevelopmentofautomobiletrafncandprogressinbridgetechnology、

Thebridgestandardswereapartofthestructuralstandardsfbrroadsatflrst・butthe11DraftDesign

SpecincationsfbrSteelHighwayBridges1IwｅｒｅｌａｉｄｄｏｗｎｉｎＩ９３９ｆｉｏｒｔｈｅｆｌｒｓｔtimeastechnical

standardsfiorroadbridgesonly・Sillcethen･standardshavebeenpreparedandrevisedoneafter

anotheraccordingtothebridgestructuresandthestructuralmembers・

lntheperiodfi･ｏｍｌ９７２ｔｏ１９８０・thesestandardswerearrangedintothepresentstyleconsistingof

Partl：VOIumeonCommonMatters・Part１１：VO1umeonSteelBridges･Partlll：ＶOlumeonConcrete

Bridges9PartlV：VOlumeonSubstructuresandPartV：VOIumeonSeismicDesign、Afiertbat，

revisionsweremadeseveraltimes・Ｔｈａｔｉｓ・ｉｎ１９９０．theStandardswererevisedtorenectthe

technicalfmdingsaccumulatedasofthattime・’１１］993Iheywererevisedbecauseofthereviewof

designliveloadaccompanyingtbeamendmenttotheHighwayStructureOrdinance・andinl996o

becauseofthesolidiHcationofseismicdesignprecipitatedbytheSouthernHyogoPrefecture

Earthquake、

TheJapanRoadAssociationpublishedthei1DesignSpecihcationsfiorSteelHighwayBridgeswith

Ｃｏｍｍｅntariesi1andmFabricatiollSpecihcationsfbrSteelHighwayBridgeswithCommentaries11in

l956・Sincetheneachtimethestandardsarerevised・theAssociationhaspublishedabookofthe

revisedstandardswithcommentariesaddedfbrconsultationindesignanderectionpracticeThis

time､thetechnicalstandardsfbrhighwaybridgeswererevisedmainlywithrespecttoperfbrmance

fbrmulationandenrichmentofdurabilitystipulations、lnresponsetothis・theAssociationreviewed

thewholecontentoftbe11SpecincationsfiorHighwayBridgeswithCommentariesi1andarevised

versionisreadyfiorpublication、

Iearnestlyhopethatthepurposeoftbisrevisioniscorrectlyunderstoodandhighqualitybridge

improvementsarefUrtherpromotedinthefnture．

March2002

MichioSuzuki

President

JapanRoadAssociation

Foreword

Ｔｈｅ``SpeciHcationsfbrHighwayBridges,ＰａｒｔｌＶ:Substructures，，wasgivenasanofHcialnoticeby

theMinistryofConstructioninl980underthetitle.｡TechnicalStandardsfbrBridgesandHighway

Viaducts・'９１twasestablishedbyconsolidatingｔｈｅ、6DesignOuidefbrHighwayBridge

Substructures，､whichwasdMdedinto8separatevoluｍｅｓ（VOIumeonGeneralMattersofSurvey

andDesign（]966)､VOIumeonAbutmentandPierDesign（1968),VO1umeonSpreadFoundation

Design（1968).ｖｏｌｕｍｅonPileFoundationConstruction（1968)｡VOIumeonCaissonFoundation

Design（]970),VOlumeonCast-in-PlacePileDesignandConstruction（1973),VblumeonPile

PoundationDesign（]976),andVOlumeonCaissonPoundationConstruction（1977)），andwere

compiledaspartofthesystematizationofspeci5cationsfbrhighwaybridges・

Aherthat・arevisionwasmadeinl993mainlyconcerningthestipulationsonliveloadstokeepup

withtheenlargingtrendofvehiclesizeandincreasedurability・Anotherrevisionwasmadeinl996

mainlyconcerningthestipulationsonseismicdesign．

Thisrevisionaimedatperfbrmance-stipulatingtechnicaIstandardsandemployedafiormatinwhich

arequirementwasdescribedinprincipletogetherwithexistingstipulationsthatwouldsatisfythe

requirementlnaddition・Ｐａｒｔｌ：ＶＯｌｕｍｅｏｎＣｏｍｍｏｎＭａｔｔｅｒｓｒenectedtheresearchandstudy

resultsandexperiencesincethepreviousrevisionandreviewedtbecontentbasedonsuchref1ection

andParｔｌＶ：VO1umeonSubstructuresreviewedthestipulationsontheallowablestressof

reinfiorcementocounteｒｍｅａｓｕｒｅｆｂｒｓａｌｔｄａｍａｇｅａｎｄｔｈｅｎｅｗpileconstructionmethodtoimprove

durability・

Maiorrevisionsareasfiollows：

Partl：VOIumeonCommonMatters．

①Specihestheperfiormancerequiredfiomabridgeandthebasicmatterstoalwayspay

attentiontoinbridgedesignasthebasicideaofbridgedesig､．

②Speciflesthemattersrequiredfi･omthematerialsaswellasaddsstipulationsconcerning

structuralwireropeandparallelwirestrands．

③Specinestherequirementsfbrbearingandexpansionjointsaswellasenrichesthe

stipulationsondesignmethods．

④CIarinestheinstallationofawaterprooflayerorthelikeonthebridgesurfaceasphalt

pavementaswellasenrichesthedescriptionabouttheconsiderationsfiorslabdurability

lmprovement・

PartⅣ:VOIumeonSubstructures．

①Allowablestressofreinfbrcementundertheapplicationofdeadloadwasstipulatedinorder

totakingintoaccountthedurabilityofreinfbrcedconcrete．

②Countenneasureofthesoildamagefbrreinfiorcedconcretewasstipulated．

③Designmethodfbrbendingmomentandshearfbrceoffbotingwasrevised

④Theultimatebearingcapacity-estimatingfbrmulafbrspreadfbundationwasrevised

consideringthesizeeffectofthecoefflcientofbearingcapacity．

⑤Pre-boringpile，steelpipeandsoilcementcompositepile9vibratoryhammerpiledriving

method・whichhavebeenemployedontbeincrease・werestipulated

⑥Bearingcapacity-estimatingfbrmulafiorcast-in-placepile，pile-boringmetbod、steelpipe

sheetpilefioundationandcast-in-placediapbragmwallfioundationwasrevised

Thisdocumentgivesthetextoftbespeciflcationstogetherwiththebackgroundofandgroundsfbr

stipulationsandthedifferencesfTomtheoldspecincationsinthecommentaries・Therefioreo

carefUllyreadthecommentariesinadditiontothetextwhenusingthesespecihcations・Weexpect

