,ktsdk'h/ ' e zsz ^wke^/s /^zdd edu dk />/ d /ke e z /ed ... · owto guide:...
Post on 26-Jul-2020
3 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
HOW-TO GUIDEGENDER-RESPONSIVE DISARMAMENT, DEMOBILIZATION AND REINTEGRATION
Copyright © 2012 Inter-Agency Working Group on DDR (IAWG)All rights reserved
We encourage the free use of the contents of this guide with appropriate and full citation.
Acknowledgements: This How-to Guide has been developed by Louise Dietrich and Thomas Winderl, supported by Michelle Glasser under supervision of Glaucia Boyer. The guide has been further developed and finalized by Rosan Smits, Leontine Specker, Agnieszka Wisniews-ka, Simon Tordjman, Sarah Preston Hanssen and Laura Ronkainen.
This publication is available online at http://unddr.org
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1. About this guide TheIDDRS,theOperationalGuideandtheHow-toGuide Whoshouldusethisguide? Howtousethisguide?2.GenderandDDR Defininggender Basicprinciplesforgender-responsiveDDR GenderconsiderationsinDDR Criteriaforgender-responsiveDDR CommongendergapsinDDRprogrammes
I.HOWTOINITIATEGENDER-RESPONSIVENESSDURINGTHEPEACEPROCESS Step1:BuildgenderandDDRcapacityofpeacenegotiationteams Step2:Ensurewomen’sparticipationinpeacenegotiations Step3:Includegenderprovisionsinpeaceagreements Step4:Linksecuritytogender-basedviolence Step5:Mobilizefinancialresourcesforgender-responsiveDDR
II.HOWTOPLANANDDESIGNGENDER-RESPONSIVEDDRPROGRAMMES1.AnchorGenderconsiderationsintheplanningphase Step1:Mainstreamgenderinpre-programmeassessments Step2:Identifypartners,capacities,influenceandinterests2.Makeplanningdocumentsresponsivetogender Step1:Mainstreamgenderinthesituationanalysis Step2:Maketheresultsframeworkresponsivetogender Step3:Makemonitoringandevaluationframeworkgender-sensitive Step4:Includegender-sensitiveindicators Step5:Ensuregender-responsivebudgetingforDDR
III.HOWTOIMPLEMENTGENDER-RESPONSIVEDDRPROGRAMMES1.Measureprogressthroughgender-sensitiveindicators Step1:Quantitativemonitoringofsex-specificdata Step2:QualitativemonitoringofgenderdimensionsofDDRprogramme Step3:Analysedatatomeasuregender-responsiveness2.EnsurethatDDRstaffisresponsivetogender Step1:Ensurethattherecruitmentprocessisgender-sensitive Step2:IncreasegenderawarenessamongDDRstaff Step3:BuildgendercompetenceamongDDRstaff Step4:Collaboratewithgenderexperts3.Makeorganizationalstructures,workflowsandinformationmanagementresponsivetogender Step1:Establishgender-responsivenessasjointresponsibility Step2:Createincentivesforgender-sensitiveinitiatives Step3:Providemanagementsupporttogenderspecialists Step4:Useknowledgemanagementtoenhancegender-responsiveness4.Workandcoordinatewithpartners
5567777891213
161717171818
21222224262627293032
3637383839414142424445
4545454747
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 3
Step1:ProvidesupporttothenationalDDRcommission Step2:Strengthenpartnershipswithwomen’sandmen’snetworks Step3:Coordinatewithinternationalpartners Step4:Buildgenderawarenessandcapacitiesofimplementingpartnersand consultants5.Makeevaluationsgender-sensitive
IV.HOWTOCLOSEADDRPROGRAMMEINAGENDER-RESPONSIVEWAY1.Preparingagender-responsiveexitstrategy Step1:Identifygender-specificrisksthroughoutDDRprogramme implementation Step2:Identifypartnerstotakeforwardgender-relatedwork2.Buildingcapacityoflocalcounterparts Step1:Createacapacitydevelopmentstrategyfornationalcounterparts Step2:Buildcapacityofnationalcounterparts Step3:Shareyourinformationandexperiences3.Buildlinkageswithothergender-relatedinitiatives Step1:Ensurelinkageswithbroaderrecoveryprogrammes Step2:Ensurelinkageswithsecuritysectorreform
RESOURCEPACKAGEResource1: ChecklistforarapidgenderassessmentofaDDRprogrammeResource2: Examplesofgender-sensitiveprovisionsforpeaceandDDRagreementsResource3: ExampleofaDDRresultmatrixwithgender-specificindicators-NepalResource4: Overviewofgender-sensitiveDDRassessmentsResource5: Keyentrypointsforgender-sensitiveassessmentsResource6: Identifyingpartners’capacities,influenceandinterestsResource7: MakingDDRresultschainsgender-sensitiveResource8: Examplesofindicators:trackinggender-responsivenessofaDDR programmeResource9: ChecklistforarapidgenderassessmentofaDDRbudgetResource10: Recruitingnewstaff:QuestionsformappinggendercompetenciesResource11: Genderissuesascommonresponsibility:ExamplesfortermsofreferencesResource12: ChecklistofkeygenderrelatedresponsibilitiesforDDRprogramme managers
49494951
53
555656
5656575759595959
616263677276777980
81828384
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 4
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
INTRODUCTION Armedconflictsmostoftenhaveprofoundimplicationsforgendernorms,rolesandidentitiesofbothmenandwomen.Notonlydotraditionalrolesandidentitiesshiftasaconsequenceofwar,butmenandwomenalsoliveandperformactsofviolencedifferently.Assuch,maleandfemaleex-combatantsandmenandwomeninotherwaysassociatedwitharmedforcesandgroupsalsohavedistinctneedsand points of resilience for peaceful reintegration. Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration(DDR) programmes aim to deal with post-conflict security problems that arise when combatantsandassociatedgroupsareleftwithoutlivelihoodsandsupportnetworks.TheSecretary-GeneralhasstipulatedthatDDRprogrammesmustremoveobstaclestoparticipationbyfemalecombatantsandwomenandgirlsassociatedwitharmedforcesandgroups,takewomen’sandgirls’specialneedsintoconsiderationinprogrammedesignandofferfemaleparticipantsandbeneficiarieswithequalaccesstoprogrammeservices1.
Notonlydoesthetransitionfromconflicttopeacecreateawindowofopportunitytopromotegenderequality, but DDR programmes also gain effectiveness and sustainability of results when differentexperiencesofmenandwomen,aswellastheroleofgenderidentitiesinexpressingandexperiencingviolentbehaviour,areaddressedthroughouttheDDRprocess.Forreasonsofbothefficiencyandequity,therefore,theUnitedNationsiscommittedtoensuringwomen’sequalinvolvementasparticipantsandbeneficiariesinlocaldevelopment,employmentcreation,front-lineservicedeliveryanddisarmament,demobilizationandreintegrationprogrammesinpost-conflictsituations2.
Although the awareness of the essentiality of incorporating gender considerations in DDR hasincreased, it does not always translate into practical implementation and mainstreaming genderinDDRprogrammes.Amongotherthingsthereasonsforthis includenarrowunderstandingof theconceptofgenderandlackofskills,resourcesorcoordinationduringplanningandimplementationofthe programmes.
Thisguideprovidesstep-by-stepinstructionsonhowtopracticallytranslategenderconsiderationsintoDDRprogramming.Itisdesignedtocomplementthegender-specificguidanceincludedintheUnitedNationsIntegratedDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegrationStandards(IDDRS)3.
1. ABOUT THIS GUIDE
Theobjectiveof thisHow-toGuide is toprovidepracticalguidance forDDRpractitioners tobetteraddresskeygenderissuesinordertoincreasetheeffectivenessandsustainabilityofDDRprogrammes.ItaimstoincreaseDDRpractitioners’abilitytotakeintoconsiderationthedifferentneedsandcapacitiesoffemaleandmaleex-combatants,supportersofarmedforcesandgroupsandtheirdependants.
Thisguide,togetherwithUNDP’s8PointAgendaonstrengtheninggenderresponsivenessinconflictpreventionandrecoveryandtheUNDP/BCPR’sGenderandDDRStrategy,constitutesacoordinatedapproachtosupportingtheimplementationofinternationalmandatesrelatedtogenderequalityinacrisispreventionandrecoverysetting.
1UnitedNations Security Council (2010):Women’s participation in peacebuilding: Report of the Secretary-General. 7September2010,A/65/354-S/2010/466.2 Ibid.3 Inter-Agency Working Group on Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (2006): Integrated Disarmament,DemobilizationandReintegrationStandards.
5
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
The IDDRS, the Operational Guide and the How to Guide
In 2006, the United Nations issued the Integrated DDR Standards (IDDRS), and an accompanyingOperationalGuidetotheIDDRS(OG),whichsetoutthecollectivelyagreedstandardstoplan,manageandimplementeffectiveDDRprogrammes.GenderequalitywasbothmainstreamedthroughoutthestandardsandaddressedinaspecificchapteronWomen,GenderandDDR(chapter5.10).ThisHow-toGuidetowaswrittentocomplement the IDDRSandOG,providingadditionalpracticalguidancetowardsachievinggender-responsiveDDRprogrammes.
IDDRSModule5.10providesguidanceonhowtostrengthengender-responsivenessinthedifferentphasesofDDRprogrammes.ThisguidesupplementsthestandardsbyintroducingagenderresponsiveDDRprogrammecycleincludingpre-programmeprocesses,planning,implementation,monitoringandevaluationandprogrammeclosure.InadditiontothisHow-toGuide,morepolicyguidanceandcountryspecificexamplesonthelinkagesofgenderandDDRcanbefoundintheUNDPreport‘BlameitontheWar?GenderDimensionsofViolenceinDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegration(DDR)’4.
4UNDP(2011):‘BlameitontheWar?GenderDimensionsofViolenceinDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegration(DDR)’.
Box 1: International commitments for gender issues in peace and security
UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) – Women, Peace and SecurityTheresolutionlinkswomentothepeaceandsecurityagenda,reaffirmingtheimportantrolewom-enplayinthepreventionandresolutionofconflict.Further,itstressestheneedtoincreasewom-en’sroleindecision-making.WithrespecttoDDR,itspecifically“encouragesallthoseinvolvedintheplanningforDDRtoconsiderthedifferentneedsoffemaleandmaleex-combatantsandtotakeintoaccounttheneedsoftheirdependants”.
UN Security Council Resolution 1820 (2008) – Women and Peace and SecurityTheresolutionexplicitlyrecognizestheuseofsexualviolenceasatacticofwarandacknowledgestheroleofwomenandgirlsinthemaintenanceofinternationalpeaceandsecurity.Italsostressestheneedtorecognisesexualviolenceasasecurityissueandassuch,itistojustifyasecurityre-sponse.WithrespecttoDDR,itrequiresaddressingthestigmaandshamethatwomenencounterandassertstheimportanceofwomen’sparticipationinallprocessesrelatedtoendingsexualvio-lence.
UNDP’s 8 Point Agenda (8PA)The8PointAgendaisastrategicframeworkforactionandadvocacy,whichwasendorsedbytheUNDPAdministratorinNovember2006.ItrepresentsUNDP’scommitmenttoimplementingtheUNSecurityCouncilResolution1325onWomen,PeaceandSecurity(2000).Itsobjectiveisto:
1. Strengthenwomen’ssecurityincrisis;2. Advancegenderjustice;3. Expandwomen’scitizenship,participationandleadership;4. Buildpeacewithandforwomen;5. Promotegenderequalityindisasterriskreduction;6. Ensuregender-responsiverecovery;7. Transformgovernmenttodeliverforwomen;8. Developcapacitiesforsocialchange.
6
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Who should use this guide?
ThisHow-toGuideisintendedtobeusedbyDDRpractitionersatthestrategic,managementandimplementinglevels.ItisespeciallyustefulforanyoneinterestedinimprovingtheircompetenceinmainstreaminggenderissuesinDDR,whichis,oneofthekeyrequirementsofUNDP’sresults-basedmanagementcycle5.Aparticulartargetaudienceisthegenderfocalpoints(GFPs)withinDDR programmes.
Thisguidemayalsobeusedbynationalpartners,suchasnationalministriesinchargeofoverseeingDDR, national DDR commissions, regional and local governments, as well as internationalorganizationsandpractitionersworkingintransitionalandrecoveryframeworks.
How to use this guide?
Thisguidecanbeusedasacombinationofapracticalmanual,toolkitandareferenceguide.Itconsistsofthefollowingsections:
− How-toGuidecontainsadviceonoperationalizingIDDRSguidanceinagender-responsivemanner,followingtheresultsbasedmanagementcycle.Eachprogrammecyclephaseisbrokenintostep-by-stepguidanceonkeyconsiderationsandactionpointstomaketheDDRprogrammemoregender-sensitive.
− ResourcePackagecontainsasetofpracticaltoolssuchastemplates,samples,checklistsandkeyquestionstofacilitategender-responsivenessinDDR.
− Programmeexamplesillustrategoodpracticesofhowcertainprogrammecycleelementscanbemademoregender-responsive.
− AbibliographyreferencingthereadertofurtherreadingandrecentpublicationsrelatedtoDDRandgender.
2. GENDER AND DDR
While it is increasingly recognized thatgender identities canplaya role in continuedpatternsof violence and aggression among ex-combatants, DDR programming has lacked a sufficientframeworktounderstandandaddressthedifferentexperiencesofmenandwomenintheDDRprocessandtheroleofgenderidentitiesinviolence,bothofwhicharecrucialforincreasingtheeffectivenessandsustainabilityofDDRprogrammes.
Defining gender
Whereassexreferstobiologicaldifferencesbetweenmenandwomen,genderisarelationaltermthatreferstothesociallyconstructednormsaroundroles,behavioursandattributesassociatedwithbeingmaleandfemaleandtherelationshipsbetweenwomen,men,girlsandboys,aswellaswithinsame-sexgroups.Theseattributes,opportunitiesandrelationshipsaresociallyconstructedand are passed on through socialization processes. They are context- and time-specific andchangeable.
5Formoreinformation,pleaserefertoUNDP(2002):‘ResultsBasedManagement:ConceptsandMethodology’.Online:http://web.undp.org/evaluation/documents/RBMConceptsMethodgyjuly2002.pdf.
7
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Thus,genderdifferencesarenotthesameasbiologicalsexdifferences.Forinstanceawoman’sabilitytobearchildren is relatedtohersex (biologicallydetermined),whereasmenbeingexpectedtobeprovidersfortheirfamiliesisrelatedtogender(learnedorculturallydetermined).Genderidentitiesarechangeableovertime,varybetweenculturesandareaffectedbychangesinsocial,political,economicandsecurityconditions.Bycallingattentiontotheseidentitiesthisguidedoesnotwanttoreinforcegenderstereotypes,butratherworkstowardstransformingtheminordertoachievegenderequalityandtoreducetheriskofviolenceandconflictinapeacebuildingsetting.
Box 2: Gender: A definition
The social attributes and opportunities associatedwith beingmale and femaleandtherelationshipsbetweenwomen,men,girlsandboys,aswellastherela-tionsbetweenwomenandthosebetweenmen.Theseattributes,opportunitiesand relationshipsare socially constructedandare learned throughsocializationprocesses.Theyarecontext/time-specificandchangeable.Genderispartofthebroadersocioculturalcontext.Other importantcriteriaforsocioculturalanalysisincludeclass, race,poverty level,ethnicgroupandage.Theconceptofgenderalsoincludestheexpectationsheldaboutthecharacteristics,aptitudesandlikelybehavioursofbothwomenandmen(femininityandmasculinity).
Theconceptofgenderisvital,because,whenitisappliedtosocialanalysis,itre-vealshowwomen’ssubordination(ormen’sdomination)issociallyconstructed.Assuch,thesubordinationcanbechangedorended.Itisnotbiologicallypredeter-mined,norisitfixedforever.Aswithanygroup,interactionsamongarmedforcesandgroups,members’rolesandresponsibilitieswithinthegroup,andinteractionsbetweenmembersofarmedforces/groupsandpolicyanddecisionmakersareallheavily influencedbyprevailinggender rolesandgender relations insociety. Infact,genderrolessignificantlyaffectthebehaviourofindividualsevenwhentheyareinasex-segregatedenvironment,suchasanall-malecadre.
IAWG(2006):IntegratedDDRStandars
Basic principles for gender-responsive DDR
InordertomakeaDDRprogrammegender-responsive,theprogrammecycleneedstobeplanned,implemented,monitoredandevaluatedinagender-sensitiveway.Gender-sensitivitymeansrecognizingthespecificneedsandrealitiesofwomen,men,girlsandboysbasedonthesocialconstructionofgenderroles6.Throughacknowledgingtheseneedsandexistingideasofmasculinitiesandfemininities,gender-responsiveprogrammesaddressthedifferentvulnerabilitiesofwomen,men,girlsandboys,andbuildontheirdifferentcapabilitiestoactasagentsofchange.
6Definitionof“gender-sensitivity”takenandmoderatelyadaptedfrom:WHO(2007):‘Engagingmenandboysinchanginggender-basedinequityinhealth:Evidencefromprogrammeinterventions’,p.4.
8
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Agender-responsiveDDRprogrammeisbasedonthreegeneralprinciples:
− Genderequality Theprogrammerecognizesandsupportstheequalrights,responsibilitiesandopportunitiesofwomen,men,girlsandboysinDDRprocesses.Thisdoesnotimplythatwomenandmenbecomethesame,butthattheprogrammetakesintoconsiderationthedifferentneedsandprioritiesofboth groups.
− Non-discrimination,fairnessandequitabletreatment TheDDRprogrammediscriminateagainstindividualsonthebasisofsex,gender,age,race,religion,nationality,ethnicorigin,politicalopinion,orotherpersonalcharacteristicsorassociations.ForDDRprogrammestoensurefairtreatmentofwomen,men,girlsandboysaccordingtotheirneeds,specialmeasuresmightneedtobeputinplacetocompensateforsocialorhistoricaldisadvantages.Thus,equitabletreatmentmightincludeequaltreatmentofallgroupsordifferenttreatmentthatisconsideredequivalentintermsofrights,benefits,obligationsandopportunities7.
− Centredonpeople TheDDRprogrammerecognizesthatpeoplerepresentingdifferentsexesandgender,aswellasthoseofdifferingagesandphysicalabilityhavedifferentsupportneeds.Theprogrammeactivitieshavetobeculturallysensitive,appropriateandrelevant,andofferspecificallydesignedservicesforeach group.
Buildingontheseprincipals,gender-responsiveDDRprogrammesstrivetoreachgender-responsiveobjectivesthatarenon-discriminatory,equallybenefitwomenandmenandaimatcorrectinggenderimbalances.While it is not always feasible to explicitlymention gender issues in the overall DDRprogrammeobjective(e.g.tocontributetopeace,reconciliationanddevelopmentinthesociety),itisnonethelessimportanttorememberthatgenderconsiderationsareanessentialpartofreachingthisobjectiveandmakingtheresultssustainable.
Gender considerations in DDR
Ingeneral,thefollowingaspectsshouldbeconsideredwhendesigningaDDRprogrammeorimprovingittobemoregender-responsive:
Women,men,girlsandboysaresocialized indifferentwaysanddifferentbehavioursareexpectedfromthem.Womenandmenperformdifferentrolesinthesocietyandtheserolesareoftenvalueddifferently.Similarly,armedconflict impactswomenandmendifferentlyandrequires theirspecificneeds to be taken into account after the conflict has ended. Differences are seen in patterns ofrecruitmentand in the rolesmenandwomenplaywithinarmedgroups.Theymay thusalsohavedifferentneeds,considerdifferentthingsimportantandmakedifferentchoicesinDDRcontexts.
Women andmen are integral parts of the same society. Interventions on one part of societywillunavoidablyhaveanimpactontheother,eitherimprovingsituationsorcreatingtensions.Aboveall,genderconsiderationsformthebasistothesocialrelationswithinwhichindividualsandgroupsact.Gender-responsiveDDRprogrammesmayfacilitatewomen’sempowerment,buttheoverallaimisonworkingwiththesocietyasawhole.
Groupsofwomenandmenarehighlyheterogeneous.Thereareimportantdifferencesnotonlyamong
7Definitionof“equitabletreatment”takenandmoderatelyadaptedfrom:ILO(2007):‘ABCofwomenworker’srightsandgenderequality’,p.92.
9
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
groups,butalsowithinthem.Sub-groupsexistbasedonage,education,class,caste,religion,sexualpreference,ethnicityandraceamongothers.Womenandmenhaveaseriesofdifferent identities,whichcanemergeasdominantindifferentmomentsandcontexts.Genderidentityisnotnecessarilytiedtosex.Forexamplefemaleex-combatants’behaviourcanbeconsideredmasculinebythewomenandmenintheircommunities,andthusthereisneither“automaticsisterhood”amongwomennor“automaticbrotherhood”amongmen.
Althoughwomenexperienceawiderangeofviolence,notallwomenarevictimsandnotallperpetratorsaremen.Whereaswomenmaybemorevulnerabletosexualviolence,menmaybemorevulnerabletohomicideandforcedrecruitment.Bothmen’sandwomen’svulnerabilitiesdependonexternalandstructuralfactorsaffectingmasculinitiesandfemininities,ratherthanontheirsex.ADDRprogrammeismoreeffectiveifitbuildsonthecapacities,strengths,skillsandpointsofresilienceofwomenandmen,whiletakinggender-specificvulnerabilitiesintoconsideration.
