k.m. corker, ph.d.industrial & systems engineering lecture 4 conceptual system design &...

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Lecture 4 Conceptual System Design & Introduction to

Functional Allocation ISE 222 Spring 2005

Notes & Course Materials www.engr.sjsu.edu/kcorker

Kevin.Corker@sjsu.eduKevin Corker

San Jose State University

2/10/05

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Agenda

• Review System ID Scope and Bound Process

• Complete the IDEF and action based costing

• Preliminary Design Review Process• Introduction to Human Factors • Review Homework (with individuals and

teams)

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Identification of Need

• Gap • New Techniques• New System Requirements added • System Requirements Change Priority • Political Views Shift • …

• Involve the customer– unless the customer has changed as well

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

System Definition Matrix:National Identity Confirmation Process

Needs Objt Criteria Params Var Constrnt

Scope Bound

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

National Identity Confirmation ProcessNeeds

• Ability to determine the identity of individuals in this country– quickly – at any place or time – to assure accuracy of identity information – to assure privacy and security of individual’s

identity

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

National Identity Confirmation ProcessObjectives

• To institute a national identification process– Portable and reliable

• To provide appropriate authorities with information:

• Name• Address• Visa/citizenship status• Criminal Information • Health Information • Contact and NOK (next of

kin) Information • Tracking??? • …

• Able to be carried on or in person– whgt,< 4 oz– Volume < 2 cubic centimeters

• Able to be accessed by pedestrian, automotive, or desk based systems

• Able to link to national information sources– Wireless access range– Access queue management– Bandwidth

Criteria

Paramete

rs

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

To provide appropriate authorities with information:

Objectives• Easy access

– Time to access– Encumbrance fro access– Voluntary or not access process– Validation of data…

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

National Identity Confirmation ProcessObjectives

• To secure ID from tampering or duplication

• To secure ID from un authorized access

• To keep all information current

• Sealed no remote access

• Access limited • Update Rate

compatible with National Standards– Update per week??

Criteria

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Alternatives

• A1: Hand carried ID with federal specification and on board storage

• A2: Bio-referenced ID for identity with link to data store for other information

• A3: Implanted RF-ID with data on board and with link to data store for other information

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

DIRECTIO N O F IM PRO VEM ENT

PLAN NIN G M ATRIXTEC HNICALREQ U IREM EN TS

CU STO M ERREQ U IREM EN TS

TEC HNICAL PR IO RITIES

PER C ENTAG E O F TO TAL

DESIG N TARG ETS

O ur P roduct

Com petitor A 's P roduct

Com petitor B 's P roduct

Key to roof / corre lationm atrix sym bols+ Positive / Supporting- Negative / Tradeoff

S trong in terre lationship

M edium interre ltionship

W eak interre lationship

Key to in terre lationship m atrix sym bols

Tota l (100% )

Lightweight

Sec

ure

Accessible for mods

All

Env

iron

acc

ess

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Authorities

Public

Privacy

Security

Accuracy

Convenience

Access Ease

Info Density

Info currency

Wir

eles

s D

ata

Bas

e

Ful

l Cro

ss I

ndex

Asy

nchr

onou

s &

C

onst

ant U

pdat

e

Impl

ante

d

Han

d H

eld

Bio

-ID

Priority

1

1

2

3

112

1

3

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Functional Analysis and Allocation

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Action Reference Framework

• To (do something) to (something) somehow

• Action , object, modifier – Used to describe a process

Functional Decomposition is to develop a description of what the system must do – not necessarily tied to how the system must do it.

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Functional Flow Block Diagram

Action/Task

Action/Task

Action/Task

Action/Task

Action/Task

Boolean Operator

Action/Task

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Hierarchic Structure for Decomposition

• Sub Functions operate on input/output consistent with the higher levels of the hierarchy

• Models the flow of data or objects in a system

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

ICOM

Activity

Mechanism

Inputs

Control

Outputs

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Method of Analysis

• Shows roles of information and materials with respect to activity

• Each ICOM represents an activity or business step that can be broken down

• Inputs: information/material used to produce activity output

• Controls: Constraints on an activity• Mechanisms: That perform processing or provide

energy to the activity (people or machines as mechanisms)

• Output: The product of the activity

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Context Diagram

Activity

Mechanism

Inputs

Control

Outputs

A0 : Purpose : Viewpoint

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Sight & Designate

Target

Select & Prepare

Ordinance

Deliver

Ordinance

Access

Damage

Expected Result

Target OOB Procedures Procedures

Captain Gunner Gunner Captain Automation Automation

orders

Ordinance Inventory

Guidance Equip

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Steps in Functional Decomposition

1. Develop Context Diagram of Full System2. Decompose System to Sub-elements (ICOMS for all) 3. Define Business Rule/Model