thatyoucangetanintimateunderstandingfTomsuchperusal・

Weearnestlyhopethatthisdocumentisusefillfbrdesignanderectiollofroadbridgesand

contributestosecuringhighersafietyanddurability．

March2002

CommitteeonBridges

SubcommitteefbrSummarizingSubcommitteeonSubstructures

ＭｅｍｂｅｒｓｏｆＣｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅｏｎＢｒｉｄｇｅｓ

Chairman：

SyoichiSAEKI(sinceMayl999）

FonnerChairman：

NobuyukiNarita

Members：

○KatsuhitoAONO

○HirokazulEMURA

○TadayoshilSHIBASHl

○YOshiyukiENAMl

○ＡｋｉｏＯＨＴＳＵＫＡ

○HaiimeOKAMURA

○KazuhikoKAWASHlMA

○MasahikoKITAZAWA

○YUkitakeSHlOl

○TakeshiSHIRASUNA

○IchiroTAKASAKl

TadayukiTAZAKl

○ＫｅｎｉｃｈｉＴＯＫＩＤＡ

ＹａｓｕｓｂｉＮＡＫＡＭＵＲＡ

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PartHV：ＳＵＢＳＴＲＵＣＴＵＲＥＳ

CbapterlGeneral…･…･……………･…………………………………………………………………………･……･………･…］

１」Ｓcope……………………………………………………………･…･……………………………………………………］

Ｌ２DefmitionsofTerms…………………………………………･………………………………………………………２

１．３FundamentalsofDesignCalculations…………･…………………………………….．…………………..……３

１．４ConditionsofConstructionfbrDesign…･………………………………………………………………………４

１．５ｌｔｅｍｓｔｏｂｅＳｈｏｗｎｉｎＤｒａｗｉｎｇｓ…………･……………………………･…………………………………………４

Chapter2Survey……………………………………………･………………･…………………………･……………………･…６

２.］General……………………………………………………･……………………･……･…………･………………･……６

2.1.1Fundamentals…………………･……………………･…………………………………………･……….．………６

２.Ｌ２Ｔ)/pesofSurveys…･…………………………………･…………………………･………………………………６

Geotechnicallnvestigation………………………………………………･……………………………･………･…]４う７■■・凸□

２．２１General………･…………．.……………………………………………………………………………………･…1４

2.2.2PreliminarySurveys…･…………………･…………………………………………………………………･…１５

2.2.3PrincipalSurveys……………………………………･…………………………………………………………１７

２．２．４EvaluationofGeotechnicalParametersfiorDesign……･………………･……………………………2９

２．３SurveyofRiverCharacteristicsandWaterUtilization…………………………･…………………………3４

２．４SurveyofConstructionConditions……･…………･……･………･………………･……………………………３６

Chapter3FundamentalsofDesign…………………………………………………………………………･………………3８

３.］General…･…………………･………………･……………･……………………………･…･…………………･………３８

３．２LoadCombinationsinDesignCalculations……･…･…………………………………………………………４１

VeriHcationofSafietyfbrLoads…………･………………………………….．…………………･………………４６つ勺

Ｊ,J

Chapter4AIlowableStresses………………･…………………………………･……..……………………………･………･4９

４」General…………･…………..…………………･………………………………………………………………………4９

４．２AllowableStressesofConcrete…･……･………………………………………………･…･……………………･5０

４．３AllowableStressesofReinforcingＢａｒｓ……･…………………………………………………………………5９

４．４AIlowableStressesofSteelfbrStructures……………･…………………･……･…………………･…………６１

４．５AI1owableStressesofPCSteelMaterials･…………………･……………･…………………………･………･６２

Chapter5VerincationofStructuralMembers…･…･……………………･………………………………………………６４

５.IVerincationofStructuralMelnbersfiorunderOrdinary，ExtremeWind､andLevell

EarthquakeConditions..…･………･………………･…………………………………………･……………………6４

５.］.］General……………………．．…………………………………･…………………………･………………………６４

５．１２VeriHcationofRCMembersSubiectedtoBendingMomentsorAxialPorces………………･6４

S13VerincationofRCMembersSubjectedtoShearForces………………………………･……………6５

５２VeriflcationofMembersfbrUnderLevel2EarthquakeCondition..……………･……………………７０

５．２.］General･…………･………………………………………………………………………………･……………･…７０

5.2.2VerincationofRCMembersSubjectedtoBendingMomentsorAxialPorces……･…………7０

S23VeriflcationofRCMembersSubjectedtoShearPorces……………………………………･………７２

Chapter6Durability･…………………………･…………･……………………………………………………………………･７５

6.1General…………………………･………………………………………………………………………………………７５

６．２ExaminationofSaltDamage…………………………･…………………………………………･………………７６

Chapter7StructuralDetailsofReinfbrcedConcreteMembers……･…………･…･……………………･…………８］

７.］Ｓcope…………………………………………………………………………･…………………………………………８］

７．２General……･……………………………………………………………………………………………………………８１

７．３MinimumandMaximumAmountofReinfiorcement……………･………………………………･………･8２

７．４ReinfiorcementCover……..………･………･……………………･…………………………………………………８５

７．５ClearDistancebetweenReinfiorcementBars…………………………･……………………………………･･８６

７．６AnchorageofReinfbrcementBar…..………………………………………･……………･………･……………8７

７．７HookandBentShapeofReinfiorcement………………………………………･…………………｡…………･９１

７．８JointofReinfiorcementBars………………………………………･………………………………..……………９３

７９AxialReinfiorcementBar…･…･……………………………………………………………………………………９５

７.lOStirrup………･……………･…………………………………………………………………………………………･…９５

７.］ｌＨｏｏｐＴｉｅ………………………･…………………………･……………………………………………………………９７

７」２Ｔｉｅ……………………………………………………………………･…･………･……………………･…………･……９８

Chapter8DesignofPiers､Abutments・andFootings……………………………………………………･………･…1０１

８.ｌＳｃｏｐｅ……………………………………………………………･…………………………………･…………………101

８．２General……･…………･……………………･………………………･…………･……………………………………］０］

８．２.lStructuralConnguration……･………………．.………………………･……･…………･…………･………１０１

８．２．２DesignofStructureswithLargeWidth…………………･…･………………………………………･…］０２

８．２３Protectionagainstco11idingobjects..……………………………………………………………………1０３

８．３DesignofPiers･……………･………………………………･………………………………………………………１０４

8.3.lTshapedPiers…………………………………………･………･……………………………･………･………１０４

８．３．２Rigid-fi･amePiers……………………………………………………………………………･…………･……１０７

８．４DesignofAbutments……･………･…………･………………･………･……………………………･……………］1０

８．４．１ReverseTshapedAbutments…………………………………･……………･……………………………１１０

8．４２Skewabutments･……………………………………………･………………･……………………….………］１３

8.4.3Designofparapets･……………………………………..…………………･……………………･…………Ⅲ７

８．４．４Designofwingwalls･………………………………………･……･………………………………………..］２３

８．４５Rearsideofabutment…･……………………………………………………………………………………１２６

８SColumn-FootingConnectionsandWall-FootingConnections…･………………………･……･………１２７

８．６DesignofBridgeSeats……･……………………･…･……………………………………………………………1２８

８．７Footings………..…………………………･…………………･………………………………………………………１３５

８．７」General………･…………･……………………･………………………･…………･………･…･………･………］３５

８．７．２ThicknessofFootings……………………………･……………………………･……………………･…･…１３７

８．７．３DesignfiorBendingMoments……･………･…･………･…………………･………･……………･…･……］３９

８．７．４DesignfbrShearForces…………･……………………………･…………………･…………･……………1４４

８．７．５ArrangementofReinfbrcement………･…………………………………………･………………………I57

Chapter9PundamentalRequirementsfiorStabilizationofPoundations………………………………………1６１

９」SelectionofPoundationTypes……………………………………………･……………………………………１６１

９．２BasicRequirementsofDesign・………･……･…………………………………………･………………．.…1６２

９．３SelectionofBearingLayerandEmbedmentDepthRequirements………………………………･…･］７０

９．４DesignOroundSurfiace……………･……･………………………………………………………………………１７３

９．５CoefHcientsofSubgradeReaction……………………………………･………………………………………１７５

９．５．１General………･………………………･………･……………･……………………………………………･……１７５

9.5.2CoefHcientsofSubgradeReactions……………………･………………………………………………･］７７

９．６CalculationofSubgradeReactionandDisplacement…………･…･……………….．……………………］８０

９．６．１General………………･………･……………………………………･……………･……………………………･’８０

９．６．２SubgradeReactionElasticDisplacement……………･………………･………………………………･］８１

９．６．３ConsolidationSettlement…………･…………………………………………………………………･……］８１

９．７DeepFoundationstobeConstructedDeepinGroundsSubjecttoConsolidation

Settlement･…………………･…･………………………………………･……………………………………………１８６

９．８FoundationsSubjectedtoEccentricLoads……………………………………………………………･……１８７

９．９FoundationsofSkewedAbutments……………………………………･……………………･………………･l88

ChapterlODesignofSpreadFoundations……･……………………………･………………………………………･…１９］

１０.lFundamentalsofDesign……………………………………………………………………………･……………1９１

１０．２LoadShearing･･……………………………………………･…………………………………………･……………Ｉ９４

Ｉ０､３AllowableBearingCapacityofGrou､。…………………･…･………………………………………………１９５

］０．３．１ＡllowableVerticalBearingCapacityofGroundbelowBaseofFoundation………･………･’９５

１０．３．２AllowableHorizontalBearingCapacityofGround…･……･…………………………………･……２０５

］0.3.3AIlowableShearResistanceoftheGroundbelowtheBaseofaFoundation……..…………２０６

１０．４CoefncientsofSubgradeReactions………………･………･…………………………………………………２０９

１０．５CalculationofSubgradeReactionlntensityandDisplacement……………･…………………………２１２

１０．６DesigllofFootings………………･…………………………………………･……………………………………･Ｚ１６

１０．７TreatmentofFoundationBaseandBackmMaterials･……………………･……………………………２１９

１０．７．１FoundationＢａｓｅ………………･…………………………………………………･…･………………………２１９

１０．７．２BacMllMaterial……………………………………………･…･……………………･………………………Z20

Chapter］lDesignofaCaissonFoundation………･…………………･………………………………………･………２２２

］1.1BasicRequirementsofDesign……………………………………………………………………………･……222

１１．２LoadSharing…………………………………………………………………………………………………………２２５

］１３ShapesandDimensions･…･……………………･………………･……………･…………………………………２２７

１１．４AlIowableBearingCapacityofSoilLayer…..………………………………･…………………･…………２３０

Ⅱ４.lAllowableVerticalBearingCapacityofSoilLayer･…･…………………………………………･…２３０

］］､４．２AllowableShearResistanceofSoilLayersattheBottomofFoundation………･……………２３６

１］､４．３NegativeSkinPriction……………･……………………．……………………･……………………………２３７

１１．５CoefHcientofGroundReactionandUpperLimitValueofSubgradeReactiｏｎ･…………………２３９

１］､5.lCoeff1cientofGroundReaction………………………………･…………………………･………………２３９

］１５．２UpperLimitValueofGroundReactio、………………………･…･……………………………………242

］1６CalculationsofSectionalPorce・GroundReactionoandDisplacement．.……………………………２４７

Ⅱ７DesignofVariousMembersofFoundation……………………･………･………………………………･…２５５

ｌＬ７・lCaissonSideWallandPartition…………………………･……………･…………………………………２５５

１１．７．２ＴｏｐＳＩａｂ………･……………･…･………………………………………………………………………………２６４

１１．７．３TopSlabBearingUnit……………………………･…………………………………………………………２６７

］Ｌ７．４BottomPIateofOpenCaisson…….．……………………………………･………………………………･２６９

１１．７．５CuttingEdge…………･……………………………………………………･…………………………･………２７０

１Ｌ７．６CeilingSIabfbrPneulnaticCaissollWorkingChamberandSuspendedBeamsfiortbe

CeilingSIab………………･……………………………･………･…………………………………･…………２７１

］1.7.7Parapet…………..…………………………………………………･………………………………･……･……２７４

１Ｌ７．８ExaminationofStressesduringConstruction…･……･……………………………………………･…２７５

１］､８Veri5cationfbrLevel2Earthquakes…………………………………………………………………………･２７６

１１．８.lBasicsofVerihcation…………………………･……………………………………………………･………２７６

１１．８．２YieldingofFoundation……………………………………･……………………………………………･…２７８

］１８．３LimitValuesfiorDuctilityFactorandDisplacementofPoundations…･………･………………２８０

１１．８．４CalculationonSectionaIForcaSubgradeReactionandDisplacement…………………･……２８１

Ⅱ８．５verincationfbrtheStrengthofMembers･………………………･…･…………………………………２８４

Ⅱ９DetailsofStructure………･……………………………………………･………………………………………･…２８６

１１．９.lConstructionJoint………………………………･……………………………………………………………２８６

］1.9.2ReinfbrcementaroundPneumaticCaissonShaftHoles……………･…………･………………･…２８６

］１．９．３ArrangementofReinfiorcingBarsontheSideWalls……………………………………………･…２８７

Chapterl2DesignofPileFoundations…………………･…………･……………………………………………………２８９

１２.］FundamentalsofDesign………………………………………･…………………………………………………２８９

１２．２LoadShearing………………………･………………………………………………………………………………２９２

１２．３ArrangementofPiles･……………………･………………･………………………………………………………２９２

１２．４AIIowableBearingCapacityofPiles…………..……………………………･……･…………………………２９４

１２．４.lAxialAⅡowableBearingCapacityofSinglePile……･………･……………………………･………２９４

］２．４．２Axia1allowablepull-outfiorceofSinglePiles…………･………………………･……………………３０６

］２．４．３NegativeSkinPriction………………………………………………………………………………………３０８

１２．４．４ＣＯ､siderationofGroupPilesEffects……･…………………………………………･………………･…３１４

１２．５CoefflcientofHorizontalSubgradeReaction………………………………………………………………３］７

１２．６SpringConstants･…………………………･…･……………………………･…………………………..…………３１７

］２．６.］AxialSpringConstantsofPiles……･……･………………………………………………………………３１７

］２．６．２RadialSpringConstantofPiles…………･……………………………………………………………･…３２０

１２．７CalculationofPileReactionsandDisplacements……･………･………………………･…………………３２３

１２．８DesignofPileFoundatiollunderSpecialConditions……………･………………………………………３２７

］２．９DesignofPile･……………………………･…………………………………………………………………………３３４

１２．９.］DesignofPilesagainstLoadsafterConstruction･…･…………………………･……………………３３４

］２．９．２PileJoillts･……………………………………………･…………………………･……………･………………３４６

１２．９．３ＣＯnnectionsbetweenPileandFooting…………………………･………･……………………･………３４６

１２．９．４ExaminationsfbrConstructionPeriod･…･…………………………………………………………..…３５１

１２.lOVeriHcationfbrLevel2EarthquakeCondition…･………………………………………･……･…･………３５２

１２」OlBasicsofVeriHcation……………………………………………………………………………･……･……３５２

１２．１０．２YieldingofFoundation…………………………………………･………･…………………………………３５４

１２．１０．３AllowableDuctilityFactorandDisplacementofFoundations…………………･………･………３５４

１２］０．４CaIculationofSectionalForces､PileHeadReactions・andDisplacements･…………･………３５６