Menhavegender-specificneeds,too.DDRprogrammeshaveprofoundimplicationsforgenderidentitiesofbothmaleandfemaleparticipants.Amongyoungable-bodiedmales,DDRmayleadtoamasculinitycrisis,whichinturncanincreaseviolentbehaviour.Forelderlyordisabledmen,ontheotherhand,itmaycreateopportunitiestorenegotiatetheirmasculinitiesvis-à-vistheexistinghegemonicidealofmanhood.Insomecases,ex-combatantsmaybeperceivedasathreattoeldersorauthoritieswithincommunitiesofreturn.Theymayfacerejectionortriggerconflictifreintegrationisnotsupported.Inthepost-conflictperiod,youthmayperceivethatpowerhasbeenreturnedtooldermaleeliteandthusfeelexcludedfromdecisionmaking.Ontheotherhandtheelders,affectedbythewaryears,duringwhichyouthhumiliatedandcommittedatrocitiesagainsteldersandchallengedsocialnorms,mightsometimesmistrustyouth.Thesemulti-layeredimpactsonhowgenderidentitiesandperceptionsofmasculinitiesareformedmustbetakenintoaccountinDDRprogramming.
Genderroles,identitiesandnormsarefluidandmaydifferaccordingtogroupandcommunity.Withinarmedgroups,genderroles,identitiesandnormsoftendevelopdifferentlythaninthecommunitiesofreturn.Thismaycausetremendousreintegrationchallengesforbothfemaleandmaleex-combatantsafter thewar has ended, if their gender-related expectations and behaviour no longer fit societalnorms8.
Boxes3and4demonstratesomeexamplesofhowthewomenandmenmightexperiencetheDDRprocessdifferently.
8Formorebackgroundonthegenderdimensionsofviolence,pleasereferto:UNDP(2011):‘BlameitontheWar?GenderDimensionsofViolenceandDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegration(DDR)’.
10
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Box3:ExamplesofgenderdimensionsinexperiencingtheDDRprocessLossesduringdisarmament Maleex-combatant-specific
lossFemaleex-combatant-specificloss
• Symboliclossofidentityasfighterthroughsurrenderofweapon• Lossofsecurityandprotection• Lossofpower,respectandstatus
• Symboliclossofpowerandmanhoodthroughsurrenderofone’sweapon
• Lossofsomedegreeofequality,respectandprotectiongainedinrelationtomalecounterparts
Lossesduringdemobilization Maleex-combatant-specificlosses
Femaleex-combatant-specificlosses
• Warfamily• Economicsupport• Securityandprotection• Belonging,comradeshipandsocialsupport • Identityandsenseofpurpose • ‘Herotozero’-lossofstatusandprestige
• Lossofstatusandrespectgainedasafighter• High-rankingmenmaygainkeypoliticalpositionsinnewgovernment;however,lowerrankingmenmaybepassedoverandexperiencedisillusionmentorfeelbetrayedbycommanders
• Lossofsomedegreeofequality,respectandprotectiongainedasafighter• High-rankingwomenmayberelegatedtolowerpositionsorbepassedoverforkeypoliticalpositionsinthenewgovernment• WAAFGanddependantsmaybeseparatedfrommaleex-combatantsandlosesourceofsocial/economicsupport
Box4:Potentialchallengesandexpectationsfacedbymenandwomenduringeconomicreintegration
Male ex-combatants Female ex-combatantsExpectations:• Expectationtobe‘provider’• Expectationtoacquireworkthatisconsidered‘manly’• Desireforjobthatprovidesasourceofdignityandrespect
Expectations:• Expectationtoreturntotraditionaldomestic/caretakingrole• Expectationtoacquirejobthatisconsidered‘women’swork’• Morelikelytoacceptlowerstatusandlowerpayingjobs
Challenges:• Disempowermentduetolimitedlivelihoodandemploymentoptionsandinabilitytofulfillexpected‘provider’role• Acceptingwomen’snewroleas‘provider’andtherealorperceivedcompetitiontheyposeinthejobmarket
Challenges:• Disempowermentduetolackofequaleconomicopportunities• Doubleburdenofdomesticandincome-generationresponsibilities
11
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Criteria for gender-responsive DDR
ForaDDRprogrammetobegender-responsive,itshouldaddressthedifferentneedsandcapabilitiesofwomen,men,girlsandboysinallaspects,includingorganizationalarrangements,theprogrammecycleitselfandexternalrelations.
− Organizationalarrangementsareresponsivetogenderwhengendercapacityismainstreamedinhumanresources,organizationalstructuresandworkflows,andinformationandknowledgemanagement.
− Agender-responsiveDDRprogrammecycletakeswomenandmen’sgender-specificneedsandcapacitiesintoconsiderationinallofitsstages(assessment,planning,design,implementationandmonitoringandevaluation).Gender-responsiveprogrammeimplementationisbasedonunderstandingtherisksandopportunitiesrelatedtogendernormsinagivensociety,identifyingandaddressinggender-specificneedsandcapacities,andensuringequalaccesstoandbenefitfromDDRprogrammeservices.
− Gender-responsivenessinexternalrelationsmeansstrengtheningpartnershipsforgenderequalityinaccordancewithUNDPmandates,aswellascollaboratingwithwomenandmen’sorganizationsandDDRimplementingpartners.
Programme example 1: Croatia - Addressing men’s gender identities and needs
Sixteen years after the end of the war, Croatia still faces challenges in terms of violence,particularlyfamilyviolence.Menintheageof30-50-theagegroupthatlivedthroughthewar-areoneofthegroupswiththehighestriskforcommittingactsofintimatepartnerviolence.ViolenceinCroatiaishighlygender-driven:thevastmajorityofarmedcrimesinCroatiaarecommittedbymen.Womenrepresent2%oftheperpetrators,butconstitutealmost50%ofallvictims,reflectingthegenderaspectofdomesticviolence. In order to address these persisting levels of violence, theMinistry of Interior and UNDPinitiatedanawarenessraisingcampaign.Thecampaigntriedtoencouragecitizenstoreportviolenceandpromoteawarenessofthefactthatfamilyviolenceandviolenceagainstwomenarenotonlyprivatematters.Theoverallaimoftheprojectwastoengagemenandboysinpreventingviolentbehaviour.
Inordertoachievethis,malerolemodels,suchasthePresidentofCroatiarecordedmessagesto support the campaign. To reach out to youth, the campaign used modern means ofcommunication, such as a Facebook site named “Living a Lifewithout Violence”, featuringvideosandothermaterial.
12
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Box 5: Getting the concept right
Gender-responsiveDDRisNOT: − SimplydesignatingagenderfocalpointwithintheDDRprogramme; − Aone-offexercise; − Adhocmeasurestargetingwomen; − Astand-alonechapterorsectionwithinaprogrammedocumentorreport.
Common gender gaps in DDR programmes
Overthelastdecadeprogresshasbeenmadeinacknowledgingthatthespecificneedsoffemaleandmalecombatantsandassociatedgroupsshouldbeaccountedfor.However,DDRprogrammestypicallyfacetwokeychallengesintermsofgender:
− Lowformalregistrationlevelsofwomenandgirls; − Insufficientattentiontothespecificneedsofwomen,men,girlsandboys.
Low formal registration of women and girls is characteristic formany DDR programmes. There isan inconsistency between numbers of womenwho participated in armed conflict and thosewhoeffectively register inDDRprogrammes.Femaleex-combatantsandwomenassociatedwitharmedforcesandgroupsfacecomplexbarrierstoformalregistrationandequalaccesstoDDRprogrammebenefitsandservices.
Duetothis,anumberofwomenandgirlsself-demobilize.Asaresulttheyareleftalonetodealwithwar traumas,psycho-socialdistressandhealthproblems. Inaddition, theydonot receivefinancialsupport, skills development assistance or benefit fromemployment creation. Socially isolated anddestitute–andoftenwithdependants–womenaremorevulnerabletoabuseandexploitation,suchashuman traffickingorprostitution. Exclusionofwomen fromDDRprogrammes thusperpetuatescyclesofsexualviolence.
Box 6: Avoiding gender gaps in DDR programmes:
− UnderstandthatgenderequalityisapriorityinDDRprogrammes; − Acknowledgethatgender-mainstreamingneedstostartasearlyaspossible; − Ensureadequatefundingthroughforwardlookingcoordinationinordertoallowforcomprehensiveandsystematicinterventionsandtoovercomepiecemealapproach;
− IncludeadequatelytrainedpersonnelwhounderstandbothDDRandgenderandhaveaprovenexpertiseongender-specificinterventions;
− Ensurethatsex-disaggregateddataisanalysedandeffectivelyusedduringplanninganddesignoftheprogramme.
13
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Reasonsforlowregistrationlevelsareoftengender-related.Forexample,existinggender-normsmaypreventwomenfrommakingthemselvesknownasamemberofanarmedforceorgroupoutoffearforsocial stigma.TheDDRprogramme itselfmightalsoexcludewomenthroughgender-insensitivepublicinformationcampaignsorbysettingnarroweligibilitycriteria.
DDRprogrammestypicallydonotsufficientlyaddressthegender-specificneedsofeitherwomenandgirlsormenandboys.Todate,thefocusofeffortstointegrategenderintoDDRpolicyandprogramminghasbeenonaddressing theparticularneedsof femaleex-combatantsandwomenassociatedwitharmed forces and groups (WAAFG).On theotherhand, although themajority ofDDRprogrammeparticipants aremen, DDR policy and programming guidance often neglect the fact thatmen arealsobeing shapedbychangingnormsaroundmanhood.Thusmen’sexperiencesofDDRand theirreintegrationintosocietyisoftennotaddressedformagender-perspective. Recognizingthatforbothmenandwomentheconflict-affectedgender identitiescanplayarole incontinuedpatternsofviolenceandaggression,DDRprogrammescanalsoofferuniqueopportunitiestoaddressissuessuchaspost-traumaticstressdisorders,intimatepartnerviolenceandoveralllevelsofviolenceinpostconflictsocieties.
14
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Links to Resource Package
RESOURCE1:ChecklistforarapidgenderassessmentofaDDRprogramme
Further Reading
Barth, E. (2002): ‘Peace as Disappointment: the Reintegration of Female Soldiers in Post-ConflictSocieties:AComparativeStudyfromAfrica’,InternationalPeaceResearchInstitute(Prio),Oslo.
Farr, V. (2002): ‘Gendering Demilitarization as a Peacebuilding Tool’, Bonn International Centre forConversion,Bonn.
Klot,J.(2006):’AForwardLookingReview–GenderMainstreaminginCrisisPrevention’,UNDP/BCPR.
Inter-AgencyStandingCommittee(2006):‘GenderHandbookinHumanitarianAction.Women,Girls,BoysandMen.DifferentNeeds–EqualOpportunities’.
Schroeder,E.(2005),‘Multi-CountryDemobilizationandReintegrationProgram(MDRP),GenderDeskStudy’,WorldBank,Washington.
Storr,W.(2011):‘TheRapeofMen’,TheObserver,17July2011.
Stemple,L.(2009):‘MaleRapeandHumanRights’,HastingsLawJournal,Vol.60:605,pp605–646,2009.
Theidon,K.(2009):‘ReconstructingMasculinities:TheDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegrationofFormerCombatantsinColombia’,HumanRightsQuarterly,2009.
United Nations Development Fund forWomen (2004): ‘Getting Right, Doing it Right: Gender andDisarmament,DemobilisationandReintegration’,NewYork.
Inter-AgencyWorking Group on DDR (2006): ’Integrated DDR Standards, Chapter 5.10 –Women,GenderandDDR’.
UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(2011):‘BlameitontheWar?GenderDimensionsofViolenceinDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegration(DDR)’.
Relevant Links
PeaceWomen,Women'sInternationalLeagueforPeaceandFreedom:http://www.peacewomen.org/
UNDDR:www.unddr.org
15
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
I. HOW TO INITIATE GENDER-RESPONSIVENESS DURING THE PEACE PROCESS
Peaceagreementshavebecome relevant roadmaps forpeacebuilding,defining strategicprioritiesfor stabilisation and state reform. As such, peace agreements often offer important platforms forgender-sensitivepolicymakingandprogrammingforsecurityanddevelopment.PeacenegotiationsandagreementsalsolaythegroundworkforDDRprocessesandarethereforethefirstentrypointforanchoringgenderconsiderationsinfutureDDRprogrammes.
Women’sparticipationinpeacebuildingisnotonlyamatterofwomen’sandgirls’rights,butwomenare also crucial partners in building lasting peace through economic recovery, social cohesion andpoliticallegitimacy9.Practicehasshownthatpeacenegotiationteams’genderandDDRcapacityandwomen’sparticipation inpeaceprocessesareprerequisites forefficientlyaddressinggender issuesinDDR.Althoughnotallwomen indecisionmakingpositionsapplyagenderperspective topeacebuilding,theyaremore likelytodosothanmen,partlybecausetheyaremoreaccessibletootherwomen10.Inordertomaximisethepotentialforgender-responsiveDDRprocesses,gender-sensitivityshouldbepartofallstagesofthepeaceprocess,includingpeacenegotiations,thepeaceagreementandpost-conflictplanningframeworks.
Thefollowingstepsarerecommendedtolaygroundworkforgender-responsiveDDRduringthepeaceprocess:
− BuildgenderandDDRcapacityofpeacenegotiationteams; − Ensurewomen’sparticipationinpeacenegotiations; − IncludegenderprovisionsinDDRagreements; − Linksecuritytosexualandgender-basedviolence; −Mobilisefinancialresourcesforgender-responsiveDDR.
9UnitedNations Security Council (2010):Women’s participation in peacebuilding: Report of the Secretary-General. 7September2010,A/65/354-S/2010/466.10 Ibid.
16
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Step 1: Build gender and DDR capacity of peace negotiation teams
UnderstandingtheimplicationsofgendertoDDRiscrucialtothesuccessoftheprocess.ToensuremeaningfulincorporationofgenderconsiderationsinDDRprogramming,thenegotiationteamsneedtohaverelevantknowledgeofbothissues.
Actionpoints:
− Strengthengenderexperts’capacitiesinDDRandsupporttheirinvolvementindraftingDDRprovisionsinpeaceagreements.
− Developtrainingstoincreasegenderawarenessofbothmaleandfemalemediatorsbeforetheybegintheirassignment.
− ProvideinformationabouttheDDRprogrammeandprocesstoanysubsidiarybodiesorsub-committeesthatfacilitategender-orientednon-partyandNGOinputsandinvestmentsinthepeaceprocess.
Step 2: Ensure women’s participation in peace negotiations
Experience indicatesthatwomen’sparticipation inpeacenegotiationsandthe inclusionofgender-responsiveDDRprovisionsinpeaceagreementsareconnected.Inadditiontowomenparticipatinginthenegotiationsasformalmembersofthenegotiationteams,theyalsoplayanimportantroleinlocalandcommunitylevelpeacebuildingasmembersofthecivilsociety.EqualparticipationinformulatingtheprovisionsforDDRlaysthefoundationforaddressinggender-specificneedsandpointsofresilienceintheimplementationprocessitself.
Actionpoints:
− Supportthedevelopmentofastandardisedprotocolthatensuresrepresentationofcivilsocietyorganizations,women’sgroupsandgenderequalityadvocatesinformalpeacenegotiationsandconsultationsrelatedtoDDR.
− SupportgenderbalanceinpeacenegotiationandDDRplanningcommitteestoensurethatatleast30%ofthemembersarewomenorgovernmentalinstitutionsanddepartmentswithgender-relatedmandates.Thiscanbeachievedthroughdevelopingincentives,suchasconditioningfundingandsupporttotheinclusionofwomeninnegotiatingteams.
− Ensurethatatleast15%ofthefinancialsupportprovidedforpeacenegotiationsisallocatedtowomen’smeaningfulparticipation.
Step 3: Include gender provisions in peace agreements
Peaceagreementsoftenworkasabasisforthetransitionallegalframework.Gender-responsiveDDRprovisions inpeaceagreements can serveasanefficientmeans toholdnational and internationalinstitutionsaccountable for takinggender intoconsiderationwhen implementing theprogrammes.Theycanalsoserveasawayofliftinggenderissuesonthepoliticaldialogue.Inordertolayafoundationfor future DDR programmes, peace agreements should textually include gender considerations,addressingtheissuebeyondsolelymentioningthepresenceoffemalecombatants inarmedforcesandgroups.
17
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Actionpoints:
− Encouragetheinclusionofathoroughanalysisofexistinggenderroles,identitiesandnormsofcombatantsandcommunitiesintheDDRprovisions.
− Promotetherecognitionofwomen,men,girlsandboysassociatedwitharmedforcesandgroupsasequalparticipantsofDDRprogrammesalongwithfemaleandmaleex-combatants.
− EnsurethatthepeaceagreementspecifiesthesignificantrepresentationofwomenandgenderfocalpointsinnationalDDRcommissionsandotherbodiesmandatedtodesign,manageandevaluateDDRprogrammesandprocesses.
Step 4: Link security to gender-based violence
Asa critical security componentofpeaceagreements,DDRprogrammesmustwork togetherwithother security actors in addressing the implications of the conflict to gender-based violence andespecially sexual violence. Elevated levels of sexual violence accompany almost all conflicts11, andthusmanyformercombatantsandmembersofassociatedgroups–womenaswellasmen–haveexperienced,witnessedorcommittedactsofsexualorgender-basedviolence.Changinggendernormsand identities,combatants’ socializationtoviolenceandresultingcontinuedpatternsofaggressionposea threat tosecurity inpost-conflictandpeacebuildingsettings.Therefore,peaceagreementsshouldincludetextualprovisionsregardingsexual-andgender-basedviolenceinrelationtotheDDRprocesses.Specialemphasisshouldbeputonbreakingthecontinuationofviolentbehaviourwithinthenewsecuritysectorthroughmerging,shrinkingandretrainingthemviaDDRprogrammes.
Actionpoints:
− Ensurethatthepeaceagreementrecognizethethreatofsexualviolenceaswellastheneedforidentifyingperpetratorsandprohibitingtheirrecruitmentintonationalsecurityforces.
− Ensurethatpeaceagreementrecognizestheneedforgender-responsivereconciliationandpublicsafetyprogrammesforcommunitiesreceivinglargenumbersofex-combatants.
Step 5: Mobilize financial resources for gender-responsive DDR
Besides supporting the textual inclusion of gender-responsive provisions in peace agreements,adequate measures should be taken to ensure their actual implementation to ultimately enablegreatergendersensitivenessofDDRprogrammes.Fromtheveryoutsetoftheconflict,post-conflictneedsassessmentsshouldspecificallyplantodedicateandallocateappropriatefundingtoensurethatgender-responsiveprovisionsareactuallyimplemented.
Intheareasofruleof lawandsecurity, includingDDR, inpost-conflictsettings,thecurrent levelofresourcesallocatedforgender-specificissuesislow.AreviewofsixPost-ConflictNeedsAssessments(PCNAs)conductedsince2002showsthatonly0.9%ofthemmentiongenderinrelationtoDDRontheoutcomelevel,0.1%attheactivitylevelandnoneattheindicatorlevel.Only0.4%oftheoverallbudgetsallocatedforthesesixPCNAswereappointedforfundinggender-relatedDDRissues12.Itisimportant
11UnitedNationsSecurityCouncil (2010):Women’sparticipation inpeacebuilding:Reportof theSecretary-General.7September2010,A/65/354-S/2010/466.12 Studyconducted for thisHow-toGuide,basedon thedatabase thatwasused for theUNWOMENpublication“Women’s Participation in Peace Negotiations: Connections between Presence and Influence”, in UNWOMEN (2010):
18
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
toincludegenderinthedesignofPCNAsinordertolaythegroundworkforresourcemobilizationforgender-relatedDDRinitiatives.
Implementing gender-sensitive DDR programme elements requires substantial financial resources.Whereasdisarmament,demobilizationandup tooneyearof reinsertion supportare funded fromassessedbudgets,reintegrationprogrammesarecoveredfromvoluntarydonorcontributions.Thus,particularlyinrelationtoreintegration,financialresourcesforgender-specificactivitieswillneedtobesecuredasearlyaspossibleintheplanningphaseofaDDRprogramme.
Voluntary contributions regularly come from bilateral donors, in-kind contributions, nationalgovernments, UN agencies, loans from international financial institutions and the private sector.Overall, it isadvisabletobecreative,timelyandcooperativeandtoengagewithdonorswhoplacegenderissueshighontheagenda,whilealsotryingtogetnewdonorsengaged.Trustfundsandfundraisingmechanisms,suchasdonorconferencesandconsolidatedappealsprocesses(CAPs)andpost-conflictneedsassessments(PCNAs)mayofferalternativefundingsources.Donorconferencesserveascatalystsforthepledgesandcommitmentsmadebythedonorsforpost-conflictreconstructionandpeacebuildingstrategies.Itisthereforecriticalthatwomenandgenderexpertsparticipatenotonlyinpeacenegotiations,butalsoindonorconferencestoensurethatthepledgingprocessconsidersandaddressesgender-specificDDRpriorities.
