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Key Terms
William the Conqueror
Henry I
Common law
Magna Carta
Parliament
Hugh Capet
Phillip II
Estates-General
England Absorbs Waves of Invaders
• 800’s Britain was attacked and invaded by the Vikings
• Special prayer was created for protection“God, deliver us from the fury of the Northmen”
• Alfred the Great turns the Vikings back• He unites England
under one rule
• Calls England the land of Angels
England Absorbs Wave of Invaders
• 1016 Danish King Canute conquered England
• He Molded Anglo Saxons into Viking people
• 1042 King Edward the Confessor took the throne
• 1066 died without an heir, causing a struggle for the Thrown
Norman Conquest
William Duke of Normandy (William the Conqueror)
Norman- descendant of Vikings spoke French
Invaded England and claimed the crown
Fought and won the Battle of Hastings
Norman Conquest
• Harold Godwinson was rival to William
• Battled each other in The Battle of Hastings 1066
• Harold was shot in eye by an arrow
• William claimed England and kept1/5 of England for himself
• Lords who supported him received land grants
• Unified the country, and laid foundation for centralized Government in England
England’s Evolving Government
• English wanted two goals– Hold and add to French
lands– Strengthen own power
over church and nobles
• William’s ancestors owned land in France and England
• Henry II added to land by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine (French)
England’s Evolving Government
The marriage gave Henry a large territory in France
He Inherited William the Conquerors land
Also a vassal to a French King
Juries and Common Law
Henry strengthened royal court by sending Royal judges to all of England at least once a year
The Royal Judges Collected taxes, settled lawsuits, punished crimes
He also introduced the Jury to English Courts
Jury-usually 12 neighbors of the accused
Juries and Common Law
Juries would answer questions about the case
Trial- popular means to settle a dispute
Only king’s court could conduct them
Common law-case by case rulings formed unified body of law
Magna Carta
Henry dies Richard the
Lionhearted takes over, but dies in the Crusades
John (Richards younger brother) became king Not a good military
leader Lost lands in France Cruel to his subjects Highest taxes Threatened to revoke
charters
Magna Carta
Nobles revolt in 1215
John forced to sign Magna Carta (Great Charter)
Drawn up by nobles
Certain political rights
Safeguarded feudal rights
Limit the king’s power
Magna Carta
Citizens argued it applied to all classes
No taxation without representation
Jury trial
Protection of the law
Basic legal rights now in England and the United States
Model Parliament
Edward I needed to raise taxes for a war with France
Two burgesses from every borough, two knights from every county, to serve on Parliament Similar to Senate
and House of Representatives today
Parliament: Legislative body of lords and commoners
The Model Parliament
1300-1400 Parliament when King wanted a new tax
Two groups formed House of Commons House of Lords
Parliament helped to weaken the great lords
In time Parliament became strong and provided a check on Royal Power
Capetian Dynasty Rules France
After Charlemagne’s empire broke up, Counts and dukes ruled land independently
France had 47 feudal territories
Hugh Capet-began the Capetian Dynasty that ruled from 987-1328
France Becomes a Separate Kingdom
Power of King spread from Paris
Royal power would unite France
Philip II Expands Power
One of the most powerful Capetians was Philip II
Philip II
Watched father lose land to Henry II
Became king at 15
Phillip had little success against Henry II or Richard the Lionhearted
John becomes king
Philip II Expands His Power
Phillip gets the name Augustus
Greatly increase France’s territory (3 X larger)
Seized Normandy from King John in 1204
Phillip had tripled his lands
Phillip II Expands His Power
French King more powerful than any other vassal
Wanted more land and wanted stronger central government
Bailiffs- royal officials who presided over the king’s court and collected taxes
Phillip II’s Heirs
Louis IX Phillip’s grandson During Reign, central
government became stronger
Known as ideal king Became a Saint in
Catholic Church Created French
Appeals Court which Could overturn local courts (Federal Court System)
Phillip II’s Heirs
Phillip IV ruled from 1285-1314
Had quarrels with the pope
Philip Wanted priests to pay taxes in the Kingdom
Disputed right of pope to control church affairs in his kingdom
Phillip II’s Heirs
Usually called lords and bishops for support when he wanted something to be passed in his Kingdom
To win support against the pope called a meeting included commoners
Estates General
Church leaders were know as the First Estate
Great lords- Second Estate
Commoners, wealthy landholders, merchants became the Third Estate
The whole meeting was called the Estates General
Estates General
Estates General Increased royal power against nobility
Estates General never became independent
Third Estate would play a key role in the French Revolution
Beginnings of Democracy
England and France both started the Democratic Process
Central government Govern widespread
lands Creation of common law
courts was the first step Including commoners in
decision making was essential for Democracy
Start of democratic rule
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