］２．１０．５VerihcationofStructuralMembers………………………･…･………………･…………………………３６４

１２．１１StructuralDetails…･…･………………………………………………………………………………･……………３６６

１２．ⅡｌＰＨＣＰｉｌｅｓ･………………………………………･………………………………………･……………………･３６６

１２．ⅡＺＲＣＰｉｌｅｓ…………………………………･………………………………………･…･…………………………３６８

１２．１］､３Cast-in-placeRCPiles..……………………………………………･………………………………………３６９

１２.Il4SteelPipePiles…………………･………………･……………………………………………………………３７７

１２．１１．５SteelPipeSoilCementPiles………･……･……………………………………………･…………………３８２

ｌ２Ｉｌ６ＳＣＰｉｌｅｓ…･……………………………..………………………………･………………………………………３８４

Chapterl3DesignofSteelPipeSheetPileFoundation……………………………･………………………………３８６

］３．１BasicRequirementsofDesign……………………………………………………………………………･……３８６

１３．２LoadSharing…･…………………………･……………………………･……･……………………………………･･３８９

１３．３ShapeandSize……………………………･……………………･…………･…………………………･………･…･３９０

］３．４AI1owableBearingCapacityofaSteelPipeSheetPile…………………………･………………………３９２

１３．４.］AllowableBearingCapacityofaSteelPipeSheetPile…..……………………………………･…３９２

１３．４．２AllowablePull-outForceofaSteelPipeSheetPile……………………………･………………･…３９４

１３．４．３NegativeSkinPrictioll…………………･………………………………･………………………………･…３９６

]３．５CoefHcientofOroundReaction･…………………………………………………･…………･……･…･………３９８

１３．６CalculationofSectionalForce・UnitOroundReactionandDisplacement…………………………３９９

]３．７DesignofVariousMembersofFoundation……………･…･………………………………･………………４０６

１３．７」SteelPipeSbeetPile…………………………･…………………………………･………………………･…４０６

１３．７．２ＴｏｐＳｌａｂ…………………………･………………………………･………………………………………･……４０６

１３．７．３DesignofConnectionbetweenTopS1abandSteelPipeSheetPile……………………………４０９

１３．８Coffierdam…･…………………………………………………………………………………………………………４１０

１３．９VeriflcationfiorLevel2earthquakeconditions………･…･…………･………………………･……………４］１

１３９.lBasicsofVeriHcation……..……………………………･………………．．…………………………………４１１

１３．９．２YieldofPoundation…………………………………･…･…………………･……………………･…………４１２

］３．９．３AllowableDuctilityFactorandAIIowableDisplacementofFoundation……･……･…………４１３

１３．９．４．CalculationonSectionaIForce､GroundReactionandDisplacement………………………･…４１４

１３．９．５VeriflcationfbrStrengthofMembeｒｓ……･…･…………………………………………………………４１８

１３.IODetailsofStructure…………………………………………………………………………………………………４l9

Chapterl4Cast-ln-SituDiaphragmWallFoundationDesigns………………………………･……･………･……４２３

１４.］BasicRequirementsofDesign………………………･…………………………………………………………４２３

１４．２LoadSharing･……………………………………･……………………･……………………………………………４２５

］４．３Shape9Size・ａｎｄJoint……………………………･…･……………………………………………………………４２７

１４．４AllowableBearingCapacityofGrou､。…･……･………･………………………………………．.…………427

14.4.IAllowableVerticalBearingCapacityofFoundationBedOround……･………………..………４２７

］４４２AllowableShearResistanceofFoundationBedGround………………………･…………………４２９

］４．４．３NegativeSkinFriction………………………………………………………………･……………･………･４３０

］４．５Coeff1cientofGroundReactionalldUpperLimitValueOfSubgradeReaction………･…………４３］

１４．５．１CoefncientofGroundReaction………･…･………………………･…･…………………………………･４３］

14.5.2UpperLimitValueofGroundReactio、.…………･…………･…･…………………………………･…４３３

１４．６CalculationsofSectionalForce，GroundReaction・andDisplacement･……………………･………４３５

１４．７DesignofFoundationBody…･…………..……………………………………………･……………………･…４３６

１４８VerihcationfbrLevelZEarthquakes…………………･………………………………………………………４３８

］4.8」PrinciplesofVeriHcation…･……………………･……………………･……………………………………４３８

］4.8.2YieldofFoundation……………･…………･……………………･………………………………･…………４３９

１４．８．３AllowableDuctilityFactorandA11owableDisplacementofFoundation……･…･……………４３９

１４．８．４CalculationonSectionForceoSubgradeReactionandDisplacement…･………………………４３９

１４．８．５VerincationfbrStrengthofMembers………………………………………………………･……･……４４１

］４．９DetailsofStructure……･……………･………………………………………･……………………………………４４２

１４．９．１JointbetweenE1ements･…･……………･………･………･…………………………………………………442

］4.9.2ConnectionbetweenCast-in-situDiaphragmWallsandTopS1abs…………………………･…443

］4.9.3ThicknessofWall………………………………………………………………………………･……………444

］4.9.4ArrangementofReinfiorcingBars………………………………………･………………………………･445

14.9.5LapjointofVerticalReinfbrcingBars……………………･……………………･………･…･…………446

Chapterl50eneralRequirementsonExecutionofWOrk………………………………………………･…………448

１５.ｌＳｃｏｐｅ･……………･………………………･…………………………………………･……………………･…………448

１５．２０eneralltemsofConstructionWOrk…………………………………………･………･………………･…･…4４８

１５．３SurveyfbrConstructionWOrk..………………………………･………………………………･………………449

］５．４ExecutionProgram…………………･………………………………………………………………………･…･…４５０

１５．５WorkRecord…･…………･……･………………………………..………………………………･…………………４５２

ChapterI6ConstructionofCaisso、Foundation…･………･……･……………………………･……………..………４５４

］６.lMetbodtobeApplied…………………………………･………………………………･…………………………４５４

］６．２SelectionofConstructionMachinesandlnstruments……………………………………………………４５４

１６．３TemporaryFacilities…･……………………………………………………･……………･………………………･455

］６．４CuttingEdges……･…………･………………………………………………..…………………………･…………４５６

１６．５lnstallationofaCaisson……………………………･…………………………………………………･…………４５６

１６．６CaissonMainBody…………………………･……･………………………………………………………………４５７

１６．７ExcavationandSinking………･………………･……………………･………･…………………………………･４５８

１６．８VeriHcationofBearingOround…………..……………………………………………………………･………４６］

１６．９ＴｏｐＳ１ａｂ………･…………………………･……………………………………………………..……………………４６２

１６.lOCut-offWallsandTemporaryRetainingWalls…………………･……………･……………………………４６２

１６．１］Center･…………･………………………･…………………………………………………………･…………………４６３

１６.l2EquipmentWork…………………………………………･………………………………･…･……………………464

］６．１３ConcreteFillingofaPneumaticCaisson………･……･………..……………………………………………４６５

１６．１４BottomSlabofanOpenCaisson…………………………………………･………･……………･……………４６６

Chapter］７ConstructionofPreftlbricatedPilePoundation………･………………･………………………･………467

１７.lMethodtobeApplied･……………………………………･………………………………………………………467

17.2SelectionofConstructionMachinesandlnstruments……………………………………………………４６８

１７．３TestPiling………………･………………………………………･………………･……………………･……………４６９

］７．４PreparatiollfiorConstruction･…･…………………･………………………………………………･……………４６９

１７．５Transportation・Storage,andlnspection……………･……………………･…………………………………４７０

１７．６lnstallation……………………･………･………………………………………………･……………………………４７１

１７．７Site-weldedJoint･……………………………･……………………･………………………………………………４７１

］７．８PinishingofaPileHead………………………………………………………………………………………･…472

１７．９DisposalofExcavatedEarth……･……･…………………･………………………………･……………………４７３

１７.lODrivingaPileandPinishingtheDrivingOperation………………………………………………………４７３

１７」］Pile-boringMethod……………………･…………･……･…･…………･…………………………………………４７７

］７.lL1ExcavationandSinking…………･……………………………………………………………………･……４７７

１７.IL2TreatmentofaPileTip……………………………･……･………･…………………………………………４７９

１７.l2PreboringPileMethod…･………………………………………………･…･………………………･……………４８１

１７．１２.］Boring……･…………………………･…………………･……………･……………………………………..…４８１

１７｣2.21njectionofFootProtectiollFluidandPilePeripheryFixingF1uid……………………･………481

１７．１２．３Sinking……………………………………………･……………………………………………･………………４８２

１７．１３SteelPipeandSoilCementCompositePileMethod……………･…………･……………………………４８２

ｌ７ｌ３.］PreparationofSoilCementColumn…･…･…………･…………………･………..…･…………………４８２

１７.I32SinkingofSteelPipe…………………………………･………･………………………･……………………４８４

Chapter］８ConstructionofCast-ln-PIacePileFoundation……………………･………………･…………………４８６

１８．１MethodtobeAppIied……………･……………………………………………………･…………………………４８６

１８．２SelectionofConstructionMachinesandlnstruments………･…･……･…………………………………４８７

１８．３TestPiling……………………･…………………..……･…………･…………………･……･………………………４８７

１８．４Preparationfiorlnstallation･…･…………………………………………･………………………………………４８８

１８．５Cast-in-placePileMethodbvMechanicalExcavation………･……･……………………………………490己

］８．５．１Excavation…………………………･…………………………………･……………･…………………………４９０

18.5.2ProtectionofBoreWallfi･omCollapse…………･……………………………..………………………４９］

18.5.3DisposalofExcavatedEarth……………………………………………･………･………………………492

18.5.4CompletionofaBoreBottom…..……………･……………･……………………………………………４９２

１８．５．５Reinfiorcement……………………･……………………………………………･……･………………………４９３

１８．５．６Concrete…･……………………………･……………………………………………………………………･…４９４

１８．６DeepPoundationMethod…………………………………………………………………………･…………･…495

１８．６.］DisposalofSpringWaterandGroundWater……………………………………･……………………４９５

］８．６．２Excavation………..……．.………･………･……･……･……………………………………………………･…４９６

１８．６．３ProtectionofBoreWallsfromCouapsing………･…･…………………………………………………４９７

１８．６．４CompletionofaBoreBottom………………………………………………･……………………………４９８

１８．６．５ReinfiorcementBars……………･……………………………………………………………………………４９８

１８．６．６Concrete…･……･…………………………………………………………………………･……………………４９８

１８．６．７Backnlling………………………………………………………………………………………………………４９９

Chapterl9ConstructionofSteelPipeSheetPilePoundation…………………･………………･………･……･…･５００

］９」MethodtobeApplied…･…･………………………………･………･…………………………･…………………５００

１９．２TestPiling･……………………………………………………………………………………………………………５０１

１９．３１nstallationofGuideMaterials…………･……………………………………･……･……･……………………５０２

１９．４DrivingaPileandFinishingtheDrivingOperation………………･……………･……………………･…５０２

］９．５PillingConcreteandFinishingofJointPipes･……………………………………･………………………･504

１９．６CofTierdamandTopSIab･………･……………………･…………………………･………………………………５０４

］９．６.lConstructionofaCofferdam………･……………･………………………･………………………………５０４

１９．６．２TopSIabConnectionandTopSIab………………………………………………………………………５０６

］9.6.3RemovingSupportTimberingandSteelPipeSheetPilesActingasCofYerdam……………S06

Chapter20ConstructionofTheCast-ln-SituDiaphragmWallFoundation……･…･…………………･………５０７

２０．１MethodtobeApplied…………………………･……………………………………･……………………………５０７

２０．２TestWOrk…………………･……･……………………………………………………………………………………５０７

２０．３PreparationsfbrConstructionandTemporaryPacilities………………………………..………………５０７

２０．３.］PreparationsfiorConstruction……………………………………………………………………………･･５０７

２０．３．２TemporaryFacilities……………･………………･………………･…………………………………………５０９

２０．４Excavation･……･……………………………………………………………………………………………･………５１０

２０．４」ElementAlIocatioll………………………………………………･…………………………………･………SIO

２０．４．２StabilityofTrenchWalls……･…･…………………………………………………･………………………５１０

２０．４．３SIurry……………･………･……･………………………………………………………･………………………５］Ｉ

２０．４．４Excavation…･…･……………………………………………………………･…………………………………５１２

２０．４．５S1imeProcessing…………･……………………………･……………………………………………………･５１２

２０．５ReinfbrcingBarsandElementJointｓ…..………………………………･……………………………………５１３

２０．５．１Fabrication＆lnstallationofReinfiorcementSteelCages…………………………………………５１３

２０．５．２EIementJoints…………･……･……………………………………………･…………………………………５１４

２０．６Concrete……･………………･……………………………･…………………………………………………………･SIS

PＡＲＴＩＶＳＵＢＳＴＲＵＣＴＵＲＥＳ

ＣＨＡＰＴＥＲ１ＧＥＮＥＲＡＬ

1.1ｓcｏｐｅ

ThespeciflcationsinthisPartshaⅡbeprincipallyappliedtothesubstructuresofhighway

bridges．

ThisArticleclariflesthescopeofＰａｒｔｌＶ:Substructures・

ThescopeofhighwaybridgesincorporatedintheSpeciflcationsfbrHighwayBridgesandthose

mattersnotspecifledinthisspecihcationarespecihedinSec、１．１ofPartl:ｃｏｍｍｏｎ．

lnthedesignandconstructionofsubstructuresthefiollowingguidelinesmaybereferredto：

（１）RoadEarthworks-GuidelinesfbrConstructionbyJRA(JapanRoadAssociation）

（２）RoadEarthworks-GuidelinesfiorSoftGroundTreatmentWOrks,byJRA

（３）RoadEarthworks-GuidelinesfbrRetainingWa11s､byJRA

（４）RoadEarthworks-GuidelinesfiorCulverts､ｂｙJRA

（５）RoadEarthworks-OuidelinesfiorTemporaryStructuresobyJRA

（６）RoadEarthworks-GuidelillesfbrGeotechnicallnvestigatiolLbyJRA

（７）RoadEarthworks-GuidelinesfbrDrainageWOrksbyJRA

（８）RoadEarthworks-GuidelinesfiorSlopeStabilityandSurfaceTreatmentobyJRA

Chapter2oChapters3to］４.ａｎｄChapters15to20ofthisPartprovidespeciHcationsonsurveybdesig､，

andconstructionrespectively､Withregardstodesign,Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒｓ３ｔｏ７･Chapter8・Chapter9、and