Beawarethattiming iscrucial,asdifferent fundingallocationcycleswillaffect theplanningof theoverallDDRprogramme.
Actionpoints:
− Ensurethatfundingisspecificallyallocatedtowomen’sandgenderissuesinthepeacebuildingframework.Trackthattheminimumof15%ofprogrammebudgets,stipulatedintheSecretary-General’sreportonwomen’sparticipationinpeacebuilding(A/65/354–S/2010/466),isreached.
−Makesurethatsufficientresourcesareallocatedforthereintegrationoffemaleex-combatantsandwomen,men,girlsandboysassociatedwitharmedgroups.
− EncouragenationalDDRcommissionstoworkcloselywithgovernmentministriesinchargeofgenderandwomen’saffairs,and–especiallywheregovernmentsareresponsibleforallorpartoftheDDRprocess–withwomen’speace-buildingnetworks.
− Supportgenderequalityadvocatesand(women’s)civilsocietyorganizationstocreateajointagendaandactionplanforpeacebuildingandreconstruction.Thiscanbereachedforexamplethroughorganizinganationalgendersymposiuminpreparationofthedonorconference.
−Makesurethatfemaleleadersparticipateindonorconferencesandthattheirprioritiesareincludedintheoutcomedocument.
‘ResourcesonWomen,peaceandsecurity’.Online:http://www.unifem.org/materials/item_detail.php?ProductID=186).
19
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Links to Resource Package
RESOURCE2:Examplesofgender-sensitiveprovisionsforpeaceandDDRagreements
Further Reading
Arnault, J. (no date): ‘Good Agreement? Bad Agreement? An Implementation Perspective’, Centerof InternationalStudies,PrincetonUniversity,Princeton.Online:www.stanford.edu/class/psych165/Arnault.doc.
Bell,C.andO’Rourke,C.(2010):‘PeaceAgreementsorPieceofPaper?TheimpactofUNSCResolution1325onPeaceProcessesandtheirAgreements’,InternationalandComparativeLawQuarterly,2010,59.
Chinkin,C. (2003): ‘PeaceAgreementsasaMeansforPromotingGenderEqualityandEnsuringtheParticipationofWomen’,UnitedNationsDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomen,EGM/PEACE/BP.1.
Koppell,C.andO’Neill,J.(2010):‘GenderSymposiaduringDonorConferences:AModeltoGuaranteeWomenLeadersaVoiceinSettingPrioritiesforReconstruction’,TheInstituteforInclusiveSecurity.
UN General Assembly (2010): ‘Women’s Participation in Peacebuilding: Report of the Secretary-General’,7September2010,A/65/354-S/2010/466.
UNWOMEN(2010):‘WhatWomenWant:PlanningandFinancingforGender-ResponsivePeacebuilding’.
UNWomen (2010): “Women’s Participation inPeaceNegotiations: ConnectionsbetweenPresenceandInfluence”,inUNWomen(2010):ResourcesonWomen,PeaceandSecurity.Online:http://www.unifem.org/materials/item_detail.php?ProductID=186.
20
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
II. HOW TO PLAN AND DESIGN GENDER-RESPONSIVE DDR PROGRAMMES
InordertoensurethatDDRprogrammeseffectivelyandsustainablyaddressthedifferentexperiencesofmen andwomen in the DDR process and acknowledge the implications of gender identities inrelationtoviolence,genderperspectiveneedstobemainstreamedandaddressedasearlyaspossibleinthedesignandplanningofDDRprogrammes.Thissectionprovidesguidanceonhowtointegrategender-sensitiveelementsintotheDDRprogrammeplanningcycle,including:
1.Thepre-planningphase;2.ThedevelopmentoftheDDRprogrammedocument.
Box 7: IDDRS 5.10 GuidanceGender-sensitive background information
IntheDDRprogrammeplanningphase,itisimportantthatpractitioners“gainagoodunderstandingofthelegal,political,economic,socialandsecuritycontextoftheDDRprogrammeandhowitaffectswomen,men,girlsandboysdifferently,both in armed forces and groups and in receiving communities. Identify thedifferentneedsofwomen,men, girls andboys in accordancewith the specificrolestheyplayedascombatants,supportersordependants.”
21
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
1. ANCHOR GENDER CONSIDERATIONS IN THE PLANNING PHASE
Twostepsarerecommendedtostrengthengender-sensitivityofDDRprogrammedesignandplanning:
Step1.Mainstreamgenderinpre-programmeassessments;Step2.Identifypartnersandcapacitiestostrengthenthegender-responsivenessoftheDDRprogramme.
Step 1: Mainstream gender in pre-programme assessments
Mainstreaming gender in pre-programme assessments for DDR means that the varying needs,capacities, interests,priorities,powerand rolesofwomenandmenaremadevisible,bothamongprogrammeparticipantsandinreceivingcommunities. Note thatmainstreaminggender in theassessmentphase requiresmore than just the inclusionofgender-specificquestionsorcomponents.Gendershouldbeananalyticalframeofreferenceinallpre-programmeandcontextualassessmentsinordertoanalysetheimpactandinfluencesofconflictandpost-conflictrealitiesongenderroles,identitiesandnorms.
Box 8: Three clusters of assessments generally inform the design of a DDR programme:
− Pre-programmeassessmentsareconductedbyDDRprogrammespecialistsandinclude:• Socio-economicprofilingofprogrammeparticipantsandbeneficiaries,
includingspecificpsychosocialneeds,generalskillsandcompetenciesandperceptionstowardsreturningex-combatantsbyhostcommunities;
• Marketsurveys,includingtheabsorptioncapacityofthelocaleconomyandidentificationofjobopportunities.Stigmatizationoftypicallymaleorfemalejobsshouldbeavoided.
− Contextualfactorsandconflictdynamics,definingthepeacebuildingandstabilizationenvironment,areassessedthrough:• Contextanalysisthataddressesregionalparticularities,political,socialand
economicspecificsandculturalaspects;• Conflictandsecurityanalysis,assessingtherootcausesanddynamics
oftheconflictandaddressesopportunitiesandobstaclesforpeaceandsecurity.
− Gender-specificanalysesbringoutgenderdimensionsofviolence,gender-specificvulnerabilitiesofwomenandmenandtheexpectedimpactsofthesegenderdimensionsandnormsonDDRprogrammes.
Specificgenderanalysescanbecarriedout,butitishoweverimportanttonotethatdisaggregationofdatabysexandgenderconsiderationsrevealcrucialinformationinallassessments.
22
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Actionpoints:
− Ensureadequategenderexpertiseintheassessmentteamthrough:• Includinginternational/nationalgenderexpertsintheassessmentteam;• DeployingDDRexpertstogetherwithgenderspecialists;• Trainingstatementtakers,informationgatherersandinterpretersongenderconceptsand
gender-specificmethodology;• Ensuringthatadequatefundingisavailableinordertoallowparticipationofrelevantexperts
andinformants;• Involvinginternational,nationalandlocalexpertsandpractitionersworkingongenderequality
andwomen’sempowermentthroughkeyinformantinterviewsandvalidationsessionswithstakeholders.
− Analysegenderdimensionsintermsof:• Data:Gathersex-disaggregatedqualitativeandquantitativedataandanalysegenderrolesand
normsthatitmayreveal;• Roles,imagesanddiscourses:Assessgenderdynamics,rolesandimagesofagivensociety• Needsandpointsofresilience:Identifygender-specificneeds,capacities,experiencesand
knowledgeofwomenandmen;• Powerrelations:Mapwomenandmen’saccesstodecisionmakingpositionsandresources;• Vulnerability:Assessgender-specificvulnerabilitiesamongwomenandmen.
− Translateassessmentfindingsintorecommendations:• Includekeygender-responsiverecommendationsintheexecutivesummary;• Mainstreamgenderdimensionsthroughoutthefindingsinthenarrativesectionandinclude
gender-specificsections;• Recordpotentialobstaclesforbothwomenandmen’saccesstoDDRprogrammebenefitsand
services(e.g.lackofaccesstoinformation,decisionmaking,childcarefacilitiesormeansoftransportation,stigmatizing gendernormsorshiftinggenderidentitiesasaresultoftheconflictandpeacebuildingprocess,insecurity);
• Registerthesourcesofdataforfurtherconsultationandnamekeygenderequalityinformantsinterviewed(ifpossibleandsafe).
− Validateassessmentwithkeystakeholders:• Makesurethatavalidationworkshoptakesplacewiththeparticipationofgenderexperts,
genderresourcepersons,delegatesfromministriesinchargeofgenderandwomen’sissues,keygovernmentalorganizations,internationalagencies,UNagenciesandinternationalorganizationsworkingontransitionalorrecoveryframeworks.
• Ensureinclusionofgenderaspectsatastrategictimeduringthevalidationworkshoptoensureparticipationofkeydecision-makersandstakeholders;
• Allowequalandsufficientspeakingtimeforgenderexpertsandreserveadequatediscussiontime.
23
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Step 2: Identify partners, capacities, influence and interests
Engagementwithpartnerswithspecificgenderand/orDDRexpertise iscrucial forthesuccessofagender-responsiveDDRprogramme.Duringthepre-programmephase,itisthereforeimportanttogetaclearoverviewofthecapacities,interestsandinfluenceofkeystakeholdersthatcouldplayaroleinsupportingtheDDRprogramme.
Actionpoints:
− Identifytheexistingfinancial,humanandtechnicalcapacitiesandgapsintermsofgenderamongnationalcounterparts,multinationalorganizations,andcivilsocietyactors;
− IdentifytheinfluencethatdifferentpartnersmayhaveintermsofthegenderandDDRagenda; − Identifytheinterestpartnershaveinbeinginvolvedingender-specificelementsoftheDDRprogramme;
− IdentifythemainrolespartnerscanplayinthevariousphasesoftheDDRprocess,includingamappingofalreadyexistinginitiativesthatcouldbelinkedtotheDDRprogramme.
Program example 2Republic of the Congo: Identifying and profiling women associated with armed forces and groups during pre-programme assessment
The longperiodof armed conflict in theRepublic of theCongo influenced theeconomicandsocialsituationofbothcivilianwomenandfemaleex-combatantsandsupportersofarmedforcesandgroups.Womeninthecountryhadexperiencedlargescalesexualassaults,batteringandotherviolations,resultinginthespreadofHIVinfections.ItwasfearedthatwomenwouldbereluctanttojointheDDRprogrammeoutoffearofstigmatizationrelatedtotheirconflicttimepast.
IntheplanningphaseoftheDDRprogramme,asurveywascarriedouttoidentifywomenassociatedwitharmedforcesandgroups(WAAFGs).Theidentifiedwomenwere then organized in cooperatives where they received technical trainingon production, storage, processing and sale of commodities. These economicactivitiesallowedwomenforthefirsttimetoengageinprofitableandsustainableeconomicactivities.
TheUNDPcountryofficeinBrazzavilleinitiatedanewcommunity-basedapproachtoenhancegenderequalityandensurethatWAAFGswouldparticipateinDDR.ThroughmixingDDRparticipantswithcivilianwomeninvulnerablesituations,theprogrammeallowedWAAFGstojoinDDRandbenefitfromreintegrationserviceswithoutobligingthemtopubliclyunveiltheirpast.
The initiativestosupportandprotectwomenwerestrengthenedwithstrategicinformation and communication activities that included community meetings,radioprogrammesandotherawarenessraising initiatives.Theprogrammealsoaimedatstrengtheningthecapacitiesofwomentoemergeascommunityleadersthroughtrainingsessionson leadershipandgender issues.Asaresult,manyofthewomenwereabletoparticipateinvotingandotherpoliticalprocessesintheircommunities.
24
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Box 9: Contingency planning – DDR pre-planning phase
Whattodoifnogenderanalysistookplaceinthepre-planningphaseofaDDRprogramme?
Ensurepoliticalwillandmanagementsupport − Ensureexplicitandpublicsupportfrommanagementstructurestofasttrackgender-responsiveness.StudytheDDRmonitoringandevaluationframework,existingreportsandreviewsandattaininformationoncurrentandfutureprogrammeandprojectopportunities;
− Ensureappropriateallocationoffinancialandotherresourcestogender-specificactivities; − Ensureactiveandmeaningfulparticipationofgenderexpertsatyearlyrevisionsofthemonitoringandevaluationunit.
Mapcurrentandfutureprojects −Mapon-goingassessmentprocesses; − Considerpossibilitiestodesignandrolloutgender-specificsurveys.
Createandstrengtheninternalprogrammecooperation − TalktoUNCountryTeammembersinvolvedintheDDRprocessandsupporttheirgenderequalitywork,payingspecialattentiontomonitoringanevaluationspecialistsorunit.
− CreateopportunitiesforknowledgeexchangeongenderdimensionsoftheDDRprogramme,e.g.throughpresentations,briefingsandmeetings;
− Communicatewithrelevantresourcepersonsinheadquartersandcountries; − CommunicatewithfieldofficesandprofessionalswithdirectcontacttoDDRprogrammeparticipants;
− InterviewandengagewithDDRcolleaguestoestablishpriorityareasandentrypointsforgenderequalitywork.
Strengthenexternalpartnerships − Identifykeystakeholderstoensuregendermainstreaming.Thesemightincludeministriesresponsibleforgenderissues,women’sorganisations,men’sgroupsengagedinpromotinggenderequalityandinternationalNGOsworkingoncommunity-basedgender-transformationamongothers;
− Identifyandseizeopportunitiestoraisegenderontheagenda(e.g.InternationalWomen’sDay,workshops,events,media);
− Inviteexternalstakeholderswithgenderexpertisetoproposeamendmentsontheconductedassessments.
Beproactive − Identifytheessentialneedsforanalysisinordertomakethepre-programmephasegender-sensitive;
− Identifylikelyfuturegapsintheprogrammedesignasaresultofthelackoffocusongenderatthepre-programmephase(i.e.whataretheimplicationsfortheresultsframework,monitoringframeworkandevaluations);
− Beinformed:conductadesktopresearchandinterview(local)genderexperts.
25
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
2. MAKE PROGRAMME DOCUMENTS RESPONSIVE TO GENDER
Thefinal step indesigningaDDRprogramme is creating the synthesis ina singleDDRprogrammedocument. A DDR planning document can be part of a United Nations Development AssistanceFramework (UNDAF), a UNDP Country Programme or UNDP Country ProgrammeAction Plan or astand-aloneDDRprogrammedocument.Whicheverformittakes,aresults-basedUNDPprogrammedocumenttypicallyincludesthefollowingelements,eachofwhichneedstobegender-sensitive:
− Contextualanalysisandastrategicapproach; − Resultsandbudgetingframework,outliningoutputs,activitiesandinputs; −Managementarrangements; −Monitoringandevaluationplan.
Genderconsiderationsneedtobeexplicitlyincludedinallelementsoftheplanningdocument.Itisalsoconsideredagoodpracticetobesex-specificandexplicitlyrefertowomenandmenwhereverpossible.Thiswaygenderperspectivecanbemaintainedthroughouttheplanningandimplementationoftheprogramme.
Ingeneral,gender-sensitiveplanningdocumentsshould:
− Explicitlymentiontheapproachtakentogenderinthegivencontext,withspecificreferencestointernationalmandatesrelatedtogender(e.g.SecurityCouncilResolutions1325and1820),UNDP’sexistingcommitments(e.g.policyframeworks)andexistingnationalcommitments(e.g.CEDAW);
− Includeexplicitentriesonwhatimmediate,gender-specificresults,productsandservices,areexpectedtobedelivered.
− ExplicitlymentionhowtheDDRprogrammetakesintoaccount(problematic)gendernorms,thedifferentstrategiesadoptedforworkingwithwomenandmen,andhowanyprogresswithregardtoimplementationofthesestrategiesismeasured.
Fivestepsarerecommendedformakingtheprogrammedocumentgender-responsive:
Step1.Mainstreamgenderinthesituationanalysis;
Step2:Maketheresultsframeworkresponsivetogender;
Step3:Makemonitoringandevaluationframeworkgender-sensitive;
Step4:Includegender-sensitiveindicators;
Step5:Ensuregender-responsivebudgetingforDDR.
Step 1: Mainstream gender in the situation analysis
Most planning documents include or build upon an analysis of the situation aDDRprogramme isoperatingin.AnanalysisofthecurrentsituationcanbetypicallyfoundintheUNCommonCountryAssessment (CCA), in part II of theUNDevelopmentAssistance Framework (UNDAF), in the initialchaptersofaUNCountryProgrammeorintheDDRprogrammedocument.
ToensurethatgenderissuesareanintegralpartofDDRprogrammeplanning,anysituationanalysisforaDDRprogrammeneedstoincludeagenderperspective.
26
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Actionpoints:
− Includequantitativeandqualitativesex-disaggregateddataasbasisforthesituationanalysis; − IncludeanalysisofcapacitiesofthenationalgovernmentandnationalDDRcommissionstoaddressgenderdimensionsoftheDDRprocess;
− Analysetendenciesofgenderdynamicsovertimeanddescribehowlocalpeopleandparticipants’understandingsofmasculinitiesandfemininitiesarerelatedtoviolence;
− Reviewdataonhowpatternsofviolenceaffectbothwomenandmenandhowthesepatternsmightevolveinthefuture.
Step 2: Make the results framework responsive to gender
A results framework consists of inputs feeding into indicative activities, which again allow DDRprogrammetodelivercertainoutputs.Theseoutputsinturnshouldresultinoutcomesand,ultimately,impact.Tomakearesultsframeworkresponsivetogender,alllevelsoftheresultchainmustbesex-specificandreflectgenderasanimportantdimensionofDDR.
Box 10: Key challenges in designing a gender-responsive results framework:
− Impact,outcomesandoutputsarebroadresultsandrequireashortandpreciseformulation.Gender-responsiveandinclusivelanguageisoftenneglected.Theconceptof“ex-combatants”,forexample,concealsthewomeninthegroup,oftenleadingtothembeingoverlookedinpracticeaswell.
− Thefocusonquantitativeresultspromotesatendencytofavourasex-specificratherthangender-specificformulationofoutcomes,outputs,activitiesandindicators.NotethatforaDDRprogrammetoberesponsivetogender,bothsex-specificandgender-addressingapproachesarecritical.
Impactisalong-termeffectonanidentifiablepopulationgroupproducedbyanintervention.Impactscanbeintendedorunintended,positiveornegative. IntheDDRcontext, impact istypicallyrelatedtoenhancedsecurityandstability.DDRprogrammescontributetotheimpactsaspartofthewiderengagementoftheUNCountryTeamandotheractors.
ThefollowingquestionsexamineDDRimpactsfromagenderperspective:
− Howhassecuritybeenenhancedforwomen,men,girlsandboys? − Howarewomen,men,girlsandboysparticipatinginsustainingpeaceintheirsociety?
Box11:Examplesofimpactstatementswithagenderperspective:
− “Peaceissustainedthroughtheactiveinvolvementofwomenandmen,girlsandboys,irrespectiveoftheirpreviouspoliticalaffiliationorethnicbackground.”
− “Nationaldevelopmentbenefitswomen,men,girlsandboysequally,irrespectiveoftheirpreviouspoliticalaffiliationorethnicbackground.”
27
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Outcomesareshortormedium-termeffectsofthebroaderoutputsoftheUNCountryProgramme,towhichtheDDRprogrammecontributes.DDRprogrammeoutcomestypicallyrelatetosustainablereintegrationofex-combatantsandassociatedgroupsintotheircommunitiesofchoice.
WaystoexamineDDRoutcomesfromagenderperspectiveincludethefollowingquestions:
− Havemaleandfemaleparticipantsbeenabletofindemployment?Whatkind?Doesthesituationdifferfromwhatisculturallyperceivedappropriateformenandwomen?
− Hasintimatepartnerviolencebeenreducedinparticipants’familiesorinthereceivingcommunitiesingeneral?
− Haveattitudestoviolencechangedamongtheparticipantsandreceivingcommunities?
Outputs are products and services which result from programme activities and contribute to theachievementofanoutcome.DDRoutputstypicallyrelatetodisarmament,demobilization,reinsertionsupportand reintegrationofex-combatantsandassociatedgroups,aswell as support to receivingcommunitiesreceivingandnationalcapacitybuilding.
ThefollowingquestionsexamineDDRoutputsfromagenderperspective:
− HowdofemaleandmaleparticipantsandbeneficiariesperceivetheDDRprocessandthereintegrationphase?
− Canwomenandmenfullytakeadvantageofskillstraining? − DoDDRreinsertionkitstakeintoconsiderationwomen’sspecificneeds,includingreproductivehealthneeds?
− Dopsycho-socialassistanceservicesaddressgenderdimensionsofviolence?13
•
13UNDP(2011):‘BlameitontheWar?GenderDimensionsofViolenceinDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegration(DDR)’
Box 12: Examples of outcome statements with a gender perspective:
− “Individualsandcommunitiesareprotectedfromviolence.Thenormsaroundviolence,includinggender-basedviolence,domesticviolenceandsystematicrapehavechanged.”
− “Thecommunitiesaccepttherolesofbothmaleandfemaleex-combatantsinthelabourmarket.”
Box 13: Examples of output statements with a gender perspective:
− “Bothmaleandfemaleex-combatantssuccessfullyreintegrateintotheircommunityandtheirhomesinanon-violentandsustainablemanneranddonotposeathreattotheircommunityorfamily.”