• AS-Is the descriptive scenario• To-Be the future business or process model

4. Cost Analysis1. Analysis of activities, 2. Gather costs, 3. Trace costs to activities, 4. Establish output measures, 5. Analyze costs

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Provision Aircraft Primary Secondary Input costs Output Measures

Propulsion Jet Fuel ® Fueltrck ops ® (150,000) (10,000)

Passenger-revenue miles (80*800)/1000

Fire control (1,000)

Life support Oxy, meds, safety equip ®

Flight attend training ® (10,000)(2,000)

Certification freq

Inspection ® (1,000) Certification freq

Safety Instructions ® Production/distribution ® (500) Certification freq

Lights, belts , etc (®

Installation/maintenance ® (500) Certification freq

Quality of trip Food (d) Preparation ® (5,000) Meals produced/ meals consumed

Storage ® (5,000)

Heating/Cooling Galley® (5,000)

Distribution ® (2,000)

Blankets/pillows (d)

(100) Passenger requests

In-flight entertainment (d)

(250) Hours of use

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Cost %

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Prop Life Support Safety Quality

Cost %

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

cumm percentage

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

Prop Life Support Safety Quality

Series1

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Steps/Perspectives for System EngineeringAnalysis

• System Analysis – Identification of the impacts and consequences

of alternative approaches to system solution– Identification of the quality, market, reliability,

cost, effectiveness, benefits, longevity, aesthetics… of alternative system solutions

• Iterative Refinement of Alternatives– Sensitivity Analysis and Parameter

Identification

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Supportability

• Inherent Characteristics of system design & installation that enable efficient maintenance and support of the system

• Prime Elements:– Design Reliability Quality and Maintenance

• Maintenance Infrastructure– Maintenance – Training– Supply chain support – Equipment – Packaging – Faculties– Technical Data

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Preliminary Design Review (due 2/17)

• Identify design & alternatives (at least 2) – for functional capability – support reliability – allow for maintainability– Usability & safety – Support for service

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Human Factors Introduction

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Systems Engineering Approach to HCI

FeaturesAutomation

Organization Roles & ResponsibilitiesTrainingCommunication Capabilities

Tasks Allocation Feedback

Temp NoiseIllumination

Modulating Variables

Perception Cognition Response

TimeInfo

Controls

Effectors

Displays

Performance Requirements Performance Limitations

Performance Capabilities

Performance Affordances

Environment Operator Machine/System

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Motor Behavior Theory for Guidance in Design and Selection of Input Devices

• Purpose to match a physical output on the part of a user to a signal that is recognizable by a system.

• Bandwidth: range of expression • Dynamics: speed of response• Dimensionality: physical and temporal relations that the input

device can support • Affordance: appropriate and expected response: in use and in

feedback – E.g. button click or highlight changes in isotonic devices

• Discrete entry devices and Continuous entry devices• Physical limits:

• Ergonomic consideration • Environmental impacts: vibration, clothing restrictions, noise and

etc. • Physical Measurement, information theory and neuromotor accuracy

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Human Performance Models

• What are they? • Expressions of relationships that either describe

(descriptive) or predict (normative) human behavior across a range of environments or contexts

• Specifics: • Perceptual Models, Information Processing

Models, Motor Behavior Models, Decision Models, Framework Models, Unified Models….

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Percept: 100 msec

Working Memory

200 ms 1500

7-17 letters 5 letters

LTM

70 ms

Motor Response

70 msec

Cognate

70 msec /cycle

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

INFORMATION MEASUREMENT

• Information : property of messages and data or other evidence that reduces one’s uncertainty about the true state of the world.

• Let x represent a hypothesis about the state of the world

• Let y represent the observation that has a relation to x• I(x:y) is the relation of the observation to the state of the world

• I(x:y) should be a function of the prior probability of x before y is observed and the posterior probability of x after y was observed: F[ p(x), p(x|y)]

= log2 P(x|y)/p(x)

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Information Qualification

Input

Loss

Noise

Output

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Information Qualification

Input

Loss

Noise

Output

H(x)

H

T(x,y) H(y)

What Effect does redundancy have on total information transmission?

C (bits/sec) = bandwidth log2 (signal/noise+1)

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

H(x) H(x|y)

H(y|x)

H(y)

H(x) = pi log2 pi

For equi-probable events

H(x) = p(xi)[ log2(1/p(xi))]

For differently probable events

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Bits 1 2 2.58 3

Reaction Time

RT = a + b H(x)

where H(x) = log2(n)

.2 sec

.4 sec

.6 sec

.8 sec

Hick’s Law

K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering

Fitts LawMovement Time = a+b(Id)

Id = log2 [2*amplitude/(tolerance)]

Id 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Movement

time

.2

.4

.6

.8