kingdoms. bacteria prokaryotes (no true nucleus) unicellular autotrophic (makes own food)...

KINGDOMS

Bacteria• Prokaryotes (no true

nucleus)• Unicellular• Autotrophic (makes

own food)• Heterotrophic

(consumes others)• Chemoautotroph

(break down inorganic compounds to make food)

Bacteria

• Most bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission

Archaebacteria• Archaebacteria

(ancient bacteria) – no peptidoglycan in cell wall

• Live in some of the most extreme environments such as hot springs, steam vents, intestines of animals. Hot Springs in Yellowstone National Park

Eubacteria

• Eubacteria (true bacteria) – most common; has peptidoglycan in cell wall;

Eubacteria

• Knowing the amount of peptidogylcan will determine what kind of Gram stain the bacteria will “take”; knowing this can help to administer the correct antibiotics

Gram Positive Gram Negative

Bacteria are classified by shape

• Round (cocci)• Rod (bacilli)• Spiral (spirilla)

Streptococcus

Bacillus

Cholera spirilla

ANTIBIOTICS = chemicals that interfere with the life processes of bacteria

Protista

• Mostly unicellular, some are multicellular (algae)

• Can be heterotrophic and autotrophic• Most live in water• All are eukaryotic• A protist is any organism that is not a

plant, animal or fungus; this is why it is known as the “junk drawer” kingdom

Animal-like Protists : Protozoans

• Four phyla of Protozoans– Zooflagellates– Sarcodines– Ciliates– Sporozoans

Zooflagellates

• Move using one or two flagella

Sacrodines• Moves using pseudopodia (“false feet”),

which are like extensions of the cytoplasm• Ingests food by surrounding and engulfing

food (endocytosis)• Can cause diarrhea and stomach upset

from drinking contaminated water.• Example – amoebas

Ciliates

• Move using cilia• Has 2 nuclei• Food is gathered in a mouth pore and

wastes are removed from an anal pore• Exhibits avoidance behavior• Example – paramecium

Sporozoans

• Do not move on their own• Parasitic• Malaria is caused by a sporozoan

(Plasmodium), which infects the liver and blood; transmitted by mosquitoes

Plant-like Protists - Algae

• All are photosynthetic• Classified based on pigment

– Green– Red– Brown

Green Algae

• Most diverse group of algae• Has chlorophyll• Example - Volvox

Red Algae

• Has a red pigment that allows them to grow at greater depths

• Used for food in some Asian countries

Brown Algae

• Important source of food in ocean • Common problem for aquariums• Example - Kelp

Fungi

• Eukaryotic• Cell wall with chitin• Unicellular and

multicellular• Heterotrophic• Decomposers

Fungi

• Most are made of thin filaments called hyphae.

• One cell thick and look like threads under the microscope

• What gives mold a fuzzy texture

Fungi

• As the hyphae continue to grow, it becomes tangled and produces mycelium.

• This continues until the food source is gone.

Fungi

• Reproduce asexually and sexually.

• Asexual –budding, fragmentation and spores

• Sexually –hyphae fuse to form a diploid cell

Fungi

• Yeast is the only unicellular fungus.

• Mushrooms and molds are multicelluar.

Plantae

• Eukaryotic• Cell wall with

cellulose• Multicellular• Autotrophic• Has chloroplasts• Reproduce asexually

and sexually

Plantae

• Divided into 2 divisions– Nonvascular and

Vascular• Nonvascular lacks

vascular tissue• Vascular has vascular

tissue

Plantae

• Nonvascular plants are very small and live on land in a moist environment.

• Mosses are the most common along with liverworts and hornworts

Plantae

• Vascular plants have true roots, stems and leaves and xylem and phloem.

• Separated into 2 groups – seedless and seed producing plants

Plantae

• Seedless Vascular Plants – ferns, club mosses, horsetails and whisk ferns.

Plantae

• Two Groups – gymnosperms and angiosperms

Plantae• Gymnosperms – means “naked seed”

because seeds are exposed in a cone. Includes cycads, gingkos and conifers

Plantae

• Angiosperms – are flowering plants and produce seed that are enclosed by a fruit

• Most dominant type of plant on earth

Animalia

• Eukaryotic• No cell wall• Multicellular• Heterotrophic• Reproduce sexually

Animalia

• Divided into 2 major groups based on the presence of internal skeleton– Invertebrate– Vertebrates

Animalia• Invertebrates are animals without a

backbone• Sponges, jellyfish, worms, snails, insects

and starfish

Animalia• Vertebrates are animals that have a

backbone.• Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and

mammals

Animalia

• Two types of symmetry – Radial– Bilateral