− “Maleandfemaleex-combatantsareeconomically,psychosociallyandpoliticallyreintegrated.“
28
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Activitiesareactionsthataretakentocreateinputs.DDRactivitiescanbeexaminedfromagenderperspectiveforexamplebyaskingthefollowing:
− Doprogrammeschedulesandtrainingopportunitiestakewomen’sreproductiverolesandresponsibilitiesintoconsideration?
− Domenandwomenhaveequalaccesstomicrofinanceprojects?
Box 14: Examples of activities with a gender perspective:
− Organizingworkshopsonangermanagementandcopingmechanismsforstress.Theworkshopsarespecificallydesignedaroundthenotionofmasculinitiesandfemininitiesincrisis,targetingmenandwomendifferently.
− Sensitizingmaleandfemaleex-combatantsandcommunitymembersonuniversalhumanrights,women’srights(e.g.stipulationsoftheSecurityCouncilresolutions1325and1820),psychologicaltraumahealing,leadershipskillsandconflicttransformation.
Step 3: Make monitoring and evaluation framework gender-sensitive
GenderneedstobeconsideredwhendefiningthescopeofDDRprogrammemonitoringandevaluation.TheDDRmonitoringandevaluation(M&E)planshouldreflectgenderconsiderationsthroughincludinggender-relatedquestionsinthemonitoringandevaluationstrategy.
Actionpoints:
− Includesex-andgender-specificquestionsinkeyM&Equestions. − EnsurethattheM&Eframeworkpromotesasex-disaggregatedassessmentofprogresstowardsDDRresultsinordertofosteradifferentiatedandnuancedjudgementofsuccessoftheprogramme.Chopbroaderquestionsintosex-specificcategories.
− PromoteanM&Emethodologythatassessesthetransformationof(violent)genderroles,identitiesandnormsamongprogrammeparticipants,inordertobeabletoevaluatethesustainabilityoftheprogramme’sobjectiveoffacilitatingparticipants’returntocivilianlife.
MostDDRplanning documents contain amonitoring and evaluationplan. TheM&Eplan providesconcreteguidelinesonhowkeyquestionswillbetrackedandanswered.Theplantypicallyconsistsofthreeparts:anarrativecomponent,amonitoringframeworkwithindicatorsandanevaluationplan.
Actionpoints:
− DescribeinthenarrativesectionhowgenderaspectsaretrackedandanalysedovertheDDRprogrammecycle.
− Seethatthemonitoringframeworkincludesclearindicatorsandprovidesguidanceonwhatdataandinformationistobecollected,howoftenandbywhom.
−Makesurethattheevaluationplanincludesadescriptionofwhenandhowgender-specificevaluationsorreviewswilltakeplace.
29
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Step 4: Include gender-sensitive indicators
Indicatorsareakeycomponentindefiningthedetailsofthemonitoringandevaluationframework.DDRprogrammesuseindicatorsonthreelevels:keepingtrackofoutputs,monitoringprogresstowardsoutcomesand,eventually,assessingimpact.Indicatorsshouldincludeagenderperspectiveonallthreelevels.ExplicitlyassessingDDRprogrammesfromagenderperspectivecontributestotheassessmentofoverallefficiencyoftheprogramme.
Theobjectiveofmonitoringresultsfromagenderperspectiveisto:
− TrackifandtowhatextenttheDDRprogrammeservesbothwomenandmenintimeandaccordingtoplan,andwhetherbothgroupscanfullytakeadvantageofthebenefitsandservicesprovided(outputmonitoring);
− Trackifandtowhatextentprogrammeinterventionshavepositiveeffectsonwomenandmen’slives(outcomeandimpactmonitoring).
Wheretheresultmatrixislessresponsivetogender,genderperspectivecanbeintroducedorenhancedinthreeways.
Actionpoints:
− Introducenew,gender-sensitiveindicatorsthatexplicitlytakeintoconsiderationgenderroles,identitiesandnorms.
− TounveilgenderdimensionsofDDRprogrammes,manyindicatorscanbedisaggregatedbysexinadditiontotrackinganoveralltrend.However,inordertokeeptheindicatorframeworkfunctionalforthepurposeofefficientlytrackingprogressandmakingcorrectiveactionswhereneeded,theamountofindicatorsshouldbekeptlimited.Carefulconsiderationisthusneededtodecidewhichindicatorsarethemostfeasibleandproducethemostintegralinformationwhendisaggregatedbysex.
Box 15: Examples of M&E questions with a gender perspective: Sex-specificquestions:
−Whatisthelevelofsatisfactionwithsexualandreproductivehealthservicesamongmaleandfemaleparticipants?
−Whatistherateoftrainingprogrammecompletionbymenandwomen?
Examplesofgender-specificquestions: − Howdomaleandfemaleex-combatantsregardtheirrolesinthesocietyafterDDR?
− Howdotheserolesrelatetotheirperceptionoftheirmanhoodandwomanhood?
Examplesofsex-disaggregatedM&Equestions: − Howcontentareex-combatantswiththesupportprovidedbytheDDRprogramme?
− Isthereadifferenceinopinionbetweenmaleandfemaleex-combatants?
30
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
− IftheDDRcontextdoesnotallowforreliableandaccuratedatacollection,benchmarkscanbeusedasanalternativeforindicators.Benchmarksmaynotbedirectlyconnectedtotheprogrammeperformance,butcanbehelpfulinkeepingtrackofcontextualchangesthataffectmaleand/orfemaleprogrammeparticipants.
Box 16: Examples of gender-sensitive DDR indicators
Gender-sensitiveindicators: − Percentageofparticipants(maleandfemale)whoreporttobeunlikelytoresolveadisputeathomewithviolence;
− Theamountofactivitiesundertakentoraiseawarenessagainstgender-basedviolenceandthepercentageofDDRparticipantsactivelyenrolled(maleandfemale);
− Percentageofparticipants(maleandfemale)whoexperiencethattheyhavefoundtheirplaceinthecommunityofreturn.
Sex-disaggregationofindicators: − Generalindicator: − Levelofsatisfactionwithhealthservicesamongprogrammeparticipants. − Disaggregatedbysex: − Levelofsatisfactionwithhealthservicesamongfemaleprogrammebeneficiaries;
− Levelofsatisfactionwithhealthservicesamongmaleprogrammebeneficiaries.
Gender-sensitivebenchmarks: − Changesinsocialandeconomiclifeofprogrammeparticipantsthroughmeasuringself-perceptionpriortoreceivingDDRsupportandaftertheyhavereceivedassistance.
− CommunityperceptionoftheDDRprogrammeandmaleandfemaleparticipants,before,duringandaftertheDDRprogrammehasbeenoperational.
− Followingindividualcases,whicharerepresentativeforthedifferentgroupsofDDRprogrammeparticipantssoastocaptureopportunitiesandvulnerabilitiesthatarespecificforacertaintargetgroup.
31
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Step 5: Ensure gender-responsive budgeting for DDR
TheDDRbudgetshouldreflectthevaluesandprioritiesoftheprogramme.Translatinggender-sensitiveassessmentsandprogrammedocumentsintoimplementationrequiressubstantialfinancialresourcesfor both the overall DDR programme and to specific gender-focused projects. Gender-responsivebudgetingcontributestotheadvancementofgenderequalityandtheuseofagenderlensthroughoutthe programme cycle. Aminimumof 15%of the total programmebudget should be dedicated toprojectswiththeprincipalobjectiveofadvancinggenderequalityandaddressingwomen’sandgirls’
Programme example 3Nepal - Gender-sensitive indicators
Ten years of conflict in Nepal made it clear that without comprehensivelyaddressing gender issues, peace and development cannot be fully achieved.Nepalesewomenatlargehavebeensubjectedtomultiplediscriminationbecauseofcasteandethnicity,aswellassocialdiscriminationandunequalopportunities.Nepalesemenalso face vulnerabilities in termsof adjusting to their new rolesandresponsibilitiesinthepost-conflictsituation.Asaresultofaregistrationandverificationprocesscarriedoutin2007,4,008Maoistcombatantsweredischargedfromthecantonmentonthegroundofbeingverifiedasminors(under18yearsofage)andlaterecruits(recruitedafter2006ceasefire).30%ofthedisqualifiedpeoplewerewomenandgirls.TheUNInteragencyRehabilitationProgrammewithparticipationofUNICEF,UNFPA,UNDPand ILOhasbeen supporting the socio-economic rehabilitationof these ex-combatants and associated groupsback tocivilianlife.
TakingintoaccountthecontextoftheprogrammeintermsgenderandculturalnormsinNepalandfollowingtheneedsassessmentoftheseVerifiedMinorsandLateRecruits(VMLRs),agender-sensitiverehabilitationprogrammewasdesignedin 2010. Gender-specific aspects were incorporated in the whole programme,includingthebudget,rolesandresponsibilitiesofeachagencyandimplementationguidelines. Tomonitor progress, the programmeused an indicatormatrix thatintegrated both development of gender capacity of the programme staff andgender-specificneedsoftheVMLRs.
StaffmembersfromUNICEF,thenationalCAAFGworkinggroup,andUNIRPfieldstaffattendedajointworkshop,thepurposeofwhichwastoestablishacommonunderstanding of gender considerations during the programme. TheworkshopalsocreatedaforumforthedifferentpartiestoanalyzeandreflectonthegendercontextinNepal.Anotherworkshopwasorganizedwithanetworkoflocalwomen’sorganizationsengagedinsupportingsocialrehabilitationoffemaleVMLRsatthecommunitylevelthroughde-stigmatizationinitiatives.
Datacollectedontheprogrammedemonstrates thatasa resultof thegender-sensitiveapproach,women–constituting30%oftheVMLRs–form40%ofthetotalVMRLsparticipatinginrehabilitationandeducationprogrammes.
32
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
specificneeds14.
Gender-responsive components in a budget are oftennot visible, asDDRprogrammebudgets areusuallypresentedasaggregateditemlineswithshortcategories.Gender-responsivenessoftenonlybecomesvisiblewhenanalysingthefinerconstructionofthebudgets.Gender-specificconsiderationscanbeincludedinthenarrativesectionofthebudget,recordinghowitwasbuiltandwhatassessments,reportsandconsultationsthatbudgetwasbasedon.
Therearethreewaystomakethenumericsectiongender-responsive:
− Sex-specificexpendituresincludespecificactivitiestargetingdifferentgroupsofmaleandfemaleex-combatants,supportersanddependants(e.g.incomegeneratingprojectsforyoungfemalesandmaleswithcomputerskillsorfinancingaradiocampaigntoreachself-demobilisedmothers);
− Equalopportunityexpendituresrefertoaffirmativeactiontonarrowtheadvantagegapbetweenmenandwomen(e.g.basicliteracyandnumeracyformaleandfemaleex-combatantsorprovisionofchildcarefacilitiesinordertoallowfemaleparticipantstoparticipateinDDRprogrammeservices);
− GendermainstreamingexpendituresrefertointernalDDRprogrammedispositionsaimingtomakingtheprogrammemoregender-responsive(e.g.gendercompetencetrainingforDDRpractitioners,fundinggender-sensitiveprimarydatacollectionorconductingresearchonviolentmasculinitiesinaspecificregionofthecountry).
14UnitedNationsSecurityCouncil(2010):Women’sparticipationinpeacebuilding:ReportoftheSecretary-General.7September2010,A/65/354-S/2010/466.
33
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Box 17: Contingency planning - DDR programme design
WhattodoifgenderwasnotconsideredwhendesigningaDDRprogramme?
CooperatewithDDRprogrammemanagement − TrytoamendDDRprogrammedocumentsandmaketheresultsframeworkandindicatorsgender-sensitive;
− Proposegenderconsiderationstobeaddedtotheprogrammedocumentasanannex; − Beactiveatyearlytargetnegotiationsandadvocateforgenderequalitycommitmentsandtheparticipationofallstaffmembersingender-relatedwork;
− Includegenderconsiderationswhenreviewingworkplansandtimetables.
EngageM&EspecialiststoincludegenderintheM&Eframework − Usemid-termreviewsandevaluationsasanentrypointforgender-sensitivecorrectivemoves;
− Includeadditional,gender-sensitivequestions; − Createadditionalgender-sensitiveindicators; − Supporttheinterpretationofsex-disaggregateddataandmakegenderdimensionsvisible.
Asfallbackoption,designaseparategenderstrategy − Astand-alonegenderstrategyisonlythesecondbestoption,sinceitdoesnotformanintegralpartoftheprogrammedocument.ChoosethisoptiononlyiftheDDRprogrammedocumentcannotbeamended.
− ConnecttheseparatestrategytotheDDRdocumentasmuchaspossible.ConsultM&EstaffextensivelyanddisseminatethestrategywidelyamongDDRprogrammestaff.
− Includethefollowingpartsinthestrategy:genderequalitystatement,impact,outcomesandoutputs,aworkplanwithtimeframesandresponsibilities,aswellasagender-responsivebudget.LinktheDDRdocumenttoeverypartoftheseparategenderstrategytoestablishalinkbetweengenderconsiderationsandthesuccessoftheoverallDDRprogramme,aswellastoincreasethepotentialtoinfluencepoliticalcommitmentsandbudgetallocation.Ensureadequatefundstoimplementthecreatedgenderstrategy.
34
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Links to Resource Package
DDR pre-planning phaseRESOURCE3:ExampleofaDDRresultsmatrixwithgender-specificindicators(Nepal)RESOURCE4:Overviewofgender-sensitiveDDRassessmentsRESOURCE5:Keyentrypointsforgender-sensitiveassessmentsRESOURCE6:Identifyingpartners’capacities,influenceandinterest
DDR programme designRESOURCE7:MakingDDRresultschainsgender-sensitiveRESOURCE8:Examplesofindicators:trackinggender-responsivenessofaDDRprogrammeRESOURCE9:Checklistforarapidassessmentofgender-responsivenessofaDDRbudget
Further Reading
CanadianInternationalDevelopmentAgency(1999):‘CIDA’sPolicyonGenderEquality’,CIDA.
Mazurana,D.(2005):‘WomeninArmedOppositionGroupsinAfricaandthePromotionofInternationalHumanitarian Law and Human Rights’, Geneva Call & the Program for the Study of InternationalOrganization(s),Geneva.Online:http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/women_armed_groups_2005.pdf
Reiman,C.(2003):’WhatGenderAnalysisDoesandDoesNotInvolveinPeaceBuilding’,KOFF.Online:http://www.swisspeace.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/KOFF/genderperspective.pdf
UNDP(2009):‘How-ToGuide:HowtoPlanandManagetheMonitoringandEvaluationofDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegrationProgrammes’,UNDP/BCPR.
UNDP(nodate):‘RBMinUNDP:TechnicalNote–KnowingtheWhatandtheHow’,UNDP/BCPR.
UNDP(nodate):‘RBMinUNDP:SelectingIndicators–SignpostsofDevelopment’,UNDP/BCRP.
35
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
III. HOW TO IMPLEMENT GENDER-RESPONSIVE DDR PROGRAMMES
ImplementingaDDRprogrammeinagender-responsivemannerrequiresajointandcoordinatedeffortoftheDDRteamatalllevels.Subsequently,allDDRstaffmembersareaccountableformainstreaminggenderinDDR.
ManagingDDRinagender-responsivemannerrequiresattentionparticularlyinfiveareasofstrategicimportance:
1. Measuringprogressthroughgender-sensitiveindicators
2. Ensuringprogrammestaff’scommitmenttogenderequity
3. Makingorganizationalstructures,workflowsandknowledgemanagementresponsivetogender
4. Workingwithpartnerstostrengthengender-responsiveness
5. Conductinggender-sensitiveprogrammeevaluations
Box 18: IDDRS 5.10 Guidance: Implementing DDR in a gender-responsive way
− Developaccountabilitymechanismstoensurethatallstaffiscommittedtogenderequity.
− IncludegenderexpertsaspartofDDRstructures. − EncouragenationalcommissionsonDDRtoworkcloselywithgovernmentministriesinchargeofwomen’saffairsandwomen’speace-buildingnetworks,toemploywomeninleadershippositionsandtoestablishgenderfocalpoints.
36
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
1. MEASURE PROGRESS THROUGH GENDER-SENSITIVE INDICATORS
WhentheDDRprogrammestarts,programmestaffbeginsaconstantmonitoringofprogresstowardsexpectedresults.Gender-responsivemonitoringofaDDRprogrammeincludesthreecomplementarysteps:
Step1.Quantitativemonitoringofsex-specificdata
Step2.QualitativemonitoringofgenderdimensionsoftheDDRprogramme
Step3.Analysingdatatomeasurethegender-responsivenessoftheprogramme
Programme example 4 Northern Sudan, Blue Nile State - Monitoring the gender-responsiveness of a DDR programme
The demobilization process in the Blue Nile State (BNS) in northern Sudan waslaunched in February 2009. Among other participants, the process also targetedSudanese femaleex-combatants (FXCs)andwomenassociatedwitharmedforcesandgroups(WAAFGs).
AspartoftheSudaneseDDRProgramme,UNDPfundedaprojectfocusingontheeconomicandsocialreintegrationof445WAAFGsand651FXCs intheBNS.BothgroupsreceivedtrainingandindividualeconomicreintegrationpackagesaspartoftheregularDDRprogrammeinSudan.Additionally,theprojectofferedsocialandpsychosocial services to respond to the specific vulnerabilities and capacities ofthesetwowomengroups.InMarch2010WAAFGsbegantoreportproblemsatthecommunitylevel,asotherwomenwerefeelingthattheyshouldalsobenefitfromtheDDRprogramme.Theprojectcauseddiscordatthecommunities,impedingthereintegration of the DDR participants and even sometimes leading to ostracism.Gainingthisinformationfedintorealtimeprojectchanges.Thesocialcomponentsof the reintegration schemewere changed into community-based activities, thusbenefitingWAAFGs,FXCsandwomeningeneral.Therevisedprojectapproachwasdividedintofourmaincomponents:
− Aciviliantrainingpackage(including1076WAAFGs/FXCsand200civilianwomen);
− Psychosocialcounselling(20maleand100femalecounsellorsin6localitiesofBNS);
− Community-basedprojects(targeting91WAAFGs/FXCsand109civilianwomen); − Gender-basedviolence,reproductivehealthandHIV/AIDSsensitizationactivitiesforallcommunitiesincollaborationwithUNFPA(targeting445WAAFGsand200civilianwomen).
Gender-sensitiveplanningandacommunity-basedapproachwereneededtobuildpeacebetweenWAAFGsandcivilianwomen.Monitoringoftheprogrammeprogressallowedrequiredcorrectivemeasurestobemadeinordertoachievetheseresults.
37
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Step 1: Quantitative monitoring of sex-specific data
Continuouslyupdatingquantitativedatatomeasuretheprogresstowards indicatorsdefined intheplanning stage is thebasis formonitoring.Monitoringgender-responsiveness is an integralpartoftheoverallquantitativemonitoring.Thekeytoolforquantitativemonitoring,includinggender-relatedmonitoring, is an indicator tracking sheet. Monitoring sex-disaggregated indicators is importanttoassure thatDDRservicesandassistance isdelivered toallprogrammeparticipantsand that theprogrammerespondstotheirneeds.EvenifsomeindicatorsintheoverallDDRindicatorframeworkare not explicitly disaggregated by sex, gender-responsive M&E requires tracking additional sex-disaggregated data.
Step 2: Qualitative monitoring of gender dimensions of DDR programme
On topof trackingquantitativedata, M&Especialistswillneed tocollect, collate, storeand sharequalitativedataongenderdimensionsoftheDDRprogrammeinanarrativesection.Thedatatypicallyincludesfieldreports,reportsfromimplementingpartnersandotherinformationongender-relatedissuesbytheDDRprogrammestaff,partnersornationalandinternationalorganizations.
Additionally,dataongenderaspectsrelatingtotheDDRprogrammemaybeavailablethroughfindingsof focus groupdiscussionsor case studiesdone toget specific feedbackor informationon certaingroups.Mediamonitoringandobservation,aswellasdiscussionswithspecialreferencegroupsareotherimportantsourcesforacquiringqualitativeinformationtosupportdecisionmakingduringtheDDR programme.
Programme example 5Sudan - DREAM and gender-sensitive data collection
Accurate information of the DDR participants is crucial for the programme toplanappropriateservices.InthedemobilizationsitesinSudan,UNDPhasworkedto improve its data collection through developing a database called DREAM(Disarmament, Demobilization, Reintegration and SALW Control ManagementInformationSystem). In thedatabase,alldata isdisaggregatedbysex.Throughoffering baseline data on the target audience, DREAM has helped UNDP staffmembers to better understand ex-combatants’ needs and capacities. DREAMalsohelps indifferentiatingthespecificneedsofmaleand femaleparticipants,aswellasthedifferencesstemmingfromvariousgeographicbackgrounds.UsingthedatabaseUNDPhasbeenabletodesignprogrammes,suchasHIVawarenesscampaignsandliteracyandnumeracyskillstrainings inresponsetothespecificneedsofthetargetaudience.
Basedonthecollectedliteracydata,forexample,UNDPdesignedpeacebuildingprojects for groups of women (female ex-combatants, women associatedwitharmedforcesandgroupsandcivilianwomen)infourcommunities.TheseprojectsincludedteachingliteracyandnumeracyskillsthroughamethodcalledREFLECT,whichteachesparticipantstoreadwhilealsoaddressingcommunitydevelopmentissuesandfoodprocessing.Trainingswereofferedincommunitycenters,whichwereopenondifferentdaysformen,womenandchildren.