ChapterslOto］４specifygeneralandcommonrequirements：specincrequirementsfbrpiers，

abutmentsoandfbotings:fimdamentalrequirementsoffbundations:anddesignmethodsfiorindividual

fbundationtypes・respectively．

Regardingconstruction,ChapterI5andChaptersI6to20specifygeneralmattersandconstruction

proceduresfbrindividualfioundationsrespectively．

１

1.ZDefinitiomofnrms

TbetermsusedinthisPartaredeflnedasfbllows：

(1)SubstructuralBody－Upperpartofasubstructure､suchasanabutmentorpierthat

transfersloadsfTomthesuperstructuretothefbundation

(2)Foundation －Lowerpartofasubstructurethattransfersloadsfi･oma

substructuralbodytothegroun.．

(3)Underordinarycondition

－Conditionthatexcludestheeffectofearthquakesandwindinthecombinationofloads．

(4)Underearthquakecondition

－ConditionthatconsiderstheefTectofearthquakesandwindillthecombinationofloads．

(5)UnderLevelI

earthquakeconditio、－Conditionwithconsiderationofanearthquakehavingahigbprobabilityofoccurrenceduringthebridgeservice1ifie(LevellSeismicMotion)．

(6)UnderLevel2

earthquakecondition－ConditionwithconsiderationofanearthquakehavingalowerprobabilityofocculTenceduringthebridgeservicelifeobutstrongseismicmotion(Level2SeismicMotion)．

(7)Understormcondition－Conditionthatconsiderswindloadsinthecombinationofloads．

(8)Pooting －Structureinthefbrmofaslabwhichasapartofthefbundation，supportsabridgesupportcolumnorwallandtransfersloadstothegroundorpilesJhisissometimescalled

thetopslabincaissons・steelpipesheetpiles9anddiaphragmwallfbundations．

(9)UItimate

BearingCapacity－Maximumresistingstrengththatgroundcandevelopin

●

sLIPPOrtlngaStructure．

(]O）Allowable

BearingCapacity－UItimatebearingcapacitydividedbyaspecifledsafetyfactor、orbearingcapacitydeterminedfi･omtheallowabledisplacement・whicheverissmaller．

(lDDesignGroundPIane

－GroundplanedeterminedindesignasagainstthecurrentgroundplanCasonefTomwhichhorizontalresistancecanbe

expectedwithconsiderationfbrfilturechangesingroundpropertles．

(12）EmbedmentDepth －Depthfromthecurrentgroundplanetothebottomortipoftbefbundatio、

(13）EfYectiveEmbedmentDeDth

－Depthfi･omthedesigngroundplanetothebottomortipofthefbundation

２

1.3FundamentalsofDesignCaIculatioｎｓ

（１）T11eaccuracyoftlledesigncalculationsshallbeappropriatelydeterminedwitbafiIll

ullderstandingoftheaccuracyofthedesignrequirements，Thefmalresultsinthe

designcalculationsshouldbeperfbnnedtothreesigniflcantngures．

(2)lnthedesigncalculations、analyticaltheoriesandanalyticalmodelscapableof

adequatelyevaluatingmaterialpropertiesofmembers、Structuralgeometric

characteristics､andthepropertiesofgroundresistance・shallbeemployed．

lnthedesigllofsubstructures・itshouldbenotedthattbeaccuracyoftbeestimatesofthestrength

ofsteelandconcreteishighobuttｈａｔｏｆｓｏｉｌｉｓｌｏｗｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｉｔｓｃｏｍｐlicatednature、lnother

words・designcalculationsareperfiormedwithlargevariationsinaccuracydependingontbe

material.Therefbre・itisnotalwaysappropriatetoenbancetbecalculationaccuracyTheaccuracy

shallbedeterminedbycarefilllyreviewingtheassumeddesignconditions．

(１）

Ontheassumptionthattheloadconditionsanddesignstandardvaluesrelatingtomaterialsandthe

filndamentaldimensionsinthedesigncalculationcontainnoerrorocalculateresultstothree

signiflcantflgureseveniftheallowablevaluesareavailabletomorethanthreesignincantflgures・

Theallowablevaluesofconcreteandsomeothermaterialsareusuallyavailabletotwosignincant

flgures､Insuchcases・ｔｗｏsigniflcanthguresareacceptable．

Table-CL3.］indicatestheeffiectiveminimumvaluesinthefmalresultsofdesigncalculations．

Table-C１．３．１EffectiveMinimumValuesinDesignCalculations

３

ltelns ＵｎｉｔｓEHectivcMinimumValues

CoefncientsofHorizontalSubgradeReactions

SPTNValues

AxialSprIng ConstantsofPile

AxialForcesinPile

SubgradeReactionlntensitvワ

Displacements

AxialCompressiveStressesi、Concrete

BendingCompressiveStressesi、Concrete

BearingStressesinConcretc

ShearStressesinConcrete

BondStrcssesinConcrete

StressesinReinfbrcements

StressesinSteelMembers

StressesinPCSteelMembers

ｋＮ/、

ｋＮ/、

ｋＮ/pile

ｋＮ/、

ｍ、

Ｎ/ｍｍ

Ｎ/ｍｍ

Ｎ/ｍｍ

Ｎ/ｍｍ

Ｎ/ｍｍ

Ｎ/ｍｍ

Ｎ/ｍｍ

Ｎ/ｍ、

勺－

つ－

つ－

つ－

つ

－

つ－

つ-

つ￣

､

」

今￣

－１

００

１１１００

００００

●●●●●

Ｉ１１１１１０００００１１Ｉ

(2)lnverifyingthesafetyofmembersandthestabilityoffbundationMnalyticalmethodsandmodels

shallbeemployed,whichadequatelyconsiderthecharacteristicsoftbematerials,geometry,and

groundresistancetoobtainengineeringindicesfiorstresses、subgradereactions，and

displacements．

1.4ConditionsofConstmctionfUrDesign

(1)Whendesigningasubstructure，theconstructionconditionsshallbeconsidered

appropriately．

(2)ProvisionsspeciHedinChapters4throughl4arebasedonthepremisethatrequirements

fbrconstructionspecifiedinChaptersl5through20arefUllysatisfied・When

constructionconditionsmayfEliltofiollowthosespecifledinChaptersl5through20it

shallbetakenintoconsiderationindesigningsubstructures．

(2)IncaseitisimpossibletofbllowtheconditionsofconstructionspecifiedinChapters

l5through20，safbty）ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｔｏｏｒｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎｔｈａｔｂａｓｅdontheprovisions

specifiedinChaｐｔｅｒｓ４ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｌ４,shouldbesecuredbyperfbrmingnecessarytests

orothermeasures．

1.5IｔｅｍｓｔｏｂｅＳｈｏｗｎｉｎＤｒａｗｉｎｇｓ

Indesigndrawingsandthelike，necessaryinfbrmationshallbegivenconsideringtheconvenienceofconstructionandmaintenance．

Majoritemsofsubstructureswhichｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｓｈｏｗｎｉｎｄｅｓｉｇｎｄｒａｗｉｎｇｓａrelisted

below：

l）Superstructures

①Classofbridge

②Width

③Spa、

④Typeofsuperstructures

⑤Methodofconstruction(ifrequired）

４

2）Substructures

①Materialsandtypesofsubstructures

②Designloadsofsubstructures

③Allowabledisplacement

④Typesofmaterialsused（inthecaseofconcrete，specifiedcompressive

strengthwater-cementratiotobedeterminedbydurability,andwatertightness,

maximumsizesofcoarseaggregates,etc.）

⑤Typesofbearingstratum

⑥Allowablestressandallowablebearingcapacity

3）Constructionconditionstakenaspremisesofthedesign

ThesearethepreconditionsinthedesignthatarerelatedtoconstructionDescribe

whatneedstobesatisfiedinconstructionandthelike．

4） Maintenance-relatedconsiderationsinthedesign

Describethemaintenance-relatedmattersconsideredinthedesignassumedfilture

maintenanceconditionsandthelike．

５

ＣＨＡＰＴＥＲＺＳＵＲＶＥＹ

2.1General

2.1.1FunClamentals

Ａｓｕｒｖｅｙｓｈａｌｌｂｅｐｅｒｆｂｒｍｅｄｔｏｏｂｔａｉnessentialinfbrmationaboutthedesign

andconstructionofsubstructures．

Asurveyshallbeperfbrmedtoobtainthemfbrmationrequiredtodesignａｎｄｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔ

ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃａｎｄｓａｆｂｓｕｂstructuresThedesignstagesurveyshallfbcusoncollecting

infbrmatｉｏｎｏｎｔｈｅｂｅａｒｉｎｇｇｒｏｕｎｄｌａｙｅｒ，selectinganappropriatefbundatiｏｎｔｙｐｅ

ｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｇｅｏｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌconditions，ａｎｄｄｅｔｅｒminingthegeotechnicaldesign

parameters．

2.1.2TS7pesofSurveys

(1)Thefbllowingsurveysshallbeperfbrmedfbrthedesignandconstructionof

substructures：

１）Geotechnicalinvestigations

２）Surveysofrivercharacteristicsandirrigation

３）Surveysofconstructionconditions

(2)Forsurveysinspecificcasesunderthefbllowingconditions，special

attentionshallbegiventoexistingdata，geography，geology，ａｎｄ

environment：

１）Softground

２）Groundlikelytobecomeunstableduringanearthquake

３）Mountainousareas

４）Areaspronetolandslide

５）Constructionclosetoexistingstructures

(1)Table．Ｃ､2.1.1tabulatestheprincipalobjectivesandcontentsofvarioussurveysof

ｌ）ｔｏ３）above(1)．Thesurveysnecessaryfbreachstagｅｏｆｔｈｅｄｅｓｉｇｎａｎｄ

６

constructionshouldbeperfbrmedwithrefbrencetoTableC､２．１．１．

Fordesignstagesurvey，itisnecessarytoperfbrmsurveysoftheconstruction

conditions・Attheconstructionstage，ｓｕｐｐｌｅｍｅｎｔａｒｙｓｕｒｖｅｙｓｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｎｓｔruction

shouldbeimplemented，ａｓｎｅｅｄｅｄ，onlyafterfilllyunderstandingthｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｏｆ

ｔｈｅｓｕｒｖｅｙｓｏｂｔａｉｎｅｄａｔthedesignstage・Furthermore，duringconstruction，

varioussurveysneedtobeperfbrmedfbrthepurposesofconstructionmanagement・

Chapterl5describesthesurveysrequiredduringconstruction．

(2)1）’ＳｕｒｖｅｙｓｏｆＳｏｆｔＧｒｏｕｎｄ

ｌｔｉｓｇｅｎｅｒａｌlydifficulttoevaluatethegeotecｈｎｉｃａｌｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｓｏｆｔｇｒｏｕｎｄ,ａｎｄ

ｓｕｃｈａｎｅｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎｗｏｕｌｄｈａｖｅａｓignificantaffbctonsurroundingstructuresand

ground，ａｓｗｅｌｌａｓｔｈｅｄｅｓｉｇｎｏｆｔｈｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒesconcerned・TherefbrecarefUl

surveysofsoftgrｏｕｎｄｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅperfbrmedinconsiderationofthefbllowing

points：

i）SurveyofExistingMaterials

Anoveｒｖｉｅｗｏｆｔｈｅｇｒｏｕｎｄｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓｓｈｏｕldbefirstobtainedfiomavailable

infbrmationingeotechnicalborelogsorgeologicalprofiles・Ｉｎｃａｓｅｓｏｆｓｏｆｔ

ｇｒｏｕｎｄ，moredetailedstudiesarenecessary・Therefbre，itisimportantto

carefnllycollecｔａｎｄｅｘａｍｉｎｅｅｘｉｓｔinggeologicaldatawhenmakingagrｏｕｎｄ

ｓｕｒｖｅｙｐｌａｎ、Ａｔｔｈｅｓａｍｅｔｉｍｅａｓｔｕｄｙｏｆｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓｃonstructionincluding

structuralscaleSevaluationsofgeotechnicalparametersandtypesofauxiliary

constructionmethodsintroducedwillprovidevaluableinfbrmationfbｒｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇ

ｔｈｅｄｅｓｉｇｎａｎｄｃｏｎｓｔｒｕction．

ii）Geotechnicallnvestigations

Whendesigningandconstructingstructｕｒｅｓｏｎｔｈｅｓｏｆｔｇｒｏｕｎｄ､detailed

investigationsofconsolidationsettlement,negativeskinfiiction,ｌａｔｅｒａｌｇｒｏｕｎｄ

ｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔａｎｄｔｈｅｓｔａbilityofretainingandcoffbrdamwallsareneeded、Ａｓａ

ｒｅｓｕｌｔｏｆｔｈｅｓｅｓｔｕｄｉｅＳｉｔｉｓｉmportanttoevaluatetheappropriategeotechnical

parameters．

Surchargesonfills,eccentricearthpressuresduringconstruction,ｇｒｏｕｎｄｃｒｅｅｐ

ａｎｄｔｈｅｌｏｗｅｒｉｎｇｏｆｇｒｏundwaterlevelsmaycausespecificchangesoftheground

propertieslnsuchcases,ｉｔｉｓｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙｔｏｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｔｈｅｎｕｍｂeｒｏｆｔｅｓｔｓｉｔｅｓａｎｄ

７

investigationsmordertocompreheｎｄｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓｓｕｃｈａｓｔｈｅｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎ，

thicknesSandstructureofsoillayers，ａｎｄｔｏｅｎｓｕｒｅｔｈｅａｄｅｑｕａｃｙｏｆ

ｇｅｏｔｅｃhnicalparametersevaluatedfromthetests．

iii）SurveysofSurroundingEnvironmenｔ

Ａｔｓｉｔｅｓｏｎｓｏｆｔｇｒｏｕｎｄｓｉｔｅ，ａｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌworkincluding

increasedfbundationworksfbrmainstructures，ｔｅｍｐｏｒａｒｙｗｏｒｋｓｓｕｃｈａｓ

ｃｏｆｆｂｒｄａｍｓ，ａｎｄｓｏｆｔｇｒｏｕｎｄｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｗｏｒｋｓｍａｙｂｅｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｄ，Inaddition，

environmentaleffbctssuchaspropagationofgroundvibration，largeground

displacement，contalninationofundergroundwatｅｒａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓａｒｅ

ｌｉｋｅｌｙｔｏａrise、Accordinglyぅsurveysonadjacentonadjacentfacilitiesand

buriedstructuresneedｔｏｂｅｐｅｒｆｂｒｍｅｄ．

2）SurveyofGroundLikelytoBecomeUnstableduringanEarthquake

Aliquefactionassessmentisneededfbrsaturatedsandygroundwheresoil

liqueftlctionislikelytooccurdurinｇａｎｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅ・Ａｓａｒｏｕｇｈｅｓｔｉｍａｔｉｏｎ，the

classificationofthegroundssｈｏｗｎｉｎＴａｂｌｅ－Ｏ２・l2orhistoricalrecordsofthe

occurrenceofsoilliquefactionshouldberefbrredto・Occasionallyぅseismic

subgradereactionsofsoftcohesivesoillayersorsiltysoillayerscannotbe

expected・Whenaddressingsuchcases,ｔｈｅｄｅｓｉｇｎｓｈｏｕｌｄｃｏｎｆｂｒｍｔｏＣｈａｐｔｅｒ８ｏｆ

ＰａｒｔＶＳｅｉｓｍｉｃＤｅｓｉｇｎ．

Furthermore，atsiteswherelateralearthpressuｒｅｓｄｕｅｔｏｂａｃｋｆｉｌｌｗｏｕｌｄａｆｆｂｃｔ

ｔｈｅsafbtyofsubstructuresclosetowaterfronts1ateralgroundspreadingcaused

bysoilliquefactionisliｋｅｌｙｔｏｏｃｃｕｒｄｕｒｉｎｇａｎｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅ・Whenconstructionof

substructureｓｉｓｐｌａｎｎｅｄａｔｓｕｃｈｓｉｔｅｓ，detailedsurｖｅｙｓｏｆｔｈｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ

(thicknessandgradient）ofsoillayerslikelytocauseliqueftlctionandlateral

spreading，thestructuralcharacteristicsofquaywalls，presentgeographyand

fUturelanduse,undergroundwaterleveLetcareneeded.

８

Table-02.1.1Survey(1)

EXj L｣

Dｆｌｌ

〕ｎｌ－ﾉｏｎｕｌＩｌｃ】Ｉ

Survev PrincipalObjectives SurvevItems←!

Remarks

1）GeotechnicallnvestigationsＳｕｒｖｅｖｏｆ

Ｕ

Ｇrｏｕｎｄ

i）Overviewofground，

structuresandpropertiesofsoil

layerｓ(preparationｏｆ

geologicalmapsandborelogs）ii）Generalstudyof

1１１

designandconstruction

）Determinationofthe

ｍａｇｎｉｔｕｄｅｏｆｓｅｉｓｍｉｃｇｒｏｕｎｄｍｏｔｌｏｎ

iv）Ａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔｏｆｓｏｉｌ

liquefHction

v）Assessmentofsoilwhose

seismicsubgradereactionis

ｎｅｇlected

vi）Determinationofgeotechnical

parametersfbrdvnamicanalvsis

←

a）Surveyofgeographyandgeology

b）Boring

c）Samplingd）Soundinge）SoilTestin９

f）Ｒｏｃｋ'Ibstin

９

９

）GeophysicalexplorationandvｅｌｏｃｉｔｖｍｅａｓｕｒｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＰａｎｄＳ

ｗａｖｅｓ

h）Recordsofpastearthquakesand

ｄａｍａｇｅ

i）Undergroundwaterlevel］ ） Ｄｖｎａｍｉｃ

し／ propertiesofsoils

Sｕｒｖｅｖｏｆ

Groundwater

i）Studvofconstructionmethod

machines,equipment，ａｎｄ

workingprocedures

Ｓ， a）Undergroundwaterlevel

b）Waterqualitvtest◆ノ

Ｃ）Pore-water pressures

d）F1owdirectionandvelocitv

SｕｒｖｅｙｏｆＴｏｘｉｃＧａｓ

andOxygen-ShortＡｉｒ

i） Studvofconstructionmethods●' a）’Ibrpeofgas,ａｎｄ

b）Ｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｏｆ

lｔｓｅｍｌｓｓ１０ｎ

ｏｘｙｇｅｎ． shortａｉｒ

2)SurvevofRiverCharacteristicsandlrrigation

ＳｕｒｖｅｙｏｆRiver

Characteristics

i）Understandingriversandlakes，aｎｄｄｅｇｒｅｅｏｆｃｈａｎｇｅ

a)Riverbedsandlakebottom

conditions

b）Currentvelocity〉ｎｏｗrate,water

qualityぅwaveheight，diffbrencebetweenhighandlowwaterlevels，increaseinwaterlevelbvrainfall，

ｃｈａｎｇｅｉｎｗａｔｅｒｎｏｗｂｖｓｃｏｕｒ,tidalし'

waveanddriftingsand,ａｎｄbackwatereffbctsbehind pler

c)ConditionsofmanagementofriversaｎｄｌａｋｅｓａｎｄｆＵｔｕｒｅ ｐlａｎｓ

``Ordinanceon

StructuresonRiver

Ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ

Facilities,”ａｎｄ“tｈｅEnfbrcement

Regulations,”ｓｈｏｕｌｄ

befUllyunderstood．

Sｕｒｖｅｖｏｆ①プ

IrrigationandOtherRelated

Matters

i)Studyoflocations,andmethodsandperiodsofconstructionof

ｓｕｂ‐structuresandtemporarvfacilities

a)Navigationofvessels

b)Occurrencesofnowinganddriftingsubstances

c)Waterutilizationfbragricultureaｎｄｆｉｓｈｅｒｖ

NecessarvtoＳグ

understandｔｈｅ

existenceoffishing

aｎｄｗａｔｅｒｕｓｅｒｉｇｈｔｓ

ａｎｄothers，ａｎｄtheir

details．

3）SurvevofConstructionConditions

SurvevofExistingInfbrmation

１）Generalrefbrencematerialfbr

designandconstructionofsub．structures

a)Designdocumentsandconstructionrecordsfromtypicalconstruction

eｘａｍｐles

b)Recordsof

ｐｅｒｓｏｎｓ

ｅｘｐｅｒｔｓ

ｅｘｐｅｒｌｅｎｃｅｓ

concernedａｎｄ

from

oｐｌｎｌｏｎｓ oｆ

Table-02.1.1Survey(2)

[)ｎＬﾉｏｎｕｌｌｌＬL)’しﾉし

Table-C､２.L2GeographicalGroundConditionsinTermsof

ProbabilityofOccurrenceofLiquefaction

１０

Survey PrincipalObjectives Survevltemsレ！

Remarks

3）SurvevofConstructionConditions

Sｕｒｖｅｙｏｆ

SurroundingＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ

i）Studyoftheeffbctsofconstructionworkson

environment

ii）Studyofconstructionmethods，machines，

andworkingmethods

iii)StudyofmeasuresfbrprotectingsurroundingenviroT1ment

a）Presentbuildings,noiselevels，vibrationlevels，ｇｒｏｕｎｄmoveｍｅｎｔ､waterleveland

qualityinwells，traffic

conditions,etc．

b）Generationofnoisevibration

andgroundsubsidence,ｃｈａｎｇｅｉｎ

wellwater,ａｎｄｔｒａｆｆｉｃｃｈａｎｇｅ

likelytooccurduringconstructionduetoconstruction

methods，machines，ａｎｄ

operationmethodsadoptedc）Existenceofhistorical

ｍｏｎｕｍｅｎｔｓａｎｄｓｉｔｅｓｏｆｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ

heritage

d）Existenceofspecialenvironmentsincludingｓｎｏｗbreak

ａｎｄｈｏｔ

Ｓ， fbrest

sｐｒｌｎｇｓ

Ｓヲ riverheads

``NoiseRegulationＡｃｔ

，，

"vibration

RegulationAct，“

”

WaterPollution

ＣｏｎｔｒｏｌＬ

ａｎｄlocal

ａｗ），，

governmental

regulationsshouldbｅｆＵｌｌｙ

understood．

SｕｒｖｅｙｏｆＷｏｒｋ1，９

Ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓ

i）Understandingvariousrestrictionsand

conditionsonconstruction

Works

ii）Studvofinteractions

betweenadjacentstructuresandthesub．

structuresconcerned

iii)Studvofconstruction

ｍｅｔｈｏｄＳ， locationof

operationfacilities，

machines，andprocedures

iv)Studyofprotectionｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓａｔｔｈｅ

constructionsiteandsafbtv

measuresofconstruction

oｐｅｒａｔｌｏｎｓ

v）Weatherfbrecastfbr

constructionperiod

し'

a）Workingarea;workingspace；width,alignment,trafficvolume，andtrafficrestrictionsonaccess

roads

b）Locations，amounts，ａｎｄ

proceduresfbrdisposalofexcavatedsoilandstabilizers

c）Locationandavailabilityofelectricityう

ｓｅｗｅｒａｇｅ，

ｗａｔｅｒ

ｅｔｃ．

supplyう

d）Location,type,ａｎｄｓｃａｌｅｏｆadjacentstructures,buried

structures,cables，etc．

e）Recordsoftemperature，humidity,ｒａｉｎfall,ｓｎｏｗfall,ｗｉｎｄdirectionandvelocity， frost

heave，ｆｒｅｅｚｉｎｇａｎｄｍｅｌｔｉｎｇ

typhoons，ｅ

"IndustrialSafbtv

aｎｄ

ＨｙｇｉｅｎｅＬａｗ，”

"Ordinanceon

し’

IndustrialSafbtyaｎｄ

Ｈ● ”

