july 2019 sensor applications with leed and wellarpa-e.energy.gov/sites/default/files/4. final pyke...

Sensor applications with LEED and WELLHistory, Practice, Challenges, and Opportunities

Chris PykeUSGBC/ArcSkoru

July 2019

1. What is green building?2. How does green building work today?3. How will green building work in the future?4. What can we do together?

Four Questions

#1 What is green building?

Theory of Change

Transparency

Differentiation

Incrementalism

Benefits

Energy efficiency

Water conservation

Materials selection

Indoor environmental quality

Financial performance

State of the IndustryMature languages to define high performance green buildings

Thousands of successful projects

Hundreds of thousands of accredited practitioners

75,000 sf

What is a green school?

Clean & EfficientAccessibleHigh satisfaction208 mTCO2e/yr

Dirty & InefficientInaccessibleVariable satisfaction309 mTCO2e/yr

Green

Conventional

Performance

Source: www.arcskoru.com

75,000 sf

What is a green school?

Green

Conventional

Performance

Source: www.arcskoru.com

#2 How does green building work?

LEED and WELL ● LEED is a holistic rating system based

on a multi-criteria definition of high performance design and operations

● WELL is a thematic rating system focused on health and well-being.

● LEED and WELL can be used together to define superior spaces and buildings.

Motivations● Green building is based on the need to

differentiate spaces, buildings, and places.

● Emissions reduction and environmental protection are fundamental to green building

● Health and well-being have increased in relative importance over the last five years

LEEDFamily of tools used in more than 100 countries for:

● Building Design & Construction

● Interior Design & Construction

● Operations & Maintenance

● Neighborhoods

● Cities & Communities

Project Type

Ownership

LEED Goals & Categories

WELLFamilies of tools for:

● Interior spaces

● Whole buildings

● Portfolios

● Communities

“Code+”LEED frequently establishes “code+” criteria, such as:

● ASHRAE 90.1: exceeding ASHRAE requirements between 5% and >45%

● ASHRAE 55: meeting and exceeding thermal comfort requirements

● ASHRAE 62: exceeding code-required minimum ventilation rates to promote indoor air quality.

WELL also uses “code+” criteria:

● LEED v4 BD&C EQ Credit: demonstration of total VOC levels less than 500 μg/m³.

● LEED v4 BD&C EQ Credit: ventilation systems for outdoor air with particle filters to have a MERV of 13 or higher or Class F7 or higher (CEN Standard EN 779-2002) particle air filters.

● ASHRAE 62: enhanced ventilation rates beyond minimum code requirements.

“Code+”

Drives market transformation for energy efficiency

Performance Above Code“Code+”

#3 Future of Green Building

Challenges1. Limits of codes: Complex relationships between intention,

expectations, and measurable outcomes

2. Business model evolution: Digital transformation from practice-based documentation to operational performance

3. The universal denominator: Occupancy and space utilization are used to measure the intensity of environmental impacts, space productivity, and more

#1 Limits of Code● Building codes provide “cost effective”

recommendations based on standardized, modeled conditions

● Limits to “code+” rationale, especially at high levels

● Disconnection from operational performance measures

Complex criteria and multiple objectives make it difficult to align code intent and measured outcomes.

Parameters

Code emphasizes intention and real world experience varies significantly.

Experience

A sample of office environments managed by the U.S. General Services Administration, analyzed by Carnegie Mellon University.

Arlington, VA Vancouver, BC London, UK

Expectations - Energy

Decision makers want outcomes, not intentions.

Expectations - Health

Health for…● Tenants● Staff● Neighbors● Supply chain● Society

Source: Kats (2010)

Capabilities

#2 Business Model Evolution● After 25 years of green building practice, operational performance

is complementing and sometimes replacing documentation

● This evolution eliminates the “performance gap”

● Streamlines certification process

29

Evolution of Practice2000 2009 2019

30

2000 2009 2019

100%Documentation

50% Documentation50% Performance Data

90% Performance Data

Recertification

Certification

State of Practice Today

ArcPerformanceScore

Powering LEED v4.1 O+M and LEED Recertification

#3 Universal Denominator

● The shift to operational performance has increased attention to spatial and temporal dynamics of building operation

● Building occupancy is used to calculate energy use/occupant, commuting emissions/day, waste/occupant, water use/occupant....

● In these equations, the numerator is dynamic (energy, water, waste, transportation), but the denominator is often relatively static (e.g., average or design occupancy)

Occupancy as a “Normalizer”

● Environmental impact intensity → impact per occupant

● Performance Scores for LEED v4.1 use GHG/occupant, water consumption/occupant, waste/occupant, more

● BUT occupancy is uncertain and highly dynamic

Source: JLL (2019)

1. Linking metrics: connecting design and operations 2. Matching the grain: matching the spatial and temporal

resolution of energy and space utilization3. Smart recommendations: context-specific, timely calls

to action

Opportunities

#1 Linking Metrics

Lots of Data. Little Alignment.

Building Codes Peer Benchmarks Meters and Points

Opportunity: Align design and operation metrics. Use measurable metrics in design. Use technology to make more design metrics measurable.

Challenge & Opportunity

Challenge: Design and operational metrics are fragmented and fundamentally difficult to compare. This makes performance evaluation slow and difficult.

#2 Matching the Grain

Monthly Energy & Emissions

Periodic Occupant Experience

Practice

Dynamic Emissions Intensity Dynamic Occupancy & CO2

Reality

Left: California ISORight: Maastricht University/General Services Administration

Daily

Pea

k CO

2 (p

pm)

Occupied Hours

Daily

Pea

k CO

2 (p

pm)

Opportunity: Express design expectations over measurable spatial and temporal scales. Design sampling and sensor deployments to connect measurements.

Challenge & Opportunity

Challenge: Energy, occupancy, and experience are closely connected. BUT, data are usually collected over incompatible spatial and temporal scales.

#3 Actionable Insights

Impressive DataMax hourly carbon dioxide level, in parts per million, from 402 spaces, 21 buildings, 4 countries, 2 years. Sp

aces

Time (in days, from 2014-2015)

Actionable Insights

Actionable Insights

Open a window Replace the filter Check the pressure

Actionable Insights

Open a window Replace the filter Check the pressure

Calls to Action

Green building has a mission: 1. Create better spaces,

buildings, and places.2. Better spaces, buildings and

places benefit people and the environment.

Where are we going?

Partner with us to make it faster, easier, and cheaper to create and manage better spaces, buildings, and places with:

1. New technology to collect and manage real world data2. New ways to understand and score operational data3. New ways to generate place-based, context-specific recommendations

We can create global market opportunities for partners.

How can you help?

Contact Chris Pyke, Ph.D.SVP, Productcpyke@arcskoru.com

How can you learn more?Explore ArcSkoru.comUSGBC.orgGRESB.com

Follow @chrispyke@ArcSkoru@USGBC