38
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Step 3: Analyse data to measure gender-responsiveness
TomonitortheprogressoftheDDRprocess,programmestaffandtheM&Eunitwillfrequentlyanalysequantitative and qualitative data.Newdata acquired from tracking the set indicators needs to beanalysedand interpretedby linking itwithother information, includingreports fromimplementingpartners,specificconsultanciesandfieldvisitreports.
ThegendercompetenceoftheDDRM&Estaffiscrucialforasuccessfulgender-sensitiveanalysisandinterpretation of quantitative and qualitative data. In theDDR context, relevant secondary data istypicallyabsentorverylimited.Inadditiontothis,reliabledataisoftenscarceduetounderreporting(e.g. the number of victims of sexual violence). Thus a lot of relevant gender-specific informationavailableisanecdotal,basedonimpressions,perceptionsandobservationsandpresentedinanarrativeform. Making a meaningful link between quantitative data and qualitative information throughevidencingtendenciesandformulatingthemintosoundargumentsserves in increasingtheweightofthisinformationandthusimprovingitsuseforgender-responsivedecisionmakinginprogrammemanagement.
Gender-sensitivedataanalysisalsoimpliesconsiderationsonhowdataiscollected.Inordertomakebothmen’sandwomen’svoicesheard,thisprocessshouldentailparticipatoryapproaches.Agender-sensitivedatacollectionprocesscalls forcommittedstaffmemberswhoare interested inexploringculturallyappropriatewaysofgatheringinformation.Peoplecollectingdatashouldspecificallyconsidertheculturalcontextandnormsinordertoknowhowtoapproachcertaintopics.Itisalsoimportanttotrytoaccommodatetothecommunity’scircumstancestotheextentpossible,e.g.throughadaptingtowomen’sworkschedulesandadditionalrequirements,suchastranslators,childcarefacilitiesorsinglesexmeetings.Itisimportanttoincludespecificrecommendationsongender-sensitivedatacollectionmethodsinthemonitoringplanoftheDDRprogramme.
39
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Box 19: Gender-sensitive data collection
Examplesofdatacollectionmethods: − Focusgroupdiscussions:Collectingfeedbackfromrepresentativesofaparticulargroup.
− Referencegroups:ContinuousfeedbackontheDDRprogrammeprogressfromindividuals,suchasNGOrepresentativesandcommunityleaders,whoareselectedbasedontheirknowledgeofthelocalcontext.
− ShortinterviewswithmaleandfemaleDDRparticipants:Gettingasnapshotofparticipants’viewsandperceptionsoftheDDRprogramme.
− In-depthinterviewswithmaleandfemaleDDRparticipants:AcquiringqualitativedataonanybehaviouralchangeresultingfromtheDDRprogrammeactivities.
−Mediamonitoring:CollectinginformationonincidentsandtrendswithinthecommunityatlargeandhowtheseissuesrelatetogenderandDDR.
− (Participatory)communityobservation:Collectingqualitativedatae.g.onhowpublicspacesareusedandbywhom,communityeventsandtrends,reintegrationchallengesforDDRparticipantsandthecommunityatlarge,andhowtheseissuesrelatetogender.
Keyconsiderationsforgatheringdatainagender-sensitivemanner: − Genderbalanceintheassessmentteam:Ensurethatassessmentteamsincludebothmenandwomenandcarefullyconsiderbothadequateexperienceandgenderbalance.
− Levelsofconfidentiality:Useappropriatemethodsdependingonthesensitivityoftheissue(e.g.one-on-oneinterviews,focusgroupdiscussionsorsurveys).
− Culturalappropriateness:Considerwhatcanbeasked,bywhomandhowitshouldbephrased.
− Accesstoinformation:Considerwomen’sandmen’saccesstoinformation(e.g.literacylevels).
− Informationgathering:Besensitivetowhichinformationsourcesshouldbeusedforacquiringrelevantandaccurateinformation(e.g.nationalgovernment,internationalagenciesorNGOs,localwomenormen,fromwhichethnicbackground).
− Interpretation:Carefullyconsiderwhoshouldactasinterpreters.Importantaspectstothinkaboutincludeinterpreter’ssex,ethnicandpoliticalbackground,ageandknowledgeofgender-sensitiveterminology.
− Timeconsiderations:Trytoaccommodatetotheparticipants’scheduleandresponsibilitieswhenchoosingthetimeandplaceforinterviewsordiscussions.
− Travelrestrictions:Thinkhowtoensurereachingthegroupsyouintendtoreach(e.g.findoutifwomenareallowedtotravelontheirown,andifnot,arethereothermeanstoreachthem).
− Levelsofrepresentation:Gatherenoughinformationfromdifferentsourcesandincludekeyinformantsonimmediateneedsofwomen(e.g.midwivesandfemaleleaders).
− Creativity:Finddifferentwaystoaskdifficultquestions.
40
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Box 20: Contingency planning – DDR monitoring
Whattodoifadequategenderconsiderationsarenotincludedinthemonitoringplan?
Ensuremanagementsupport − EnsurepoliticalwillandactivesupportfromDDRmanagementtoincludegenderconsiderationsinthemonitoringplanafterwards.
− Ensureadequatefinancialsupportandbudgetallocationsforgender-sensitivemonitoring. − Reviewcurrentplansforquantitativemonitoring(indicators)andqualitativedatacollection,aswellasmethodologyfordataanalysis.
− Ensurethatdatagatherersandinterpretersreceiveadequatetrainingonhowtocollectinagender-sensitiveway.
Revisemonitoringframework − Lobbyforachangeintheoverallmonitoringframework(indicators,evaluationplan,etc.)toreflectgenderissues.
− Starttotrackandreportonadditional,quantitativedatarelatedtogenderissuestogetherwiththeM&Eexpertsandpartners(e.g.NGOs).Thedataisoftenreadilyavailablefromexistingdatasources,liketheDDRdatabase.
− IncooperationwiththeM&Eexpertsandexternalpartners(e.g.NGOs),starttotrackadditionalgender-relatedqualitativedatafromtheDDRprogrammestaffandotherstakeholders.
− CollaboratingwiththeM&Eexperts,startanalysingthecollecteddatafromgender-perspective.Startreportingonthegender-relatedfindingsforexamplethroughregularwrittenreportsandpresentationstoDDRmanagers.
2. ENSURE THAT DDR STAFF IS RESPONSIVE TO GENDER
Therecruitmentandmanagementofstaffentailsimportantconsiderationsformainstreaminggenderin the DDR programme. To ensure that the programme staff members have a gender-responsiveapproachtoDDR,thefollowingstepsarerecommended:
Step1.Ensurethattherecruitmentprocessisgender-sensitive
Step2.IncreasegenderawarenessamongDDRstaff
Step3.BuildgendercompetenceamongDDRstaff
Step4.Collaboratewithgenderexperts
Step 1: Ensure that the recruitment process is gender-sensitive
DDRprogrammesshouldstriveforabalancebetweenmaleandfemalestaff.ExperienceshowsthatachievingthisisespeciallyachallengeforDDRmanagementstructures.Aquotasystemisoneoptionforfasttrackingwomen’sinclusionintoDDRprogrammes.Inordertofindrequiredexpertise,DDRjobdescriptionsshouldalsoexpressthatDDRstaffis jointlyresponsibleforgender-considerations.Therecruitmentpanel forDDRstaffneedstobegender-balancedandsensitizedwithregardtogenderissues.
41
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Theselectionprocessmustfullytakeintoconsiderationandgiveweighttothegenderqualificationsoftheapplicants.Thisincludesvettinggendercompetency,experienceandstancetogenderissuesinthe DDR process.
Step 2: Increase gender awareness among DDR staff
GenderawarenessandsensitivitysetprerequisitesfortheDDRstaff’scapacitytoidentifyandmakeuseofopportunitiestopromotegenderequalityandtoaddressgenderissuesduringtheDDRprogramme.ThereareseveralopportunitiestopromoteinclusionofgenderontheDDRprogrammeagenda.
Actionpoints:
− OrganizeeventstopromoteSecurityCouncilresolutions1325and1820andUNDP’s8PointAgenda.
− Supportjointgendertrainingopportunities,bringingtogetherrepresentativesofdifferentagencies. − Institutearegularinternalmeeting,duringwhichgender-relatedprogress,risksandopportunitiesforDDRarediscussed.
− Intheabsenceofagenderadviser,organiseself-learninggroupsforincreasinggenderawarenessanddiscussinggender-relatedissuesfrompersonalexperience.
Step 3: Build gender competence among DDR staff
DDRmanagersneed toensureappropriatepossibilities for staffmembers to increase theirgendercompetenceandskills.Gendercompetencereferstoa)thesensitivityandanalyticalskillstoidentifyunderlyinggendernorms,andb)thecapacitytoprogrammaticallyincorporategenderdimensionsinDDR programmes.
The degree of gender competence and type of skills required of DDR programme staffmembersdependsontheir levelofresponsibility(e.g.managementlevel/project level),theareaofexpertise(e.g. planning/M&E/partnerships/programme officers) and also the duty station (e.g. field office/countryoffice/headquarters).
Twoassessmentswillhelpinspecifyingwhatkindofformaltrainingisrequired:
− DailyactivityprofileestablisheswhatDDRpractitionersdoonadailybasis.Differentactivitiesrequiredifferentgender-relatedcompetenciesinordertoachievetheoverallDDRprogrammeresultsinagender-responsiveway.
− GendertrainingsurveyestablisheswhatformalgendertrainingDDRstaffmembershavereceived.
Basedondailyactivityprofilesandgendertrainingsurveys,needsforenhancinggendercompetenciescan be assessed. DDR staff can be classified in groups according to their need for specific gendercompetenciesandtrainingcanbearrangedaccordinglytoprovidethemwithrelevanttoolsonhowtodotheirworkinagender-responsiveway.
42
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Programme example 6Colombia – Enhancing DDR staff’s understanding of gender identities
TheOfficeof theHighPresidentialCouncil forReintegration (ACR) inColombiafoundthattransformationofex-combatants’genderidentitiesasaconsequenceoftheconflictandpost-conflictsettingsaffectedtheirreintegrationtocivilianlife.Inordertorespondtoex-combatants’specialneedsstemmingfromthechangeof both feminine and masculine identities, ACR developed a so called ‘trafficlight framework’ as part of their gender strategy. The framework categorizesex-combatants in three groups (red, orange and green) basedon their specificsupportneedsintermsoftheirperceptionsofgenderidentities.
Thethreecolourcategoriessignifiedthefollowing: − Red:Ex-combatantsarecharacterizedbyhegemonicorviolentmasculinitiesandfemininities,exacerbatedbyconflict;
− Orange:Ex-combatantsarecharacterizedbymasculinitiesorfemininitiesincrisisand/orbytraditionalgenderroles;
− Green:Ex-combatantsarecharacterizedbyaperceptionofgenderequalityandnon-traditionalgenderroles.
ACRusedthe‘trafficlightframework’totrainDDRprogrammestaffandraisetheirawarenessontheimportanceofgender-sensitiveprogramminginthereintegrationprocess.Theuseoftheframeworkincreasedthefieldstaff’scapacityandcreatedawarenessonhowDDRparticipants’genderreconstructionsandreproductionsmayvaryindividuallyandoverthedifferentstagesoftheirlives.
Aftermappingwhatgendercompetenciesarerequiredandbywhom,formalgendertrainingcanbedesigned.Todeliverformaltraining,acombinationoffourparticularskillsisrequiredfromthetrainingfacilitators:
− Technicalgenderknowledge; − Experienceofimplementinggender-responsiveprogrammesinaConflictPreventionandRecovery(CPR)context,andideallyexpertiseinDDR;
− In-depthknowledgeofthespecificcountrycontext; − Dispositiontoapplyknowledgetotheareaofexpertiseoftheaudience.
FormaltrainingisanimportantstepinincreasingthegendercompetenceofDDRstaff.Trainingneedstobeconsistentandrepeated.Additionally,gendercompetenceneedstobeputintopracticeinday-to-daywork.PeerassistancefromotherstaffmemberswithadvancedgendercompetenceorpunctualsupportfromDDRgenderspecialistsorgenderfocalpointsisessentialinsupportingthis.
43
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Step 4: Collaborate with gender experts
Besides promoting increased gender competence among all staff members, the DDR programmeshouldalsoensurethatadequatesupportofspecialisedgenderexpertsisavailableandused.
Actionpoints:
− Asanidealoption,trytoengageafull-timeresidentgenderexpertintheDDRprogrammeandthenationalDDRCommission.Ifafull-timegenderexpertisnotavailable,assignastaffmembertoworkasapermanentgenderfocalpoint.
− Tapintospecializedgenderexpertisebyengagingshort-termgenderconsultants.
Box21:EngaginggenderexpertiseintheDDRprogrammeTypeofexpert KeyconsiderationsandchallengesGenderexpert Must have decision making power in order to
operate;Shouldhavedirectaccesstomanagementstructures; Should have influence on budgetallocations; Can mentor other staff members andconducton-the-jobtraining;Cantraintranslatorsongender-sensitivityandterminology;Sustainabilityofgenderexpertise in theDDRprogrammeovertimeneedstobeensured(e.g.sufficientfunding).
Genderfocalpoints(GFP) Public and sustained support from managementis needed for GFP to be able to work effectively;Responsibilities as a GFP should be explicitlyincludedintheToR;Needsdirectaccesstoallunitsasgenderequalityisacross-cuttingissueinallwork;TheexistenceofGFPmustnotdilutetheprogrammestaff’s joint responsibility for gender equality; TheGFPrequiresadequatetrainingtoworkasaresourcepersonforotherstaff.
Genderconsultants CanprovidehighlyspecificinputstoDDRprogrammes;Areoftenused togather information fromprimarysources; Shouldwork closelywith permanent DDRstafftoenhancesustainabilityofgendercompetenceandskills.
44
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
3. MAKE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES, WORKFLOWS AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT RESPONSIVE TO GENDER
Fourstepsarerecommendedtobuildorganizatioalstructures,workflowsandinformationmanagementinawaythatsupportsgender-specificgoalsinaDDRprogramme:
Step1:Establishgender-responsivenessasjointresponsibility
Step2:Createincentivesforgender-sensitiveinitiatives
Step3:Providemanagementsupporttogenderspecialists
Step4.Useknowledgemanagementtoenhancegender-responsiveness
Step 1: Establish gender-responsiveness as joint responsibility
DDRprogrammemanagementshouldcontinuouslyremindthestaffofthefactthatoverallresponsibilityforgenderresponsivenesslieswitheachindividual.Permanentgenderexperts,genderfocalpointsandgenderconsultantssupportgender-responsiveefforts,butcannotandshouldnotbesolelyresponsibleforthem.
Step 2: Create incentives for gender-sensitive initiatives
In order to highlight the importance of the issue, DDR programmes need to create incentives topromotegenderinitiativesamongDDRprogrammestaff.
Actionpoints:
− Includegenderissuesintoworkplansandtargetagendasofindividualstaffmembersandreviewprogressthroughtheannualperformancereviewprocess;
− IncludegenderissuesintoworkplansandtargetsettingoftheDDRunitasawhole; − Establishmotivationandrewardschemesforgender-responsiveness(e.g.usingpromotions,offeringtrainingopportunities,givingreadingtimeorpublishinglessonslearnedpapers);
−Monitorprogressongenderresponsivenessthroughrecurrent(bi-annual)genderreportsoftheDDR programme.
Step 3: Provide management support to gender specialists
DDRmanagersneedtoprovidesupporttoDDRgenderexpertsorgenderfocalpointsinfivekeyareas:
− Publicsupport:DDRmanagersneedtopubliclysupportgenderexpertsintheirwork. − Financialresources:ThepoliticalcommitmentofDDRmanagersshouldbereflectedinadequatebudgetaryallocationforgender-relatedactivities.Genderexpertsshouldbeabletomakedecisionsovertheuseoftheseresources.
− Communication:GenderexpertsneedtobeabletocommunicatedirectlywithDDRmanagement,forexamplethroughregularmeetings.
− Capacitybuilding:GenderfocalpointsofDDRprogrammesneedtobeadequatelytrained,sothattheyhavesufficientmeanstosupporttheirpeersandthewholeprogrammetowardsgender-responsiveness.
45
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
− Information:Tofunctionproperly,DDRgenderexpertsneedtobeabletoobtaintimelyandin-depthinformationontheprogressoftheDDRprogramme.Thustheyneedtobeincludedinmeetingswherethisinformationisexchanged.ItisalsoimportantforgenderspecialiststobeabletosetupcommunicationchannelswithotherDDRunits.
Box 23: Contingency planning - Management Structures
Whattodo,ifgenderequalityhasonlyreceivedlimitedattentioninmanagementstructuresandinternalworkflowsofaDDRprogramme?
Mapgenderexpertise − Obtainaclearunderstandingonthestaff’sgendercompetency,includingformal,informal,practicalandacademicexperience;
− Createworkprofilesforeachareaofresponsibilityinordertoevaluatethetypeofgenderexpertiseneeded;
− Designateandtrainagenderexpertandappointgenderfocalpointsinregionaloffices; − Inabsenceofagenderexpert,securefundingandfasttrackthehiringprocess.
Supporttheestablishmentofanincentivestructureforgenderinitiatives
− Supportmanagementandstaffininstallingprogrammelevelmotivationandincentivestructuresforgender-sensitiveinitiatives;
−Worktowardsestablishingindividualgender-responsivetargets,whicharetobeevaluated.
Facilitatetargetedandcontext-specificgendertrainings − ReadIDDRSChapter5.10and“BlameitontheWar?GenderDimensionsofViolenceinDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegration(DDR)”(UNDP,2011);
− Considerpeer-to-peereducationandjointworkinggroups; − Askthegenderresourcepersoninheadquartersforregion-specificgender-relatedmaterials,suchasreportsandliterature,andrefertoUNDP/BCPR’sgender-relatedknowledgeproducts;
− Arrangeavisitofthegenderresourcepersonfromheadquarterstotrainandsupportprogrammestaff;
− Helptheprogrammestafftoestablishcontactsthroughprovidinginformationaboutgenderfocalpointnetworks.
− Creategender-responsivepartnerships −Mapexistinggenderexpertiseandinitiativesatnationalandlocallevels; − Establishcommunicationwithnationalstakeholders,suchasministries,universitiesandNGOs;
− Organiseeventsinordertobringalltherelevantpartiestogether; − Support,lobbyforand,ifnecessary,financerecruitmentofagenderfocalpointandresourcepersoninthenationalDDRCommission.
46
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Step 4. Use knowledge management to enhance gender-responsiveness
Knowledgemanagementcoverstheprocessofcreating,organizing,sharingandusingknowledgefordevelopment results. Inorder to improve the implementationandresultsofUNDP-supportedDDRprogrammes,practitionersbuildonreflectingonandsharingofpreviousexperiences.
The followingfive tools areparticularlyuseful formanaging andenhancing knowledgeongender-responsiveDDR:
−Missionreporttemplatesshouldincludeasectionongender-responsiveprogrammeconsiderations.
− Conceptnotesareshortdiscussionpapersexploringandconceptualizingnewtopics,emergingtrendsandcross-cuttingissues.Theyshouldbeappliedtotheregionalcontextandculturalspecificitiesofbothwomenandmen.
− Lessonslearnedpapersreflectonpastpracticeandincludeconcreterecommendationsforimprovingprogrammeperformanceinthefuture.Thenormalcycleofpreparingandsharingalessonslearnedpaperconsistsofresearch,drafting,reviewinganddisseminationtootherpractitioners,aswellasfollowup.
− Comparativeexperiencespapersarecompilationsofexperiencesonacertaintopic,showcasingvariousapproachesanddistillingcommonalitiesandsharedchallenges.ComparativeexperiencespapersareagreattoolforexchanginginformationamongDDRgenderfocalpointsindifferentregionsandcountries.
− BriefingnotesaregenerallypreparedbyDDRstaffmembersforseniormanagementinpreparationofkeymeetingsortoinformthemonmainprocesses,resultsoroutcomesoftheDDRprogramme.Highlightinggenderspecificchallenges,resultsorimplicationsinbriefingnoteshelpsingettingorkeepinggenderconsiderationsonDDRprogrammeagenda.
4. WORK AND COORDINATE WITH PARTNERS
DDR is part of a larger peace building and recovery strategy and thus relies on collaboration andcoordinationwithlocal,nationalandinternationalactorstomaximizetheeffectivenessoftheprocess.
There are many potential entry points for working with partners in order to strengthen gender-responsiveness of the DDR programme. These entry points include peace building frameworks,informationgathering,humanresources,materialandlogisticalsupportandcommunitydevelopment.
Withrespecttobothcoordinationandcollaborationefforts,itisimportanttoengagewithpartnersthatareinvolvedinDDRand/orgenderrelatedprojects.Notallpartnerswillhaveexpertiseonboth,butbybringingstafffromthetwopracticeareastogether,thislinkcanbestrengthened.15
15PleaserefertoChapterIVonGender-responsiveExitStrategiesformoreguidanceonhowtodevelopthecapacityoflocalpartners.