ｙｇｌｅｎｅ， aｎｄ

relatedregulationssｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｆＵｌｌ

understood．

ｙ

ProbabilityGeographicalGroundConditions

(A）Ｈｉｇｈ Activeriverbeds，DryRiverbeds，AreasFilledor

ReclaimedatCoastalAreas，Lakes，ＭａｒｓｈｅｓａｎｄＲｉｃｅPaddies

(B）Moderate AlluvialLowlandsandTablelandswiｔｈＳｈａｌｌｏｗＧｒｏｕｎｄ

WaterTables

(C）Ｌｏｗ Plateａｕｓ， ＨｉｌｌＳ， aｎｄＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎｏｕｓＬａｎｄｓ

3）SurveyofMountainousAreas

Whenthedesignandconstructionofsubstructuresareundertakenin

mountainousareas,itisimportanttoevaluatethegroundconditions（mainly

rockygrounds）andstudytheconstructionmethods・Asthegeotechnical

conditionsandconstructionconditionsinmountaｉｎｏｕｓａｒｅａｓｗｉｌｌｄｉｆｆｂｒｆｒｏｍ

ｔｈｏｓｅｆbrplainfield,specificevaluationmethodsshoulｄｂｅｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｄｔｏｔａｋｅｔｈｅ

ｇｒｏｕｎｄｆｂａｔuresintoaccount．

i）SurveyofExistingMaterials

Whenlandslides，slopefailures，ａｎｄｄｅｂｒｉｓｆｌｏｗｓａｒｅｌｉｋｅｌｙｔｏｏｃｃｕｒ，existing

infbrmationfbcusingontheresultsofgeologicalsurveysshouldbecollectedas

neededFurthermore，withrefbrencetopastdisastersthatoccurrednearby，

substructuretypes,constructionmethods，andsubsidiaryconstructionmethods

shallbeexamined．

ii)SurveyofGeographyandGeology

ThedesignermustcarefUllyexaminethelocationsandnumberofinvestigation

siteaasmountainousareasoftenhavesteepgeographicfbaturesaｎｄｔｈｅ

ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｔｈｅｇｅｏｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａllayersisgenerallycomplex・Accurateinfbrmation

onthegeographyandgeotechnicalstructuresshouldbeobtainedbｙｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇ

ｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｓｕｒｖｅｙｓａndboreholes．

IngeneraLasmountainousareasarerockyground,thesurveyitemsandtheir

evaluationprocedureswilldiffbrfromthosｅｆｂｒｇｒｏｕｎｄ・Thecharacteristicsof

rockygroundshouldbeevaluatedfromtheresulｔｓｏｆｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｖｅｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｏｆ

ｔｈｅｒockfbatures,locationScracks,openings,joints,ｒｏｃｋpropertiessuchasthe

locationsandcharacteristicsoffaultsandweatheredtransfbrmationzones，

physicalpropertiesfromunconfinedandtri-axialcompressiontests，and

geophysicalexplorationssuchasseismicprospecting．

mSurveyofConstructionConditionｓ

Ａｓｔｕｄｙｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓｉｓｏｆｐｒｉｍａｒｙｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅｉｎｔｈｅdesignof

substructuresinmountaiｎｏｕｓａｒｅａｓ，Ｆｏｒexample，theconstructionmethods，

ｔｈｅｓｅlectionofappropriatemachinery，temporaryworksdesigns，ａｎｄｔｈｅ

ｄｅｓｉｇｎｏｆａｃｃｅｓｓｒｏａｄｓａｒｅｉｍｐｏｒtantitems・Ｓｕｒｖｅｙｓｏｆｔｈｅｓｕｒｒｏｕｎｄｉｎｇ

ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｓｗｅｌｌａｓｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｓｉｔｅｓａrealsonecessary．

1１

4）SurveyofAreasPronetoLandslide

Whenabridgeconstructionsiteisloｃａｔｅｄｉｎａｎａｒｅａｐｒｏｎｅｔｏｌａｎｄｓｌｉｄｅｓ,ｏｒｗｈｅｎ

ｔｈｅｐｏｓｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｔｈｅｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｏｆａｌａｎｄｓｌｉｄｅｎｅｅｄｓｔｏｂｅｅｘａｍinedatthe

constructionsite,thefbllowingsurveysshallbeperfbrmed：

i)SurveyofExistingMaterials

Landsｌｉｄｅｓｔｅｎｄｔｏｏｃｃｕｒａｔｓｉｔｅｓｗｉｔｈｐａｒticulargeographicalandgeological

conditions・Therefbre，ｉｔｉｓｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙｔｏｃｏｌｌｅｃｔａｎｄａｎａｌｙzeinfbrmationon

geographicalandgeologicalfeatures,ａｎｄｐａｓｔｄｉｓａｓｔｅｒｒｅｃｏｒｄｓｉｎａｎｄａｒｏｕｎｄｔｈｅ

ｓｉｔｅ,ａｎｄｔｏｅｘａｍｉｎｅｔｈｅｅｘｉｓtenceoflandslidegeography．

iDAnalysisofAerialPhotographs

lｔｍａｙｂｅｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅｔｏａｎａｌｙｚｅｔｈｅｂｏｄｅmentstolandslides,precedingbodements，

pastevidence(suchasmicro-geography)oflandslidesgeologicalstructuresand

plantationsituations，ａｎｄｔｏｏｂｔａｉｎｏｔｈｅｒｕｓｅｆＵｌｉｎｆｂｒｍａｔionfiPomaerial

photographslnordeｒｔｏａｎalyzedetailedphenomena,ｉｔｉｓａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｏｕｓｔｏｕｓｅ

ａｅｒｉａｌｐｈｏtographscapturedduringthewinteｒａｎｄｍｉｄｓｐｒｉｎｇｐｅｒｉｏｄｓｗｈｅｎｌｅａｆ

ｃｏverislninimized．

Fieldinvestigationsshouldbeperfbrmedtoobserveandestimatelandslide

mechanismsinviewofexistingsurveydataandinfbrmationderivedfromaerial

photographs．

iii)GeologicalSurveysandMonitoring

Geologicalsurveysshouldbeperfbrmedtounderstandlandslidemechanisms，

groundwatersituationsandlandslidemovement・Thesurveycouldincorporate

throughboreholesurveysatappropriateselectedlocations・Extensometers，

groundsurfaceinclinometers，boreholeinclinometers，andlandsurvey

techniques(suchasGPS)canbeusedasmonitoringequipmentandprocedures．

Ｉnstallationofsuchequipmentshouldbedecidedinconsiderationofthelocation

andlandslidedirection．

5）SurveyofConstructionclosetoExistingStructures

Whenanewconstructionisundertakenclosetoexistingstructureatheexisting

structuresmaysustaindisplacementormovｅｍｅｎｔｄｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｎｅｗｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎ・

Ｔｈｅｐｒｉｎｃｉｐａｌｒｅａｓｏｎｓｏｆｓｕｃｈｄｉｓｐｌacementare：

1２

ｍＭ。⑩』

DefbrmationofretainingwallScoffbrdamwalls,orbackfill

Heavingorboiling

Settｌｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｌｏｏｓｅｓａｎｄｙｇｒｏｕｎｄｃａｕｓｅｄbyconstructionvibration

Drainage-inducedgroundwaterloweringanｄｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｖｏｉｄｓ

Ｐｉｌｅｄｒｉｖｉｎｇｏrcaissonconstruction

WhentheconstructionofsubstructuresisundertakenclosetoexistingstructureS

sufficientsurveysshouldbeperfbrmedtoavoiddisplaceｍｅｎｔａｎｄｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｏｆ

ｅｘｉｓｔｉｎｇstructures．

DSurveyofExistingMaterials

ltisｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｔｏｅｘａｍｉｎｅｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓｏｆｄａmageandremedialmeasuresto

existingstructures,andpastexperiencesofconstructiｏｎｃｌｏｓｅｔｈｅｓｉｔｅａｎｄｔｈｅｉｒ

ｉｎ－ｓｉｔｕｍeasurements・Thesedatawillprovideinvaluableｉｎｆｂｒｍａｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｅｒｍｓ

ｏｆｄａｍａｇｅｅｓｔｉｍａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｒｅｍｅｄｉａｌｍeasuresbasedonsimilarconstruction

works．

mGeotechnicallnvestigations

Asuｒｖｅｙｏｆｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓｏｆｄａｍａｇｅｔｏｓｔｒｕｃｔuresconstructedclosetoexisting

structureshasrevealedthatmostdamageresultsfTominadequategeotechnical

investigationslncasesofadjacentconstructionprojects,thegroundconditions

aroundtheexiｓｔｉｎｇａｎｄｎｅｗｓｔructuresshouldbefilllyunderstoodWhen

existingstructuresarelikelytosustaindamage，groundsurveysand

geotechnicalteｓｔｓｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｉｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔｅｄ．

mSurveysofExistingStructures

lnconductingadjacentconstructionworks,thedimensionsandcharacteristicsof

theexistingstructureshouldbewellunderstoodlnparticular,ｉｎｖｉｅｗｏｆｔｈｅ

ｅｆｆｂｃｔｓｏｆｇｒｏｕｎｄｅｘｃａｖａｔｉｏｎｗｏｒｋｓｏｎｓｕｒｒｏｕｎｄｉｎｇｇｒｏｕｎｄ,thesafbtyofexisting

structuresisoccasionallyexaminedlnsuchcases，allowabledisplacementsof

existingstructures,types,configurations,dimensions,ａｎｄｅｍｂｅｄｍｅｎｔｄｅｐｔｈｓｔｏ

ｔｈｅｆｂｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎｓｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｅｘａｍｉｎｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｂａｓｉｓｏｆｔｈｅｆｉｎａｌｄｒａｗｉｎｇｓｏｆｔｈｅ

ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔedstructuresneedingremedialmeasures・DesignconditionSdesign

methods,ａｎｄｔｈｅｓｔａｔｅｏｆｗｏｒｋｉｎｇｓｔｒｅｓｓｅｓｓｈouldbeinvestigatedwithrefbrencｅ

ｔｏｔｈｅｄｅｓｉｇｎｄｏｃｕｍｅｎｔｓ．

1３

Itisalsoappropriatetoconfirmwhｅｔｈｅｒｏｒｎｏｔｔｈｅｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅexisting

structureshasbeenperfbｒｍｅｄｉｎａｃｃｏｒｄａｎｃｅｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｄｅｓｉｇｎｄｏｃｕｍｅｎｔｓａｎｄｔｏ

ｃｈｅｃｋｔｈｅｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｉｎｔｈｅｃａｐａｃｉｔｙｄｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｄｅｔｅｒｉｏｒａｔionofthestructure．

z2Geotechnicallnvestigation

2.2.1General

(1)Awell-plannedandexecutedgeotechnicalinvestigationisrequiredto

obtainadequateinfbrmationfbrthedeSignofsubstructures．

(2)TWogeotechnicalinvestigations，apreliminarysurveyandaprincipal

survey,shallbeperfbrmedinaccordancewiththedesignprocess,ｉｎｏｒｄｅｒ

ｔｈａｔｔｈｅｒｅｑuireddataandinfbrmationonthesiｔｅａｒｅａｂｌｅｔｏｂｅ

ｓｙｓｔｅｍａｔｉｃａｌｌｙａｎｄefficientlyobtained．

(1)Theresultsfromgeotechnicalinvestigationsarekeyfactorsfbrdetermining

overallbridgetypesaswelｌａｓｔｈｅｔｙｐｅｓａｎｄｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎｓｏｆｆｂｕｎdationstructures・

Therefbre,appropriategeotechnicalinvestigations,proceduresandtestconditions

areｎｅｅｄｅｄｓｏｔｈａｔｔｈｅｉｎｆｂｒｍａｔｉｏｎｒｅｑｕiredfbrthedesigncalculationsare

obtainedThelocation，ｄｅｐｔｈａｎｄａｍｏｕｎｔｏｆｓｕｒｖｅｙｓｗｉｌｌｄｅｐｅｎｄｏｎｔｈｅｉｎ－ｓｉｔｕ

ｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｓＴｈｕｓ,ａｓｔｈｅｓｕｒｖｅｙａｎｄｄｅｓｉｇｎａｒｅｃｌｏｓｅｌｙrelated,ａｄｅｑｕａｔｅｒｅｖｉｅｗｓｏｆ