47
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Programme example 7Cooperation for gender-responsive reintegration and fortified peace
TheregionofAcehfaceswideeconomicandsocialdevelopmentdisparitiesanditisespeciallychallengingforwomentoequallyaccessemploymentopportunitiesor benefits offered through official government programmes. Furthermore,womenhavesufferedfromrapeandsexualviolenceduringtheconflict,buthavehadlittleaccesstojusticeorpsychosocialtraumarecoverysupport.Amulti-donorstakeholderreviewonAcehnotedthattherewasatendencyfordomesticconflictsbetweenmen andwomen to escalate into violent incidents in the geographicareaswheretheconflicthadbeenthemostintense.Thecapacityofthelocalandprovincialgovernmentagenciestoaddressgenderissueswaslimited.
In2010UNDP initiateda strategicUN inter-agencycollaboration togetherwithUNFPAandUNIFEMinAcehandtheMenasPartnersJointRegionalProgrammein Bangkok. As part of the project, UNFPA, UNIFEM and UNDP each broughttogether their technical strengths to deliver a joint inter-agency pilot projectthatrespondedtothespecificneedsofwomeninAcehSeletandistrict.TheUNagenciesandlocalorganizationsexchangedinformationandjointlycoordinatedtheiractivities inordertostrengthensocialreintegrationofex-combatantsandassociatedgroupsbyofferingreproductivehealthandHIV/AIDScounsellingandpsychosocialsupport.UNalsoinitiatedaninter-agencypilotprojectfocusingonwomen’ssocio-economicreintegrationandrehabilitationthroughacommunity-basedapproachinconflict-affectedvillages.
The activities, involving public awareness campaigns as well as building localcapacity on interventions on gender-based violence and HIV/AIDS, engagedstakeholdersfromvariousgovernmentsectorsandcommunities.Throughtheseinitiatives, theprojectaimedataddressing thediverseaspectsof reintegrationand peace stabilization from the perspective of women’s support needs. Thisinvolved establishing a men’s network and initiating activities against gender-basedviolence.
TheUNDPprojectteamusestheexampleofAcehtoillustratetheimportanceofinvolvinglocalgovernmentsasdirectimplementingpartnersattheearlieststageofplanningtoenhancetheircapacityforprojectdesignandimplementation,aswellastodevelopastrongsenseofownership.
(AGender-ResponsiveApproach toReintegrationandPeaceStabilization:PilotProject inAcehSelatanDistrict2010.)
The following elements should be considered when working together with partners in order tostrengthenthedesignandimplementationofagender-responsiveDDRprogramme:
Step1.Providegender-specificsupporttothenationalDDRcommission
Step2.Strengthenpartnershipswithwomen’sandmen’sorganizationsandnetworks
Step3.CoordinatewithinternationalpartnersworkingonDDRand/orgender
Step4.Supportgenderexpertiseofimplementingpartnersandconsultants
48
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Step 1: Provide support to the national DDR commission
ThenationalDDRcommission(NDDRC)isatakeypositionwhenimplementingDDRprogrammesanditisthuscrucialtostrengthentheNDDRCmembers’genderawareness.
Actionpoints:
− StrengthengendercompetenceoftheNDDRCstaffandministriesinvolvedinDDRprojectimplementationbyofferinggender-specifictrainings.
− FundapermanentortemporarygenderexpertintheNDDRCand/orlineministries. − SecondagenderresourcepersontoNDDRCand/orlineministries. − Providebackstoppingandcontinuoussupportingender-relatedquestionstoNDDRCandlineministries.
− Providetechnicalsupportforthecreationandset-upofagenderunitwithinNDDRCand/orlineministries.
Step 2: Strengthen partnerships with women’s and men’s networks and organizations
As key stakeholders and important sourcesof information, localwomen’s andmen’sorganisationsarevaluablepartnersduringthepreparation,designandimplementationofgender-responsiveDDRprogrammes. These local organizations often have access to valuable information on communityperceptionsofreturningmaleandfemaleex-combatantsandmembersofassociatedgroups,aswellastheirspecificneedsandsuitablesocio-economicreintegrationopportunities.
Thefollowingentrypointsforcooperationshouldbeconsidered:
−Women’sorganisationsandnetworkscouldplayanimportantroleinmobilizingsupportfortheDDRprocesse.g.throughencouragingmentohandinweapons,promotingnon-violentmessagesandsupportingex-combatants’reintegration.
− Partnershipswithwomen’sorganizations,particularlywiththosefocusingonpreventionofviolenceandpeacebuildingissues,shouldbestrengthenedinordertoenablewomentoplayastrongerroleinDDRprogramming.
−Men’snetworksandorganizationshavethepotentialtoplayacentralroleineffortstoreachouttomaleex-combatants,theirfamiliesandcommunitiestoaddressandtransformgendernormsandperceptionsthatsupportviolence.
− Experiencehasalsoshownthatmen’snetworksandgroupscanbekeypartnersinpreventinggender-basedviolencethroughtheirabilitytoreachouttomalepeers.
Strategicpartnershipswithwomen’sandmen’sorganisationsneedtobeconstructedandmaintainedon an on-going basis. Institutional strengthening and increased capacities will contribute to thesustainabilityofprogrammeresults.
Step 3: Coordinate with international partners
InordertoestablishthenecessarylinkagesbetweentheDDRprogrammeandbroaderpeacebuildingandrecoveryinitiatives,coordinationwithinternationalpartnersinvolvedineitherDDRorgenderis
49
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
crucial.TheSub-WorkingGrouponGenderandHIV/AIDSoftheInter-AgencyWorkingGroup(IAWG)onDDRsupports thiscoordinationat theheadquarter level. Inaddition to this, specificeffortsarerequiredtoensurecoordinatedeffortsatcountrylevel.
Actionpoints:
− EnsureregularcoordinationwithothermembersoftheUNCountryTeamworkingoninitiativesrelatedtoDDRand/orgender.ThiscoordinationmechanismcouldbelinkedtoexistingIAWGstructuresonthecountrylevel.16
− Engagewithnon-UNstakeholdersworkingongenderissuesand/orDDR(i.e.EU,WorldBank,non-governmentalorganisations).
− IdentifypotentialforsynergiesaswellaspossibleoverlapandgapsineffortsofdifferentDDRandgenderinitiatives.
− Identifyandmakeuseofcomparativeadvantagesofpartnersinordertoincreasetheoverallefficiencyandeffectivenessofprojectimplementation.
− StrengthenresourcemobilizationeffortsthroughjointlyidentifyingneedsrelatingtogenderandDDR.
16NB:ThePolicyCommitteeissuedadecisionon23November2011,recommendingthat“peacekeepingoperations,specialpoliticalmissionsandUNCTswillestablishcountrylevelinter-agencyworkinggroupsonDDRtoserveasoperational/implementingcoordinatingbodies ledbytherelevantmembersthathavethecomparativeadvantages”.Thesecountrylevelworkinggroupsarealsoreferredtoascountrylevelormini-IAWGs.
Programme example 8Sudan - Supporting Hakamas to serve as messengers of peace
TheHakamasareagroupoftraditionalfemalesingersfromSouthernKordofanregioninSudan,whohaveplayedaveryinfluentialroleinspreadingmessagesofreconciliation throughout the country. Traditionally, theHakamaswomenhavebeen known to provide support to male combatants during times of conflict.Thesewomenwouldaccompanymen to front lines, singing songs togalvanizethemintocombat.Theirsongsincludedmessageslinkingmasculinitytoviolenceandevenpromotinggender-basedviolenceaspartofwar.TheHakamasarewellrespectedandlookeduptointheircommunities.
In2006,UNDPandNorthSudanDDRCommission implementedaproject thattrained these traditional singers in issues such as peace building, education,humanrights,HIVawarenessandDDR.Asaresult,theHakamaswomenchangedtheirmessageandhaveembracedanewroleassingersandmessengersforpeace.UNDPalsorefurbishedsomeconcerthallstowelcometheHakamasastheytravelaroundthecountrytosing.TheHakamaswomennowvisitdifferentregionsofSudansingingmessagesofreconciliationandinvitingthecommunitytoembracepeace,progressanddevelopment.
50
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Step 4: Build gender awareness and capacities of implementing partners and consultants
Inaddition to theDDRstaff, implementingpartners,externalconsultantsandevaluatorsalsoneedtoworkinagender-responsiveway.Anumberofstepscanbetakentobuildthegenderexpertiseofthese groups.
Actionpoints:
−MakesurethatcontractsandToRsforimplementingpartnersreflectgenderconsiderations. − Lookfordemonstratedgenderexpertiseduringtherecruitmentprocessofconsultants. − Usegenderlenstovetprojectproposalsofpotentialimplementingpartners. − ProvideimplementingpartnerswithkeyguidelinesofUNmandatesandpolicydocumentsongenderissues.
− Encourageimplementingpartnerstopromoterepresentationandmeaningfulparticipationofwomenbothintheirorganizationalstructureandtroughtheiractivities.
Programme example 9Sudan (Blue Nile State) - Identifying synergies between the DDR programme and other initiatives
As part of a pilot project on psychosocial reintegration in the Blue Nile State,the Psychosocial Trauma Centre of the International University of Africa (IUA)has developed a 3 Tier Psychosocial Referral System, providing screening andcounselling toDDR participants. IUA also developed awide public informationcampaigndesigned to raise awareness ofwar traumaand combat stigma. TheprojectwasoriginallyenvisionedtobeonlyforfemaleDDRparticipants,butduringapsychosocialassessmentin2010,highnumbersofunaddressedtraumaamongmenwereidentified.Therefore,theprojectwasextendedtoprovidesupporttoanycommunitymemberrequestingit.
Theprojecttrained103communitycounsellorsfromvariousregionsonrapidpost-traumaticstressdisorder(PTSD)screening,psychosocialcounsellingandreferralaswell as communication skills (Tier1).DDRparticipantswhowerediagnosedwithmid to high PTSD symptomswere referred to appointed staff ofMinistryofHealth (Tier2). IUA trained theseministry staffmembersoncomprehensivepsychosocialscreeningandcounselling.Wheremoreextensivecareisnecessary,the participants are again referred to IAU’s Psychosocial Trauma Centre inKhartoum(Tier3).
Toraisepublicawarenessonpsychosocialissues,IUAinconjunctionwithUNDPandNorth SudanDDRCommission developed a psychosocial radio drama thatwasbroadcastedacrosstheregion.Asaresult,especiallythereputationoffemalepsychosocial counsellors increased, improving the likelihood of more womenseekingtheirservicesandbeginningtheprocessofhealing.
51
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Box24:StrategicentrypointsforcollaborationongenderandDDRAreaofcollaboration EntrypointsforcollaborationPeacebuildingframeworks Internationallevel
CoordinatewiththeUNCountryTeamandnon-UNpartners(e.g.EU,WorldBank)onintegratinggenderinplanningdocumentsthatprovidetheframeworkforDDR.NationallevelLobbytosecureagender-responsiveMemorandumofUnderstandingforDDR.LocallevelLobbyformeaningfulparticipationofwomenandtheirorganisationsinsettingupthelegalframeworkforDDR.
Informationgathering InternationallevelReflectonrelevantcomparativestudiesfromdifferentcountries.NationallevelSupport partners in making data collections gender-sensitive (sex-disaggregatedandgatheredinagender-sensitivemanner)andsupportpartners in conducting or commissioning comparative studies ongender-specificissuesthroughouttheDDRprogramme.LocallevelCollaboratewithlocalpartnersongatheringgender-specificinformationtheyhaveaccessto,suchascommunityperceptionsofreturningmaleandfemaleparticipantsandgender-responsivereintegrationoptions.
Humanresources InternationallevelSupport participation of gender experts, such as representativesof national governments in charge of women or gender issues, orrepresentatives of international organizations like UNWOMEN, innationalandinternationalmeetingsandconferences.NationallevelTrainmembersofthenationalDDRcommissionandlineministriesandensuretheirparticipationingender-relatedDDRprocessesLocallevelMakesurelocalexpertiseandinputisusedforinformationgathering,planning and implementation of the DDR programme, as well asmonitoringandevaluation.
Materialandlogisticalsupport
AlllevelsProvide material and logistical support to partners for organizinggender-relatedevents.
Communitydevelopment InternationallevelPromote and support the use of participatory approaches andrepresentation and consultation of partner organizationsworking ongenderissues.NationallevelCollaborateoncarryingoutgender-sensitivecommunityassessmentsforinsupportofreintegrationprojects.LocallevelUsecommunityconsultationsthroughouttheDDRprogramme.
52
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
5. MAKE EVALUATIONS GENDER-SENSITIVE
Inadditiontocontinuous,mostlyinternalmonitoring,DDRprogrammestypicallycommissionnumerousevaluationsatdifferentphasesoftheprogrammecycle.Evaluationsaresystematiceffortstocrediblyanswerin-depthquestionsaboutDDReffectiveness,efficiency,sustainabilityandimpact.
Tomake evaluations sensitive to gender, two aspects need to be taken into consideration. Firstly,for all evaluations, theevaluation teamwill need tooperate ina gender-sensitivemanner.Amongotherthings,thisincludesconsideringthecompositionoftheevaluationteam,thegenderexpertiseofevaluators,and thewaydata is gathered. It isparamount that the recruitmentprocessand theToRsfortheevaluationtaketheseaspectsintoconsideration.Additionally,evaluationsshould–wherepossibleandappropriate–answerspecificgender-relatedquestions.Althoughthetotalnumberofkey questions for evaluations should be limited, at least one question in aDDR evaluation shouldreflectgenderconsiderations.Thiskeyquestionongendershouldrefertotheextenttowhichfemaleandmalecombatants,supportersanddependantsconsiderthattheDDRprogrammeaddressestheirneeds.
AnotherimportantaspecttoconsideristowhatexpenddidtheDDRprogrammemakeuseofgender-relatedopportunitiestomaketheprogrammemoreeffective.
Box25:EntrypointsforgenderconsiderationsinDDRprogrammeevaluationsTypeofevaluation Gender-relatedentrypointsFormativeinternalevaluations
− Includegender-specificfindingsfrompilotinterventions;
− Includeevaluationofgender-responsivemechanisms;
− EnsureclosecollaborationofM&Especialistsandthegenderfocalpointinplanningandcommissioningtheevaluation.
Mid-termevaluations − IncludequestionsmeasuringtowhatextenttheDDRprogrammeisoperatinginagender-responsivemanner;
− Assessthelevelofgendercompetencyamongstaff; − AssesstowhatextentToRsofDDRstaffaregender-sensitive;
− Ifpossible,includeagenderexpertintheevaluationteam,oralternativelyincludeanevaluatorwithgenderexperience.
Terminalevaluations − Includekeygender-specificquestionsfromtheDDRprogrammedocument;
− EvaluatetheextenttowhichtheDDRprogrammeinterventionshaveaddressedwomen’sandmen’sdifferentstatusandaccesstoservices;
− Includeagenderexpertontheevaluationteam.Ex-postevaluations − Evaluatetheextenttowhichtheprogrammehas
contributedtosustainablepeaceinthesocietyasawhole,servingbothwomen’sandmen’sspecificneeds.
53
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Links to Resource Package
Monitoring a DDR Programme RESOURCE10:Recruitingnewstaff:questionsformappinggendercompetenciesRESOURCE11:Gender-specificresponsibilities:examplesfortermsofreferences
Management StructuresRESOURCE12:Checklistofkeygender-relatedresponsibilitiesforDDRprogrammemanagers
Further Reading
UNDP (2005): ‘Knowledge and Information Management Strategy for the Crisis Prevention andRecoveryPracticeArea’,UNDP/BCPR.
UNDP8PointAgenda,Toolkit
UNDP(2009):‘How-ToGuide:HowtoplanandmanagethemonitoringandevaluationofDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegrationprogrammes’,UNDP/BCPR.
UNDP(nodate):‘RBMinUNDP:TechnicalNote–KnowingtheWhatandtheHow’,UNDP/BCPR.
UNDP(nodate):‘RBMinUNDP:SelectingIndicators–SignpostsofDevelopment’,UNDP/BCPR.
UNSecurityCouncilResolution1325(2000),S/Res/1325,2000.
UNSecurityCouncilResolution1820(2008),S/Res/1820,2008.
Relevant Links
Batliwala, SandPittman,A (2010): ’CapturingChange inWomen’sRealities:ACriticalOverviewofCurrentMonitoring& Evaluation Frameworks andApproaches’, Association forWomen's Rights inDevelopment.Online:http://www.awid.org/Media/Files/Capturing_Change
UnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEuropeandtheWorldBank Institute(2010): ‘DevelopingGenderStatistics:Apracticaltool’UnitedNations,Geneva.Online:http://genderassets.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/developing_gender_statistics.pdf
54
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
IV. HOW TO CLOSE A DDR PROGRAMME IN A GENDER-RESPONSIVE WAY
The objective of a gender-responsive exit strategy is to ensure a smooth transition from DDR tosustainabledevelopmentandbroaderstabilizationstrategies,suchaseconomicrecoveryandsecuritysectorreform(SSR),whiletakingintoaccountthedifferentneedsandopportunitiesforbothwomenandmen.TheoveralltransitionprocessattheendofaDDRprogrammewillaffectfemaleandmaleparticipantsandbeneficiariesdifferentlyduetotheirdifferentneeds.
IntheprocessofplanningtheDDRprogramme,exitstrategiesshouldbeconsideredfortwopossiblescenarios:
− ADDRprogrammeisclosedaftertheprogramme’sobjectiveofsupportingacertainnumberofex-combatantsandmembersofassociatedinbecomingstakeholdersofthepeaceprocessismetwithinthescheduledtimeframe;or
− ADDRprogrammeneedstobeclosedduetochangesinthepolitical,socialorsecurityenvironment,thuspreventingtheprogrammefromstartingorbeingcompleted.
InordertoensurethataDDRexitstrategyisgender-responsive,thefollowingshouldbeconsidered:
1.Planningforagender-responsiveexitstrategyofaDDRprogrammeispartoftheoverallDDR planningprocess
2.WorkingwithandbuildingcapacityofnationalandlocalcounterpartsinvolvedingenderissuesandDDRisimportanttopreparefortheexitphase
3.Identifyingandstrengtheninglinkagesofgender-relatedDDRinitiativeswithbroaderrecoveryandpeacebuildingprojectsiscrucialforsustainability
55
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
1. PREPARING A GENDER-RESPONSIVE EXIT STRATEGY
GenderisoftennotconsideredafirstpriorityoftheDDRexitstrategy,andbroad-basedlobbyingisthusrequiredtoensureprojectcontinuationandfollow-upinagender-responsivemanner.Inordertodoso,itisimportanttomakesurethatplanningforagender-responsiveexitstrategybecomespartoftheoverallDDRplanningprocessandstartsasearlyaspossible.
Thefollowingstepsarerecommendedthemaketheexitstrategygender-responsive:
Step1:Identifygender-specificrisksthroughoutDDRprogrammeimplementation
Step2:Identifypartnerstotakeforwardgender-relatedwork
Step 1: Identify gender-specific risks throughout DDR programme implementation InordertodevelopabetterunderstandingoftheimplicationsandpossibleconsequencesthatclosingtheDDRprogrammemighthaveongenderdynamics,itisimportanttoidentifygender-specificrisksthroughouttheDDRprogramme.Thisinformationformsthebasisfordevelopingagender-responsiveexitstrategy.
Actionpoints:
− Identifytheimplicationsofeachpotentialriskongendernormsandroles,aswellasthevulnerabilitiesofmaleandfemaleparticipants;
− Createasetofgender-specificearlywarningindicators; − Recordtheresultsachievedinaddressinggender-specificneedsandvulnerabilitiesamongmaleandfemaleparticipants.
Step 2: Identify partners to take forward gender-related work
InpreparationofaDDRprogramme,astakeholderanalysisshouldhavebeencarriedout,identifyingkeypartnerstoworkwithintheplanning,implementationandmonitoringofaDDRprogramme.Ideally,theanalysisshouldbeupdatedona regularbasis.Exit strategycanbuildonthisanalysis, focusingnowmoreonfindingthosepartnersthathavetheinteresttotakeforwardgender-relatedworkafterclosureoftheDDRprogramme.Inpreparationfortheexitphase,theanalysisfurtherexaminesthepartners’existingcapacity,influenceandadditionalsupportneeds.
Alongwiththegender-relatedriskanalysis, thestakeholderanalysis formsabasis fordevelopingajoint,gender-responsiveexitstrategythatensuresthecontinuationofgender-relatedactivitiesafterthe DDR programme.
2. BUILDING CAPACITY OF LOCAL COUNTERPARTS
Governmentsandothernationalimplementingpartnersinpost-conflictenvironmentsoftenrequirecapacitybuildingtobeabletocarryongender-relatedworkortomaintaintheachievedresultsaftertheclosureofaDDRprogramme.Itisthereforeimportanttocloselyworkwithnationalcounterparts
56
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
toencourageownership,commitmentandsuccessfuldeliveryofservicesthateventuallyincreasethesustainabilityoftheresults.
Threestepsarerecommendedforbuildinglocalcounterpartsgenderexpertise:
Step1:Createacapacitydevelopmentstrategyfornationalcounterparts
Step2:Buildcapacityofnationalcounterparts
Step3:Shareyourinformationandexperiences
Step 1: Create a capacity development strategy for national counterparts
Inordertomaintaingender-specificfocusandincreasethesustainabilityofDDRprogrammeresults,sufficientcapacityof thenationalgovernment,NGOsandotheractorsneeds tobe reinforcedwellbefore the transfer of the programme services to them. A national gender capacity developmentstrategy, formulated jointly by all key stakeholders involved in DDR programme follow-up, is animportanttoolforthis.
ThestrategyshouldbedevelopedearlyonduringtheDDRprogramme.Ideally,nationalactorsshouldleadtheprocessofformulatingandimplementingthestrategyinordertomaximiseownership,withinternationalcounterpartsprovidingsupportwhereneeded.
Actionpoints:
− PromotegenderbalanceandexpertiseinteamsinvolvedindevelopingtheDDRexitstrategy. − PromotethoroughconsultationsofnationalandlocalstakeholdersthroughouttheDDRprocess; − Facilitatenetworkingandcooperationofnationalstakeholders.
Step 2: Build capacity of national counterparts
Building the capacity of national stakeholders is an essential part of improving the efficiency andsustainabilityofthegender-relatedworkandresultsoftheDDRprocess.Asthisisalengthyprocess,capacitybuildingactivitiesneedtobeontheagendathroughouttheDDRprogramme.
Actionpoints:
− Engagelineministriesandnationalinstitutionsinchargeofgenderandwomen’sissuesinallphasesoftheDDRprogrammeandworkwiththeminordertoallowforagradualbuild-upofcapacity.
− Placeorsecondgenderexpertstorelevantpartnerorganizations,suchasnationalDDRcommission,lineministriesandimplementingpartners.Inadditiontoworkingforgender-responsiveprogrammeresults,includetheresponsibilitytoenhancereceivingorganization’sgendercompetencyintheToRsoftheseexperts.
− TrainnationalDDRcommissionstaffingenderissueseitherbyconductingacountry-specifictrainingcourseorpromotinginternationaltrainingopportunitiesonDDRandgender.
− ConducttrainingsongenderequalityforregionalDDRofficesorencouragetheirparticipationininternationalDDRandgendertrainings.Considerspecificlanguageneedsandmaketraining
57
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
agendasascontextspecificaspossible. − Engagebothwomen’andmen’sassociationsorgroupsasearlyaspossible.Thereisagrowingnetworkofmen’sorganizationsactivelyinvolvedingenderissues17.However,thelackofstrongmen’sorganizationstopartnerwithisanon-goingchallengeinmanypost-conflictenvironments.
− Allocatesufficientfinancialresourcesforthecapacitydevelopmentprocess. − Allowtimeforagradualtransferofresponsibilityovergender-relatedworktonationalgovernmentinstitutionsandimplementingpartners.
17MenEngageisaglobalalliancewithover300institutionalpartnersaroundtheworld.Online:www.menengage.org.
Programme example 10Sudan (Blue Nile State) - Building capacity of local counterparts
AspartofthesocialreintegrationprocessofUNDP’sDDRprogrammeforwomeninBlueNileState,Sudan,UNFPAimplementedanawarenessraisingcampaignintegratingissuesofreproductivehealth,HIV/AIDSandgender-basedviolence.OnecomponentofthecampaignwastheOneManCanmanual,producedbySonkeGenderJusticetostopdomesticviolence,andadaptedtoSudanesecontextbyalocalNGOcalledMubadiroon.
OneManCancampaignpromotestheideathateachindividualcancreateabetter,moreequitable andmore justworld. The campaign encouragesmen to take action andworktogetherwithothermenandwomentopromotehealthyrelationships.Thevaluesofthecampaign included commitment to gender equality, happiness, dignity and supportingwomentoachievetheirrighttohealth.Theprojectusedparticipatoryapproachesandtookintoaccounttraditionalandculturalnormstomakethecampaignsuitableforbothmenandwomen.
Mubadiroon,supportedbyUNDP’sRuleofLawprojecttrainersinBlueNileState,trained30individualsontheOneManCanmanual,includingnurses,staffofSudanNationalAIDSProgramme,people livingwithHIV/AIDS, ex-combatants,HIV-peereducators (trainedbyUNMISHIVin2009),actors,mediaandlocalNGOs.These30individualsthensupportedthetrainingof60communitylevelpeereducatorsonreproductivehealth,HIVorgender-basedviolenceintheDDRprogrammecommunitiesofreturnintheBlueNileState.Thesepeereducatorsinturndevelopedoutreachandawarenessraisingstrategiestailoredtosuittheirowncommunities.Atthesametimethesefacilitatorsworkedwithcommunityeducatorstodevelopacomprehensivepublicinformationcampaign,reachingapproximately19,500individuals. Community leaderswere engaged in this process by recordingmessagesonreproductivehealthtobebroadcastedinthelocalradio.
Womenwelcomedthefactthatmenwerealsotargetedthroughthisproject,allowingthemtoopenlydiscusstheirtraditions,culturalpracticesandgender-specificvulnerabilities,aswellasbarriersandperspectivesofwomen’sroles.Overall,thesetrainingsandawarenessraisingcampaignshaveledbothmenandwomentoreflectandmoreopenlydiscussgenderandissuessuchasgender-basedviolence.ManyoftheprojectparticipantsandfacilitatorshavesuggestedthemanualandtheawarenessraisingcampaigntobereplicatedinotherareasofSudan.
58
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
Step 3: Share your information and experiences
Tocomplementthetechnicalcapacitybuildingsupporttolocalcounterparts, it isalsoimportanttohandoverallexistinggender-related informationandmaterialsgatheredovertheDDRprogrammeperiod.Sharingof lessonslearnedandbestpracticesservesinenhancinglocalpartners’abilityandexpertisetoaddressgenderissues.Typesofinformationandmaterialtobehandedoverinclude:
− Sex-disaggregateddata; − Studiesongender-specificissues; − LessonslearnedonaddressinggenderissuesinDDR,includingprogrammeevaluationsandreviews;
− Contactdetailsofrelevantlocalandinternationalresourcepersons.
3. BUILD LINKAGES WITH OTHER GENDER-RELATED INITIATIVES
As reintegrationprogrammesdependon voluntary contributions and are thus limited intime, thesustainabilityofDDRprogrammeresultsdependshighlyonlinkagesmadewithbroaderandlonger-termpeacebuildingandrecoveryprogrammes.Thisalsoappliestogender-specificsupportprogrammesorinitiatives,indicatingtheneedtoseekforeffectivelinkagesandtohandresponsibilitiesovertoactorsthatcantakeforwardactivitiesandsustainprogrammeresultaftertheclosureofaDDRprogramme.
PracticehasindicatedthatakeychallengeinthisprocessistheplanningofsuchlinkagesearlyoninDDRprocess,atatimewhenotherprioritiesoftenprevail. Inaddition to that, sufficient resourcesarerequiredinordertoallowtimeforagradualhandover. Inordertoensuresmoothhandoverofresponsibilities,twostepsarerecommended:
Step1.Ensurelinkageswithbroaderrecoveryprogrammes
Stap2.Ensurelinkageswithsecuritysectorreform
Step 1: Ensure linkages with broader recovery programmes
Actionpoints:
− Createsynergieswithbroadersocio-economicanddevelopmentstrategies(e.g.UnitedNationsDevelopmentAssistanceFramework(UNDAF)andPovertyReductionStrategyPaper)throughtheentireDDRprocess,includingspecificlinkagestobroadergender-specificstrategies.Inotherwords,makesurethatreintegrationbecomespartofwiderrecoverystrategies.
− Engageprivatesectorandpromotegender-responsiveemploymentopportunities. − Planreintegrationprogrammestobetransferredintogender-responsivecommunitydrivenconflictresolutioninitiativesanddevelopmentprojectsenhancingsocialcohesion.
Step 2: Ensure linkages with security sector reform
TogetherwiththeDDRprogramme,securitysectorreform(SSR)playsandimportantroleinpreventingresurgenceofarmedconflictandsustainingpeaceinapost-conflictsetting.Aftertheconflictformer
59
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR
combatantsareoftenofferedtointegrateintothenewsecurityforces.Itisimportanttonotethatinpost-conflictenvironmentsviolentbehaviour, related togender rolesandexpectations inandafterconflict, isoftenreflected inthenewformalsecuritysectoraswell.Ex-combatantswhohavebeensocialized toviolentbehaviourduringconflictare in riskof transformingviolentpatterns into theirworkon thesecuritysector18.These implicationsofgendernormsandroleson thesuccessofSSRand the securityenvironment ingeneral, shouldbeaddressedaspartofagender-responsiveDDRprogramme.
Actionpoints:
− Assessgenderdimensionsofviolenceandtheirimplicationstosecuritysector. − Ifnecessary,extrapolategender-sensitiveDDRprogrammeactivitiestothewidersecuritysector.
Theabsenceofwomenfromthesecuritysector isnot justdiscriminatory,butcanrepresenta lostopportunity to benefit from the different skill sets and approaches offered bywomen as securityproviders. Givingwomen themeans and support to enter the DDR programmes should be linkedtoencouraging the full representationofwomen in the security sector and thus tomeetinga keygoalof SecurityCouncilResolution1325 (2000)19. If femaleex-combatantsarenot givenadequateconsiderationinDDRprocesses,it isveryunlikelythattheywillbeabletoenterthesecurityforcesthroughthepathofintegration.
Actionpoints:
− DuringtheDDRprocess,informfemaleex-combatantsoftheiroptionofintegratingintonationalsecurityforcesinlinewithgovernmentstrategies.Considerlinkingfemaleex-combatants’demobilizationandparticipationintheDDRprogrammetotheincentiveoptionofacareerwithinnewsecuritysector.
− Sharelessonslearnedonchallengesfemaleex-combatantsfacedduringreintegration(e.g.stigma,non-conventionalskillsets,trauma)tomakesuretheseissueswillbeconsideredtofacilitatewomen’sintegrationintothesecuritysector.
−Workwithinternationalcounterpartstoencouragegender-sensitiveSSRmeasuresinordertoensurethatreformedsecurityinstitutionsprovidefairandequaltreatmenttofemalepersonnel,takingintoaccounttheirspecialsecurityandprotectionneeds.
18Foradeeperanalysis,refertoUNDP(2011):‘BlameitontheWar?GenderDimensionsofViolenceinDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegration(DDR)’,33-36.19UNSecurityCouncilResolution1325(2000),S/Res/1325,2000.
60
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 61
RESOURCE PACKAGE
This resource package contains a set of practical tools and templates to support gender-sensitiveprogramming. The resources can be used as such ormodified to the specific context of the DDRprogrammeinquestion.
Resource1: ChecklistforarapidgenderassessmentofaDDRprogramme
Resource2: Examplesofgender-sensitiveprovisionsforpeaceandDDRagreements
Resource3: ExampleofaDDRresultmatrixwithgender-specificindicators-Nepal
Resource4: Overviewofgender-sensitiveDDRassessments
Resource5: Keyentrypointsforgender-sensitiveassessments
Resource6: Identifyingpartners’capacities,influenceandinterests
Resource7: MakingDDRresultschainsgender-sensitive
Resource8: Examplesofindicators:trackinggender-responsivenessofaDDRprogramme
Resource9: ChecklistforarapidgenderassessmentofaDDRbudget
Resource10: Recruitingnewstaff:Questionsformappinggendercompetencies
Resource11: Genderissuesascommonresponsibility:Examplesfortermsofreferences
Resource12: ChecklistofkeygenderrelatedresponsibilitiesforDDRprogrammemanagers
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 62
Reviewtheprogrammeintermsofeachprogrammeandchecktheappropriateoption.Inthefuture,payspecialattentiontothequestionswheretheanswerwas“no”.RapidgenderassessmentofaDDRprogramme Yes No
DiscourseIstheoverallpolicylanguageinclusiveandgender-specific?
OrganizationalarrangementsAregenderconsiderationsincludedinToRsofallstaffmembers?
Has themajority of staff completed gender training programmes (e.g.UNDPGenderJourney1)?IsthereagenderresourcepersonwithintheDDRprogramme?
Aremaleandfemalestaffmembersequallycompetentingenderissues?
Isgenderconsideredapriorityatprogrammemanagementlevel?
Arethere(regular)specificgenderandDDRmeetingstakingplace(programmespecificorUNCTwide)?DDRprogrammecycleHavethepre-programmeassessmentsbeengender-sensitive?
Isthebaselinedatadisaggregatedbysexandusedaccordinglyinworkprocesses?
Wasagender-responsiveDDRdocument?
Has15%oftheoverallbudgetbeendedicatedtogender-specificactivities?
Externalrelations
Isthereafunctioningmulti-stakeholderinitiativeonDDRandgender?
DoestechnicalcooperationwithnationalDDRcommissionincludeactivitiesaddressinggenderequality?Duringthelastyear,havetherebeenactivitiesimplementingSecurityCouncilResolutions1325and1820?ImplementationHavebothmaleandfemaleparticipantsbeenconsultedonacontinuousbasis?
Doprogrammestaff,externalconsultantsandevaluatorsoperateinagender-sensitivemanner?Aregenderconsiderationsincludedinthefinalreportsandresultsreporting?
1UNDP,‘TheUNDPGenderJourney:ThinkingOutsidetheBox’,UNDPVirtualDevelopmentAcademy.Online:http://www.jposc.org/documents/courses/gender/index.html
RESOURCE 1. CHECKLIST FOR A RAPID GENDER ASSESSMENT OF A DDR PROGRAMME
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 63
RESOURCE 2: EXAMPLES OF GENDER-SENSITIVE PROVISIONS FOR PEACE AND DDR AGREEMENTS
Provisions by phase ofthe DDR process
Provisionbyfocus
Women’sparticipation
−Women’sparticipationateverystageoftheDDR process (i.e. fromnegotiatingtoplanning,implementing,monitoringandevaluation)shouldtobereferredtoasakeycomponentofthe DDR process.
Provisionsacknowledginggender
− GenderexpertshouldbeinvolvedateveryphaseofaDDRprogramme(negotiations,planning,programmedesign,implementation,monitoringandevaluation)
Sex-specificprovisions
− Innegotiationsandplanningphase,womenshouldconstituteatleast30%oftheinvolvedpersonnel
− Consultationswithwomen’sgroupsshouldbeheldduringthenegotiationsandplanningphases
−Womeninleadershippositionsatnationalandlocallevels,aswellasgovernmentalministriesanddepartmentswithgender-relatedmandatesshouldparticipateinallphasesandrelevantdecision-makingbodiessuchasthenationalDDRcommission
Assessment
− AnunderstandingoftheDDRcontextandofhowDDRprogrammemayaffectwomen,men,girlsandboysshouldbedevelopedandreferredto.
− Differentrolesandneedsofwomen,men,girlsandboysduringtheconflictshouldbeconsidered.
− Differentgroupsoffemaleparticipantsshouldbeexplicitlylistedandrecognized,includingfemaleex-combatants,femalesupporters,womenassociatedwitharmedforcesandgroups,andfemaledependants.
Provisionsacknowledginggender
− Genderexpertsshouldbeincludedinassessmentmissionsandassessmentteams − Culturalnormsandaffectedspecificneedsofwomen,men,girlsandboysshallbetakenintoaccountwhenidentifyinganddesigningsitesforcantonment.
Sex-specificprovisions
Assessmentsandassessmentteamsshouldberequiredto:
− Verifythenumberandpercentageofwomenandgirlsassociatedwitharmedgroupsandforces
− Collectbaselineinformationonpatternsofweaponspossessionamongwomenandgirls
− Identifylocalcapacitiesofwomen’sorganizationsalreadyworkingonsecurity-relatedissues
− Consultwithwomen’sorganizations,asvaluablesourceofinformation −Workcloselywithseniorcommandersofarmedforcesandgroupstostartraisingawarenessaboutwomen’sinclusionandinvolvementinDDR.
−Mentionaspecificproportionofresources(atleast15%)tobeallocatedforgender-specificinterventions.
− IncluderecommendationsforpersonnelandbudgetaryrequirementsfortheinclusionoffemaleDDRexperts,femaletranslatorsandfemalefieldstaffforreceptioncentresandcantonmentsitesintheassessmentreport.
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 64
Demobilization
− Eligibilitycriteriashouldexplicitlyincludewomenassociatedwitharmedforcesandgroupsaseligiblefordemobilization
Provisionsacknowledginggender
− Accountabilitymechanismsshouldbesetuptoensurethatallstaffmembersarecommittedtogenderequality
Sex-specificprovisions
− Definitionofwhoisadependentshouldreflecttheculturalcontextoftheconflictsituation,including,forexample,multiplewivesofamaleex-combatant.
− NationalDDRcommissionshouldbeencouragedtoworkcloselywithministriesinchargeofgender/women’saffairs,aswellaswomen’speacebuildingnetworks.
TransitionalSupport
− Thedistributionofbenefitsmustenablewomenandgirlstohavethesameeconomicchoicesasmenandboys.
Provisionsacknowledginggender
− Basicdemobilizationbenefitpackages,includingaccesstoland,tools,creditandtrainingshallbeprovidedequitablyamongwomen/girlsandmen/boys.
− Demobilizationpackagesshouldbesensitivetodifferentgenderrolesandidentities,withaspecialfocusonthebalancebetweenwomen’seconomicempowermentandmaintainingsocialcohesionatthecommunitylevel.
− Educationalopportunitiesshouldbemadeequallyavailabletofemaleandmaleparticipants.
− Receivingcommunitiesandcommunityleadersshouldbeinformedaboutthereintegrationpackagesandtheirpotentialimpactuponcommunities.Communitiesshallbeincludedwhendecidinghowdevelopmentstrategieswillbeprovidedtoex-combatants.
Sex-specificprovisions
− Formsofbenefitpackages(forexample,cash/monthlypayments)shouldbedeterminedaccordingtotheneedsandspendingpatternsofwomenandwomen’straditionalformsofmoneymanagement.Additionally,ifapplicable,theyshouldpromotewomen’saccesstoprivatebanks.
− Educationandtrainingeffortsshouldbedesignedaccordingtotheneedsanddesiresofwomenandgirlsandshouldstartasearlyaspossible,duringthedemobilizationphase.
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 65
Assembly
−Wideinformationcampaignsshouldbecarriedouttoencouragemaleandfemaleex-combatants,supportersanddependantstojoinDDR programmes. The campaignsshouldprovideclearinformationabouttheeligibilitycriteriaforthesethreegroupsofparticipants.
Provisionsacknowledginggender
− Informationabouteligibilitycriteriashouldbemadeequallyaccessibletomaleandfemaleex-combatants,dependantsandsupporters,usingmediaandcommunicationtoolsthatarerelevanttothecontext.
− InformationcampaignsshouldemphasizetheimportanceoffemaleleadershipinDDRprogrammessothatgenderbalanceisensuredintheassemblyandcantonmentsites.
Sex-specificprovisions
−WomenandgirlsparticipatingintheDDRprocessshouldbemadeawareoftheir rights.
− LinksshouldbedevelopedbetweentheDDRprogrammeandaccesstojusticetoensurethatcriminalsandperpetratorsofGBVareprosecuted.
− Informationonhumanrightsabusesagainstwomenshallbegatheredduringthecantonmentandthedemobilizationphases.
Cantonement
− ThephysicallayoutofcantonmentsitesshouldbestructuredsothatmaleandfemaleDDRparticipantsareprovidedwithseparatefacilities.
Provisionsacknowledginggender
− Separatefacilitiesshallbemadeavailableformen,women,boysandgirls. − Physicallayoutofthereceptioncentreshallenablewomen,men,boysandgirlstoreceiveseparateidentitycards.
− Opportunitiestojointherestructuredpoliceandsecurityforcesshouldbeprovidedequallytomenandwomen.
Sex-specificprovisions
− Child-careprovisionsandfacilitiesshouldbepannedandestablishedincantonmentsites.
− Healthcareservicesshouldbeprovidedincantonmentsitesandspecificassistanceshouldbeprovidedforwomenwhohavebeenabductedand/orsufferedsexualassaultduringandafterconflict.
Disarmament
− Disarmamentinitiativesshouldbeconductedwithafullunderstandingofthegenderdynamicsinthesociety,payingspecialattentiontonotreinforcingorsupportingviolentrepresentationofmasculinity.
Provisionsacknowledginggender
−Menandwomen’sequalaccesstosecuredisarmamentsitesshouldbeguaranteed.
Sex-specificprovisions
− Specialemphasisshouldbeputonidentifyingfemaleex-combatantstoallowthemtoreturnweapons
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 66
Resettlement
− Afterdemobilization,womenandmenshouldbeallowedtofreelyandsafelyreturntotheirdestinationofchoice
Provisionsacknowledginggender
− Specialemphasisshouldbeputonsensitizingcommunitiesinordertotacklegender-basedviolence.
Sex-specificprovisions
− Propertravelassistanceshouldbeofferedtofemaleex-combatantsandsupportersafterencampmenttoallowthemtosafelyreturntotheirdestinationofchoice
− Transitionalsafetynetshouldbeputinplacetohelpresettledfemaleex-combatantsandsupporterswithhousing,healthcareandcounselling.
− Specialemphasistobeputonmeasurestohelpreunifymothersandchildren.
SocialReintegration
− Reintegrationofformercombatants,dependantsandsupportersintocommunitiesshouldtakeintoaccountgender-specificdifficultiesofreadjustmenttocivilianlife.