ｔｈｅｆｉｅｌｄａｎｄｓｏilconditions，theproposedbridgetypeanddesigncalculation

proceduresshouldbeperfbrmedtoplananappropriategeotechnicalinvestigation．

(2)Asgroundconditionsdiffbrfromonesitetoanother，adequategeotechnical

investigationsshouldbeselectedinaccordanｃｅｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｔｙｐｅａｎｄｓｃａｌｅｏｆｔｈｅ

ｆｂｕｎdations,andthedesignstagesltispossibletoperfbrmeffbctivegeotechnical

investigationsbyreviewingsurveｙｉｔｅｍｓａｎｄａｃｃｕｒａｃｙ，ａｎｄｂｙｄｉｓｔｉｎｇｕｉｓｈｉｎｇ

ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｐreliminaryandprincipalsurveys．

1４

2.2.2PreliminarySurveys

Ｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｔｈｅａｐｐｒｏｘｉｍａｔｅｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｓｏｉｌｌａｙｅｒｓａｔthe

bridgesite，andtoobtaininfbrmationnecessaryfbrselectingfbundationtype

andconductingapreliminarydesignandprincipalsurveyplan,thefbllowing

surveysshallbeperfbrmed：

（１）Surveyofexistinggeotechnicalmaterials

（２）Sitereconnaissance

（３）Geophysicalexploration

（４）Boreholeandtestpitting

IndesigningsubstructureSitisnecessarytorecognizethegeotechnicalstructuresat

thesite，determineapproximatesubstructuraldimensionsandfbundation

arrangements，perfbrmnecessarygroundsurveys，andobtaindesigninfbrmation・

Preliminarysurveysshouldbeperfbrmedtoidentifygeotechnicalstructuresandthe

coｎｔｅｎｔｓｏｆｔｈｅｐｒｉｎｃｉｐａｌｓｕｒｖｅｙｓ．

(1)SurveysofExistingMaterials

Surveysofexistinginfbrmationareconｄｕｃｔｅｄｔｏｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｄｔｈｅｏｕｔｌｉｎｅｏｆthe

geographicalandgeotechnicalｆｂａｔｕｒｅｓａｔｔｈｅｓｉｔｅｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｅｘｉｓｔｍggeotechnical

investigationdata，geographicalmaps，andaerialphotographs、Accordingly

historicalsurveysshouｌｄｂｅｐｅｒｆｂｒｍｅｄａｔｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｓｔａｇｅｏｆthepreliminarysurveys

inordertounderstandtheapproximategeotecｈｎｉｃａｌｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｓａｎｄｓｏｔｈａｔｔｈｅ

ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｃａｎｂｅｕｓｅｄｉｎｏｔｈｅｒｓｕｒｖｅｙｓ．

l）SurveysofExistingGroundlnfbrmation

Geographicalandgeologicalmａｐｓｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄｆｂｒｔｈｅｓｕｒｖeyofthe

geographicalandgeotechnicalstructures・Furthermore，ｉｔｉｓｏｆｔｅｎｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅｔｏ

ｄｅｆｉｎｅｔｈｅｏｕtlineofthegeotechnicallayersbycollectingboreholedataand

infbrmationonwellsneartotheinvestigationsite．

2）SurveysofExistingStructures

Bycollatinginfbrmationonfbundationtypes,scales,settlementandinclinations，

andconstructionrecordsofexistiｎｇｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｓｌｏｃａｔｅｄｃｌｏｓｅｔｏｔｈｅｉnvestigation

siteitispossibletoｄｅｒｉｖｅａｎｏｕｔｌｉｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｇｅｏｔｅｃｈｎｉｃallayersofthebridgesite．

1５

3）SurveysofOtherInfbrmation

lnadditiontotheabove,thefbllowinginfbrmationisneedeｄｆｂｒｔｈｅｄｅｓｉｇｎ：

ａ）Geologicalmaps(landconditionmaps,landusemaps,landclassificationmaps，

oldInaps,etc.）

ｂ）Wide-areainfbrmationincludingaerialphotographs，remotesensingdata，

ＧＰＳ,etc．

ｃ）Ｉnfbrmationondisasterssuchaslandslides,rockfailures,riverfloods．

。）Ｌａｗｓ,regulationsandguidelinesonenvironmentalprotectionincludingnoise

andvibration

e）Infbrmationonactivefaults

(2)Sitereconnaissance

Sitereconnaissanceisusedtoevaluatesubsurfacegeologyfromthepropertiesof

roｃｋｓａｎｄｓｏｉｌｓｏｂｓｅｒｖｅｄａｔｔｈｅｓｕｒｆａｃｅＩｎｏｔｈｅｒｗｏｒｄｓ，geologicalplansare

preparedbycombiningsectionalgeologicalmapsｍａｄｅｆｉＰｏｍｒｏｃｋｏｕｔｃｒｏｐｓａｎｄ

ｏｔｈｅｒｐropertiesalongriversandroadｓｉｎｔｈｅｓｕｒｖｅｙａｒｅａ，Furthermore，the

existenceoflandslides，andothergeographicalandgeologicalfbaturesadverseto

theconstruｃｔｉｏｎｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｅｘａｍｉｎｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｇｅｏｇraphicalobservation．

(3)GeophysicalExplorations

Althoughvariousmethodsfbrgeophysicalexplorationsfbrpreliminarysurveysare

available，seismicprospectingproceduresaresometimesemployedfbrestimatinｇ

ｄｅｐｔｈｓｔｏｔｈｅｂｅｄｒｏｃｋ，ｔｈｅｄｅｇｒｅｅｏｆｗｅａｔｈｅｒｉｎｇａｎｄｃｒａｃｋｏpeningsSonic

prospectingisalsousedfbrsurveyingseabedgeography．

(4)SurveysbyBoringandTestpitting

Boring,togetherwiththestandardpenetrationtestsandotherin･situtestsshould

beconductedtoidentifygroundlayersandtheexistenceofundergroundwater,ａｎｄ

ｔｏｓｅｌｅｃｔａｎａｐｐｒｏｐｒｉａｔｅｇｒｏｕｎｄｌａｙｅｒｔｏｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｔｈｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ・Moreover，ｔｈｅ

ｅｘｉｓｔｅｎｃｅｏｆｃｏｎsolidatedsoillayersandthepermeabiliｔｙｏｆｓｏｉｌｌａｙｅｒｓｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅ

ｅｘａｍｉｎｅｄbyconductinglaboratorytests．

lncaseofashallowsoillayer,ｔｈｅｓｏｉｌｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓａｎｄｔｈｅｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｂｅａｒｉｎｇ

ｇｒｏｕｎｄｃａｎｂｅｉｄｅｎtifiedbytestpitting．

1６

2.2.3PrincipalSurveys

Theprincipalsurveytoidentifj7groundconditions,constructionconditions，

andgeotechnicalparametersfbrthedetaileddesignoffbundationsshall

generallyconsistofthefbllowing：

（１）Boring （６）Undergroundwatersurvey

（２）Sampling （７）Loadingtests

（３）Sounding（８）Geophysicalexplorationand

（４）Geotechnicaltests geophysicalprospecting

（５）Rocktests （９）Surveyoftoxicgasandanoxlaalr

Ａｎｅｘａｍｐｌｅｏｆａｆｌｏｗｃｈａｒｔｆｂｒｐｌａｎｎｉngprincipalsurveysaccordingto224Evaluation

ofGeotechnicalParametersfbrDesignisshowninFi9.02.2.1.

Ａｎｏｖｅｒｖｉｅｗｏｆｔｈｅｓｔａｇｅｓｉｓａｓｆｂｌlows：

Ａ・SchemeofSurvey

Surveyitems,testconditionsJocations,depthsandlengthofsurveyshouldbｅ

ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄｉｎｖｉｅｗｏｆｔｈｅｆｂｌｌｏｗｉｎgfactors：

ａ）Bridgetype:Location,typedimensionsofsubstructureSetc．

ｂ）Constructionmethods:Groundwater,soilpropertiesgeographyletc．

ｃ）Fieldconditions:Geography,geology,fieldenvironment,localcharacteristics，

etc．

ｄ）Designcalculations:Structuralsize,verificationitems,calculationmethods，

necessarygeotechnicalconstants,expecteddisplacementSetc．

ｅ）Characteristicsofsurveymethods:Applicabilitytosoilconcerned,ｐroperties

ofgeotechnicalparameterstobeobtaineCLetc．

1７

■

Ａ・ＳｃｈｅｍｅｏｆＳｕｒｖｅｙｓ：

Theextentandtestprocedures(testproceduresandconditions）ｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｄｅｃｉｄｅｄｉｎｖｉｅｗｏｆ

ｖａｒｉｏｕｓfactorsincludingbridgetype，

constructionprocedureSfieldconditions,designcalculationSandcharacterｓｏｆｓｕｒｖｅｙｓ．

BImplementationofSurveys： Additional

surveys

shouldbe

conductedif

necessary．oReviewofSurveyResults：

．Examinationandmodificationofmeasuredvalues

･Evaluationofgroundwater，groundlayers，and

geotechnicalproperties，ａｎｄｒｅｖｉｅｗｏｆｆｂｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎ

ｔｙｐｅｓａｎｄｄesigncalculationprocedureSwhenｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙ．

sults：

，．EvaluationofGeotechnicalParametersfbr

Design(Article2､2.4)．

Fig.０２．２．１ProcessfbrPlanningofPrincipalSurveystoEvaluationof

GeotechnicalParameters

Thesegeotechnicalinvestigationｓｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｐｅｒｆｂｒｍｅｄａｔｅａｃｈｂｒｉｄｇｅabutment

andpierlocation・Ｆｏｒｗｉｄｅｂｒｉｄｇｅｓａｃｏｕｐｌｅｏｆｓｕｒｖｅｙｓｓｈｏｕｌｄａｌｓｏｂｅｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄｉｎ

ｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｖｅrsedirectionlncasesofcomplexorsimplegeographicalvariations，

however,ｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｓｕｒｖｅｙｐｏｉｎｔｓｃａｎｂｅｉｎcｒｅａｓｅｄｏｒｄecreased,respectively・

ＩｎｃａｓｅｓｗｈｅｎａｂｕｔｍｅｎｔｓｏｒｐｉｅｒｓａｒｅｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｅｄａｔｉｎｃｌｉｎｅｄｓｉｔｅＳｉｔｉｓ

appropriatetoincreasethenumberｏｆｓｕｒｖｅｙｐｏｉｎｔｓｓｏｔｈａｔｔｈｅｓｏｉｌｌａｙer

structuresandbearingsoillayeｒｓｃａｎｂｅｅｖａｌｕａｔｅｄ．

Ｓｕｒｖｅｙｓｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｐｅｒｆｂｒｍｅｄｕｐｔｏｔｈｅｄｅｐｔｈｓｏｆｔｈｅｓｏｉｌｌａｙｅｒｓａｆｆｂｃｔｉｎgthe

bearingcapacities,landslides,fbundationsettlementanddisplacement,etc・When

existingsurveyresultsindicａｔｅｔｈａｔｎｏｓｏｉｌｌａｙｅｒｃａｕｓｉｎｇｃｏｎｓｏlidationsettlement

ispresentunderneathabearinglayer，ａｄｅｑｕａｔｅｇｅotechnicalinvestigations

shouldbeperfbrmedtoobtaininfbrmationｏｎｔｈｅｅｘｉｓｔｅｎｃｅｏｆａｆｉｒｍｌａｙｅｒｗｉｔｈa

thicknessgreaterthantheshorterfbundationwidth，ｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅａ

1８

■

suitablebearinglayer．

Ｔｈｅｅｘｔｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｇｅｏｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌｓｕｒｖeyshouldbedefinedafterreviewing

assessmentsofthegeotechnicalparameters・Denselysurveypointgridsmaybe

necessaryfbrcomplexgeotechnicalstructures．

Soilpropertiesareextremelycomplicatedincomparisonwithothermaterialsin

civilengineering，ａｎｄｔｈｅｉｒｓｕｒｖｅｙｍｅｔｈｏｄｓｍａｙｄｅｐｅｎｄｏｎｔｈｅｔｙｐｅｏｆｓｏｉＬ

Ｍｏｒｅｏｖｅｒ，geotechnicalinfbrmationneededfbrthedesignoffbundationsmay

diffbrinaccordancewithfbundationsize,constructionconditioｎs,etc・Accordingly，

ｓｕｒｖｅｙｍｅｔｈｏｄｓａｎｄｓｕｒｖｅｙｉｔｅｍｓｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｂａｓｉｓｏｆｔｈｅdesign．

Ｉｔｍａｙｂｅｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔｔｏｅｍｐｌｏｙｇｅｎｅｒａｌｓｕｒｖｅｙｍｅｔｈｏｄｓｔｏｓｏｉｌｓｗｉｔｈａｕｎｉｑuegeology、

Furthemmoreaccuratedesignproceｄｕｒｅｓｍａｙｂｅｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｄｕｎｄｅｒｐａｒｔｉｃｕlar

conditionslnsuchcases，specialsurveysnotdescribedinthischaptermaybe

employedafterconfirmingtheireffbctiveness・Ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈｎｅｗｇｒoundsurvey

technologiesmaybringaboutmoreaccurategeotechnicalparametersfbrcertain

conditions，ｓｕｃｈｖａｌｕｅｓｍａｙｎｏｔａｌｗａｙｓｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｇeotechnicalparameterssuitable

fbrdesignTherefbre,inintroducingnewtechnologieSitisessentialtofilllyclarify

whetｈｅｒｔｈｅａｃｔｕａｌｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒｏｆａｆｂｕndationcanberepresentedbyapplyingsuch

geotechnicalparameterstothecalculationmethodemployed．

ＢＩｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆＳｕｒｖｅｙｓ

ＧｒｏｕｎｄｓｕｒｖｅｙｓｗｉｌｌｂｅｐｅｒｆｂｒｍｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｂａｓｉｓｏｆｔｈｅｓｕｒｖｅｙｓｃｈｅｍｅｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄｉｎＡ・

above・Inactuallyimplementingselectedｇｒｏｕｎｄｓｕｒｖｅｙｓ,ｃａｒｅｆＵｌａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅ

ｐａｉｄｔｏkeymatters．

ＣＲｅｖｉｅｗｏｆＳｕｒｖｅｙＲｅｓｕｌｔｓ

ＳｕｒｖｅｙｒｅsultsshouldbecarefUllyreviewed，measuredvaluesshouldbemodified

ｗｈｅｎｎｅｅｄｅｄ，ａｎｄａｌｌｄａｔａｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｐｕｔｉｎｏｒｄｅｒ，sothatdesigngeotechnical

parameters(describedinD・below)canbeappropriatelyevaluated・Inreviewingthe

measuredvalues,itisimportanttodetectunusualvaluesandtoidentifythereasons

fbrsuchvalues・Specifically,ｔｈｅｆｂｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｆｎｃｔｏｒｓｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｅｘａmined：

ａ）Effbctsofdisturbancesandstressreleasesofsoilsamplescausedbyahandling

b）Effbctsofjointsandcracksinrockcausedbyrocktestsandinsiturocksurveys

c）Effbctsofdiffbrencesbetweensurveyandtestmethods

１９

d）Effbctsofspecialgeotechnicalandgeologicalfbaturesdependingonregional

variations

Inreviewingthesurveyresults,itisnecessarytoidentifyaseriesofprocessesfbr

theexaminationandmodificationofmeasuredvalues・Ｗｈｅｎｉｔｉｓｆｂｕｎｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅ

ｓｕｒｖｅｙｒｅｓｕltsthattheinclinationofgroundlayersisgreaterthanexpectedvalues，

ｔｈｅｓｕｒｖｅｙｓｃｈｅｍｅｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｒｅｖｉｅｗｅdwithconsiderationoftheeffbctsondesign

resulｔｓａｎｄｔｈｅａｃｑｕｉｓｉｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｕｆｆｉｃｉｅｎtinfbrmationfbrdesignpurposes・Further，

whenitisdifficulttoevaluatedesigngeotechnicalparameters（describedinD

below)ficomthesurveyresults,orwhenitisnecessarytoalterdesignconditions

assumedatthesurveyschemestage,additionalsurveysshouldbeperfbｒｍｅｄ．

Ｄ・EvaluationofGeotechnicalParametersfbrDesign

Geotechnicalparametersfbrdesignshouldbeevaluateｄｉｎａｃｃｏｒｄａｎｃｅｗｉｔｈ２２４，

onthebasisofthesurveyresultsdescribedinCabove．

ＴｈｅｒｅlationshipbetweensurveymethodsａｎｄｓｕｒｖｅｙｉｔｅｍｓｉｓｓｈｏｗｎｉｎＴａｂｌｅ－Ｏ２．２L

Outlinesandkeyconsiderationpointsofthesurveyswillbediscusseｄｂｅｌｏｗ・Ｓｅｅ

"GroundSurveyMethods，，（JapanGeotechnicalSociety）ａｎｄ“Methodsof

GeotechnicalTestsandCommentary"(JGS)fbrdetailsofthesurveymethods．

(1)Boring

Boringisperfbrmedtounderstandgeologicalfbrmationsandtomeasure

groundwatertables．

Theengineeringpropertiesofrockｓａｒｅｏｆｔｅｎｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｃｏｒｅｓｐｅｃｉｍｅｎｓａｓ

ｗｅｌｌａｓｔｈｅｂｏｒｉｎｇconditions・Incasesofsoilsratherthanrocks,ｂｏｒｉｎｇplaysamore

importantroleinproviｄｉｎｇｓａｍｐｌｉｎｇａｔｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｄｄｅｐｔｈｓａｓdescribedbelow

Accordingly〉itisnecessarytoselectadequateboｒｉｎｇｍethodsandborediametersin

2０

Table-02.2.1RelationbetweenSurveyMethodsandSurveyltems(1)

ＳｕｗＰｙ

ｌａｎｔＩｏｎｓ

Sulvey

metlIods

【。￣

Suwey

methods

Typesofsurveymethods

Sｏｌｔypes

Samples

Ｓurvey

items

1．BoIing

1． ２．

Rotalyboling

Augerboling

3．WblShbolin９

ＡＵｔｙｐｅｓ

Clay

eyso

il,s

andy

son

Softclayey

sandysoU

soil,ｓｏfｔ

しInsitu

「二

＞SoUpmpelties,strata,thiclme夢anddepth，gmundwater

table

2．Sampling

1．CbIUtubesampling

2．Fixedpiston-type

thmwalledsamplin

3．Denisonsamplin

4．Sandsampling

5．Foilsampling

６

９

９

'Dip

le-t

Ube-

type

samp

ling

7．Blocksampling

AUtypes

Sｏｆｔｃｌ

soil

ayey

soil

Hald

clay

eyso

il

Sandysoil

Solt

clay

ey

Sandysoil

Son

dayeysoil,ｍｃｋ

Ｓａｎdｙ

DistuXbed(D）

UndjstulbedO

Ｕ Ｕ Ｕ Ｕ Ｕ

>hEjltu

剛、

ｕａ

印、司

距

鋤Ｑ

脳，

皿９ｇ ｇｇｇｇｇ

ｈｈ ｈｈｈｈｈ

》》》迎叫ｐｐ

ｍｍＳＳ ＳＳＳＳＳ

3．Sounding

1．Standaldpenetrationtest

(SPI）

２VaneSheartest

3．Staticconepenetrationtest

4．

(ＯＰＤ

Swedishsoundin９

Sandysoil，clayeyson，

softmck

Solt

clay

eyso

n

Sand

ysoi

l,cl

ayey

sol

Sand

ysoj

l,cl

ayey

soil

，

、 リ

トInEdtu

Ｎｖａｌｕes,salnP

Shea

rsnq

engt

h

liｎ９

Cbnebeanngcapacity

PenetIntionrPsistanoe

4．

Sontestand

mcktest

ＬGeophysdcalpmpeltytest

2．UnoonhnedcompIPsslon

test

3．Tli-amlcompnessiontest

(includm９measulPmentof

stralnsonspecimenもside）

４DilもCtsheartest

5．Cbnsohdationtest

6．Supelsomcpmol)agation

test

AUtypeＳ

ClayeyscdLmck

ＡＵｔｙｐｅｓ

Sand

ysoi

l,cl

ayey

soU

Clay

eyso

dl

Rock

Ｄ

ＵＵＵＵＵ

～ ノ

〉Laboratoly

Grai

n-si

ze,c

onsi

sten

cyld

ensi

tJiw

ater

cont

ent

UnoonhnedShearstmength,modulusof〔lelbrmation

Cbhesion,anJeofshearmsistance,modulusofdebnnation

(Cap

able

ofme

asul

ings

mall

stra

inon

spec

imen

，ssi

de）

Angleofshear1℃sjstance,modulusofdebnnation

Cbmpr℃ssjonmClex,ooe伍dentofconsohdation,yieldstlmessof

cons

oli〔

lnti

on

Supe

lson

icpm

paga

tion

velo

city

Table－０２．２．１RelationbetweenSurveyMethodsandSurvey

SuIVW

locgqnnns

Suwuy

methods

四回

Survcy

methods

Typesofsurveymethods

Soiltypｅｓ

Samples

Survey

loc理utions

Ｓurvey

items

４．

ＳＣＵ

7．Oreeptest

8．Wbtteddecaytest

９Cycljctli-amlsheartest

伽 ＭＭ

ＵＵＵＵ

Labo

rato

ly

OFeepcoe缶cient

ＤｅgrPeofwetteddecaｙ

Shearmodulus，stIain-dependentdampmgratio，dynamic

Poisson1sratio

cycljcShearstInengthratio

5． Gmoundwater

survey

1．MeasuIDmentofgmundF

watertable

2．MeasuIPmentofpolも￣

waterpmessume

3．MeasuFementofHow

４

dilc

ctio

nand

velo

city

PenneZ1bilitｙtest

Alltypes

Insitu

GIDundwatertable

Polc

-wat

erpl

Dssu

me

mowdilUctionandvelocity

CbefndentofpelTneabdljty

6．

Loadingtest

LPlatebealingtest

2．Holizontal１０忽.iｎ

bol1

e

９test、

aShearfiictjontestmbol､ｅ

4．VbIticalloadin９te

stof

pilｅ

ｓ

5．Holizontalloadingtestof

ｐiｌ

ｅｓ

6．ＰｉｌｅｐuU-outtest

7．BloCksheartest

８QuickloadmgtestofpUes

、ノ

〉Alltypes

、 ノ

〉InEntu

VbItic81beaIingcapacdty;ooe価cientofsubgrademeaction

Modulusofdefbrmation

Modulusofdefbrmation,cohesion,andeofshearにsistance

VMzicalbeaIingcapacityiamlsplingoonstantofp1es

Cbefmentofsub厚nderUaction

Pull

-out

１℃sd

Stan

ce(o

r'Ib

nsil

ebea

nngc

apac

ity）

Cbhesion,andeofshear歴siStance

Vblticalbealingcapacity;axialsplingconstantofpues

7．

ＧｅＯｐ

ｅｘＰ

hysical

loratlon

andlo99ｍｇ

1．Seismicwavesun/eｙ

２Sonicsurvey

3．E1ectlicpmspec付nｇ

４Vblodtyloggdng

5．ＰＳlogging

６．mectlicloggng

7．FolTnationdensitylogging

、ノ

歩

Alltypes

、ノ

＞Insitu

Seismjcwavevelodtylgeologicalstructune

Scismicwavevelocity;geolo8dcalstructupe

Geol

ogca

lstr

uctu

rP,口

Dund

wate

rtab

le

SeismicwavevelocitylgeologicalstructulC

Seis

mjcP

EDwa

veve

loci

ty;駅

olog

ical

stru

ctuI

P

Groundwatertablc,geoloedcalstructure

DonsitJigeologicalstruct

ｕｌＣ