Provisionsacknowledginggender
− Specificmeasuresshouldbeputinplacetoensurethatcommunitiesaresensitizedtothegender-specificdifficultiesofreadjustmenttocivilianlifeandtoprovideadequatesupportforwomenandmenreturningintocommunities.
− Communityleaders,includingchurchleaders,traditionalauthoritiesandwomen’sgroupsshouldbeinvolvedinsensitizationcampaignstargetingreceivingcommunities.
Sex-specificprovisions
−Women’sorganizationsandformal/informalnetworksoffemaleex-combatantsandsupportersshouldbeencouragedtoprovideassistancetoreturnees,supportreconciliationworkandinformreceivingcommunitiesaboutthepotentialimpactofreintegrationprogrammesoncommunitydevelopment.
− Legalassistanceshouldbeprovidedtofemaleex-combatantsandmembersofassociatedgroupstoassistthemincombatingdiscriminationandfacilitatingtheiraccesstojusticeservices
EconomicReintegration
−Womenandmenshouldbeprovidedwithequaleconomicopportunitiessupportingtheirempowermentandreintegrationintocivilianlife.
Provisionsacknowledginggender
− Specialmeasuresshouldbeputinplacetosupportreintegrationassistancetomenandwomenintocommunities,aimingatrevivinglivelihoodsandsustainableeconomicsecurityofcommunities.
− Financialandmaterialassistanceshouldbeprovidedtowidows,widowersanddependantsofex-combatantskilledinconflict.
Sex-specificprovisions
− Specificmeasuresshouldbeputinplacetosupporteconomicempowermentofwomenex-combatants,supporters,dependantsandwidows,includingthroughlegalreformandfacilitatedaccesstocredit,landandresources.
− Singleorwidowedfemaleex-combatants,supportersordependantsshouldberecognizedasheadsofhouseholdsandgrantedwithspecificfinancialandmaterialassistance.
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 67
S/No Intervention PerformanceIndicator ToolsA. GendermainstreamingA1 Training of IP/SP/UN
counselors on1325,1820,1888,and1889
− NumberofUNIRPstaffreceivedtrainingonSCRs1325,1820,1888and1889
− Numberofimplementingpartners/serviceprovidersthatreceivedtrainingonSCRs1325,1820,1888and1889
− NumberofstaffandpartnerswhocanexplainSCRs1325,1820,1888,and1889
1.Attendancesheet2.Trainingevaluationsheet 3.Pre/posttest
A2 Trainingandfollow-upsupporttoCAAFAG1IPs2 ongenderassessment/mainstreaming
− Genderneedassessmentreport − NumberofCAAFAGpartnersreceivetrainingongendermainstreaming
− NumberoftrainingsorganizedtoCAAFAGpartners
1.Attendancesheet2.Trainingevaluationsheet3.Pre/posttest
A3 OrientationofSPsandUNIRPstaffongendermainstreamingandreferralmechanisms
− NumberofstaffandSPsreceivedorientationongendersupport.
− NumberoffemaleVMLRs3receivesupport − NumberoffemaleVMLRsreferredtospecificgendersupport
− Genderorientationplanandcompletionreport
1.Attendancesheet2.ListoftotalnumberoffemaleVMLRs3.Daily/monthlyreports4.Orientationplan5.Reports(eachandcompiled)
A4 Integrategenderinmonitoringandevaluationtools/processes.
− Genderdisaggregateddatabaseandmatrix − Gendermonitoringreports
1.GenderintegratedM&Etoolkit2.Genderintegrateddatabase/matrix(initial/filled)3. Reports
A5 JointInteragencymonitoringofprogrammesfromagenderperspectives.
− Numberofmonitoringmissionsconducted − Gender-specificmonitoringreports
1.Jointvisitplans2.Jointvisitreports3.Sharingofgeneralfindings
A6 Gender-specificneedsassessment(tobecarriedoutinUNregionalcounselingoffices,trainingcentersandcommunities).
− Sex-disaggregateddataprepared − NumberoffemaleVMLRswithspecialneedsidentifiedandreferredforsupport.
1.Sex-disaggregatedmatrix/database2.Copiesofreferralsheets 3.Reportsonsupportprovided
A7 IntegrationofadolescentgirlsofVMLRsthroughparticipationinChooseYourFuture(CYF)programme
−MinutesofthemeetingswithDWDandMoWCSW
− NumberofwomenparticipatedandbenefitedfromtheCYFprogrammeNumberofDWDsreceivedorientation/training
1.Recordsofminutes2.Attendance/registrationsheet3.Trainingevaluation4.Pre/posttest
RESOURCE 3: EXAMPLE OF A DDR RESULTS MATRIX WITH GENDER-SPECIFIC INDICATORS - NEPAL
1Childrenassociatedwitharmedforcesandarmedgroups2Implementingpartnerorganizations3Verifiedminorsandlaterecruits
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 68
B AccesstorehabilitationsupportBI Ensure gender friendly
environment duringcounseling.
− Presenceoffemalestaffforcounseling
− Supportforchildcareduringcounseling
− NumberoffemaleVMLRswithspecialneedsthatreceivedcounselingandwerereferredtorehabilitationpackages
− Achildcarecenterestablishedineachregionaloffice
− Regionaloffices’weeklyreportswithgenderdisaggregated data
1.Sex-disaggregateddatasheetfromcounselors2.Dailycounselingreport 3.Registryatchildcarecenter4.Weekly/monthlyreports
B2 − Nutritionaldietforpregnantwomenandlactatingmothersduringtrainingprogrammes
− Numberofpregnantwomenandlactatingmothersthatreceivednutritionalsupport
− Numberofpregnantwomenandlactatingmothersthatcompletedthetraining
1.Compiledregistrationformswithsex-disaggregated data 2.Attendancesheet3.Posttrainingevaluationsheet4.Follow-upreportsifapplicable
B3 − Arrangementofchildcareforchildrenunder5yearsofageofparticipantsenrolledinrehabilitationpackagesandsinglemothers(VMLR)incommunity.
− Enrollchildren(under5)inexistingchildcarecentersorsetupchildcarespaceinTC
− StructuralsupporttocommunitybasedchildcarecenterswherechildrenofVMLRareenrolled.
− Numberofchildcarecentersestablishedintrainingcenters
− Numberofchildcarecentersestablishedandhavingreceivedstructuralsupportincommunities
− Numberofchildrenunder5enrolledinchildcarecenters
− NumberofchildrenofVMLRsbenefitingfromchildcaresupportwhoarenottakingrehabilitation
1.Checklistoffacilitiesavailableintrainingcenters2.Listofchildcarecentersavailable3.Registrationsheetsofchildrenenrolledinchildcarecenterwith4.Attendancesheetsofchildrenenrolledinchildcarecenterwith5.Recordofbenefitsprovided
B4 Childcaregrantforchildrenunder5years(maximum2children)attherateofRs.500/-permonthforsupplementarydietforapproximately850childrenforoneyear.
− Numberofchildrenthatbenefitedfromchildcaregrant
− Numberofwomencaringforchildrenunder5thatcompletedtrainingandeducationprogrammes
1.Registrationsheet2.Attendancesheet3.Recordofbenefitsbeingprovided
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 69
B5 LinkingfemaleVMLRtoexistingmicrocreditgroups,cooperativesandemploymentopportunities.
−MeetingwithMoPR,DWDandWFN(UNFPA)
−MeetingwithMFIsandpotentialemployersatthecentralandlocallevels(UNDP)
− LinkageswithUN/partnersexistingprogrammes(UNDP/ILO)
−MinutesofthemeetingwithMoPR,DWD,WFNandMFIs
− NumberoffemaleparticipantslinkedandreceivingsupportfromMFIsandotherexistingsupport sources
1.Meetingminutes2.Agenda3.Attendancesheet4.Recordoflinkagesestablished
B6 MaternityAllowance–Paidleaveintheformofadvancedpaymentofstipendforoneandhalfmonths.
Estimated100deliverycasesduringthetrainingoreducation,NRs.4,500advancedstipendperparticipant.
− Numberofpregnantwomenreceivingmaternityallowance
− Numberofwomenwhodeliveredduringthetraining/educationthatgraduatedfromtherehabilitation
− Numberofwomenhavinggivenbirthduringtraining/education
1.Registrationsheet2.Attendancesheet3.Graduationrecord4.Medicalrecords
C Referralsforhealth,psychosocialandlegalsupport:C1 Referral of female ex-
combatants with specificmedical needs to district/regionalhospitals:
− DevelopinginformationpackageonexistinghealthprovisionfromgovernmentalorganizationsandNGOsandsharingitwithparticipantsduringcounselingandtraining/education.
−MeetingwithMinistryofHealthleadbyMoPR.
− Linkingparticipantsoftheprogrammewithexistinggovernmenthealthservices.
− Numberoffemaleparticipantsthatreceivedorientationandknowexistinglocalandregionalgovernmenthealthfacilities.
−MinutesofthemeetingwiththeMoHPandMoPR.Numberofparticipantsreferredtogovernmenthealthfacilitiesi.e.hospitals,clinicsandhealthposts.
1.Attendance/participationsheet2.Meetingminutes3.Numberofreferralsmade
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 70
C2 SupporttovictimsofGBV:ReferraltohealthsupportLegalcounseling/supporttovictimsofGBVandreferraltosupportthroughexistingreferralmechanisms(PLCs)Psychosocialsupporttovictimsofsexualabusethroughexistingpsychosocialsupportnetwork
− NumberofparticipantsidentifiedwithGBVcasesandreferredforhealthsupport.
− NumberofparticipantsreferredtoPLCsandreceivedlegalcounseling.
− NumberofGBVcasesreceivedpsychosocialcounseling.
1.Attendance/registration/participationlist2. Reports 3.Referralformsfor#ofreferralprovided4.#ofcounselingsupportprovided
D Socialreintegration:D1 Familyandcommunity
counselingandmediation,includingcaseswithtrauma,distress,substanceabuse.
− NumberoffamiliesofVMLRsthatreceivedcounseling.
− NumberofVMLRsreunionwiththeirfamilies.
1.Numberofcounselingsessionsprovided2. Reports 3.NumberofVMLRsrecordedtohavebeenreunitedwiththeirfamiliesintheM&Ereport
D2 Workwithanetworkofwomen’sorganizationstosupportrehabilitationoffemaleVMLRsatthecommunitylevelthroughde-stigmatizationinitiatives.a)Orientwomen’sorganizationsregardingsocialrehabilitationoffemaleparticipants.b)OrientVMLRsonreproductivehealthandgenderissues
− Orientationplanforlocalwomen’sorganizations.
− Numberofwomen’sorganizationsthatreceivedorientation.
− NumberofVMLRsreceivedorientationonreproductivehealthandgenderissues.
1.Attendance/participationrecord2.Agenda3.Commentsheets4.FGD
E Empowerment:E1 Organize peace/civic
education and lifeskills to youth leaders,including female VMLR,to be replicated into thecommunities and trainingcenters.
− FemaleyouthleaderswillorganizepeacebuildingrelatedactivitiesinthecommunitieswithparticipationofVMLRfromcommunityandtrainingcenters.
− Linkfemaleyouthleaderstobesupportedbywomen’sorganizations.
− Numberofpeace/civiceducationandlifeskillsorientation/trainingorganizedforyouthandVMLRs.
− NumberofyouthandVMLRsthatparticipatedinorientationprogrammes.
− Numberofsocialeventsorganizedinthecommunities.
− NumberofyouthandVMLRsthatparticipatedinsocialevents/peacebuildingactivities.
− NumberoffemaleVMLRslinkedtoandsupportedbylocalwomen’sorganizations.
1.Agenda2.Attendance/participationsheet3.Commentsheets4.Compiledreport5.Exitinterviews6.Focusgroupdiscussion
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 71
E2 Facilitate participation offemale VMLRs in socialand economic groups inthecommunity (PLC,youthclubs, micro credit groups,local peace committeesetc.)
− Numberofparticipantstakingpartinsocialandeconomicgroupsinthecommunity(i.e.PLC,youthgroups,microcreditgroupsandetc.)
1.Participationlists2.Interviews3.Fieldreports
F InformationsharingandawarenessraisingF1 − Developinformation
packageongendersupportmatrixwithkeymessagesforparticipantsandserviceproviders
− Distribute the informationpackagetoIRPregionaloffices,SPs,IPsandCAAFAGpartners.
− Conductregularorientation/awarenessraisingonhealthandgendersupportatIRPregionaloffices,trainingcentersandcommunitiesregardinghealthsupport.
− Incorporategenderinformationordevelopgenderspecificprogrammecommunicationtools.
− Informationpackageongenderandhealthmatrix.
− Numberofregionaloffices,SPs,IPsandCAFAAGpartnersthatreceivedtheinformationpackage.
− Orientationplanforregionalofficesandprogrammepartners.
− Numberoforientationandawarenessraisingworkshopsconvenedatregionallevel.
− NumberofPSAsreflectinggendersupportannounced.
1.Informationpackage2.Plan/agenda3.Attendancesheet4.Commentsheet5. Report6.NumberofPSAswithgendersupport7.FGD
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 72
RESOURCE 4: OVERVIEW OF GENDER-SENSITIVE DDR ASSESSMENTS
Assessment Objective Whygender? Examplesofgender-sensitivequestionsGenderassessment
Torevealhowtheconflicthasimpactedonexistinggenderrolesandnorms.
- Beforethearmedconflict −Whatwerewomen/men’srolesandresponsibilitieswithinthefamily,neighbourhoodandcommunity?
−Wherewomenabletowork,earnasalaryormovefreely?
− Didwomenparticipateinpubliclifeanddecisionmakingprocesses?
−Whattypeofinfrastructureandsocialnetworkswereinplace?
Duringarmedconflict −Wasthereashiftinroles,participationandresponsibilitiesofwomenandmen?
−Whattypesofviolenceaffectedwomenandmenduringtheconflict?Whataretheconsequencesinthepost-conflictsituation?
− Howdidwomenandmenexperiencethechangesingenderrolesandresponsibilities?
Afterarmedconflict − Isthereabacklashagainstwomen’sincreasedparticipationandaccesstodecisionmaking?
− Howdomenrelatetotheexistinggendernorms?Dotheytakeuptheirpre-conflictroles?
−Whatresourcesandcopingmechanismscanwomenrelyontochallenge/adapttonewgenderroles?
− Aretherenew/revivedculturalpracticesthataffectwomen’shumanrights?
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 73
Contextanalysis Togainacomprehensiveunderstandingoftheregional,countrylevelandlocalcontext,suchaspolitical,economicandsocialspecificities,cultureandreligion
Agender-sensitivecontextanalysismakesthespecificimpactsoftheconflictonmenandwomenvisible.
Politicalcontext −Whomakesdecisionsatanational,regionalandlocallevel?
− Dowomenandmenparticipateequallyindecisionmaking?
−Whatarethebarrierstodecisionmakingspaces(e.g.educationalbackground,literacylevels)?
−Whatisthelevelofwomen’sparticipationinthecivilsociety(e.g.women’sgroups,NGOs)?
Economiccontext −Whatdosex-disaggregateddataonpovertyand/orunemploymentreveal?
− Domenandwomenearnthesamesalaryforequalwork?
−Whatkindofworkisperceivedappropriateforwomenandmen?
−Whataremenandwomen’semploymentratesontheformalandinformalsectors?
Legalcontext − Arewomenandmenequalbeforethelaw? − Canwomenandmenownlandandtoolsandinherit?Arebothrecognizedasheadsofhouseholds?
− Canbothmenandwomenaccessthejudicialsystem? −Whatisthegeneralhumanrightssituation?Aretheredifferencesinaccesstorightsbetweenmenandwomen?
Culturalcontext − Arethereanyculturalpractices,whichinfringewomenormen’srights?
− Arethereothertraditionsorreligiousbeliefs,whichsubordinatewomenormeninthesociety?
−Whatkindofgenderrolesandperceptionsareattachedtowomenandmen?Howmighttheseperceptionsaffectthereintegrationprocess?
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 74
Conflictandsecurityanalysis
Tocomplementthecontextanalysis,entailingresearchonthearmedconflict,itsdynamicsandthepeacenegotiationprocess
Genderperspectiveinvestigateshowmenandwomenexperiencedarmedconflict.Ifpossible,thisshouldbedonethroughengagingwithprogrammeparticipantsandbeneficiariesdirectly.
Macrocomponents MicrocomponentsTypeofconflict>Agender-sensitiveperspectiveidentifieshowwomenandmenhavebeenaffectedbythespecifictypeofconflict.
− Rootcausesandmotivations
− Low,mediumorhighintensity
−Widespreadorfocusedlocallyorregionally
− Typeofresourcemobilisation
− Durationofconflict
− Personalrisksandconsequences,typesofviolence,limitedmobility
− Consequencesforhealth,torture,displacement,depression,trauma,loss
−Mobilisationforviolence–voluntaryorforced
− Gender-specificpatternsofvictimisation,traumas,ruptures
− Typeofcopingmechanisms
− Ageofenrolmentandtimeofspentwiththearmed group
Type of armed group > A gender-specific perspectiveidentifieshowthenatureof thearmedgroups impactswomanhoodandmanhood.
− Ideologicalbasis − Typeofleadership − Leveloflegitimacy − Legalstatusofarmedgroups
− Rolesplayed,possibilityforbendinggenderroles,waysofgainingpower,control
− Accesstodecisionmakingpositions,dominationandsubordination
− Rulesandleadershipinstalledwithinthearmed groups
Endofconflict>Agender-sensitiveperspectiveestablisheshowmenandwomeninterpretandexperiencetheendoftheconflict.
−Militarydefeat − Negotiation − Spoilers
− Perceptionofstabilityandsecurityofmenandwomen
− Changesineconomicroles
− Changesindivisionoflabourbetweenmenandwomen
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 75
Socio-economicprofilingofparticipants
Toidentifythecompositionoftheparticipantgroup,includingnumber,sex,age,specificneedsandskills,aswellastoidentifyperceptionsincommunitiesofreturntowardsreturningparticipants
Genderperspectiveensuresthatthespecificneedsofbothmenandwomenareidentifiedasabasisforprogramme design.Italsoaimsatmakingsurethat created employmentopportunitiesaregender-sensitiveandavoidstigmatizationofgroups.
− Numberofmaleandfemaleex-combatants?Howmanyadultsandyouthassociatedwitharmedforcesandgroups?
−Whatarethespecificneedsformenandwomen? −Whataretheprofessionalskillsofmenandwomen?Whatskillsdidtheyperhapsgainduringtheirserviceinarmedgroups?Whatdomenandwomenindicateaspreferredreintegrationoptions?Whatwerethemainemploymenttypesbeforejoiningarmedgroups?
−Whatistheoverallperceptionofhostcommunitiestowardsreturningmaleandfemaleex-combatantsandotherparticipants?Aretherespecificchallengesforeithermenorwomenintermsofcommunityacceptance?
Marketsurvey Toanalyseandidentifyemploymentopportunitiesandtheabsorptioncapacityoflabourmarket.
Genderperspectiveincreasesthesuccessandsustainabilityofreintegrationeffortsbyidentifyingspecificopportunitiesforbothmenandwomen.Thisservesbothtoavoidingreintegrationprogrammes’contributiontostigmatizationandtoencouragingequalopportunitiesforall.
−Whatkindofemploymentopportunitiesexistontheprivatesector?Whatistheperceptionofandwillingnesstotakeupex-combatantss(maleandfemale)?
− Howcanprivatesectorbeencouragedtoengageinreintegrationactivities(e.g.grants,(unpaid)on-the-jobtrainings)?
−Whatisthegeneralsituationandabsorptioncapacityinthelabourmarket?
−Whatemploymentopportunitiesexistforbothmaleandfemaleex-combatants?
Contextanalysis Togainacomprehensiveunderstandingoftheregional,countrylevelandlocalcontext,suchaspolitical,economicandsocialspecificities,cultureandreligion
Agender-sensitivecontextanalysismakesthespecificimpactsoftheconflictonmenandwomenvisible.
Politicalcontext −Whomakesdecisionsatanational,regionalandlocallevel?
− Dowomenandmenparticipateequallyindecisionmaking?
−Whatarethebarrierstodecisionmakingspaces(e.g.educationalbackground,literacylevels)?
−Whatisthelevelofwomen’sparticipationinthecivilsociety(e.g.women’sgroups,NGOs)?
Economiccontext −Whatdosex-disaggregateddataonpovertyand/orunemploymentreveal?
− Domenandwomenearnthesamesalaryforequalwork?
−Whatkindofworkisperceivedappropriateforwomenandmen?
−Whataremenandwomen’semploymentratesontheformalandinformalsectors?
Legalcontext − Arewomenandmenequalbeforethelaw? − Canwomenandmenownlandandtoolsandinherit?Arebothrecognizedasheadsofhouseholds?
− Canbothmenandwomenaccessthejudicialsystem? −Whatisthegeneralhumanrightssituation?Aretheredifferencesinaccesstorightsbetweenmenandwomen?
Culturalcontext − Arethereanyculturalpractices,whichinfringewomenormen’srights?
− Arethereothertraditionsorreligiousbeliefs,whichsubordinatewomenormeninthesociety?
−Whatkindofgenderrolesandperceptionsareattachedtowomenandmen?Howmighttheseperceptionsaffectthereintegrationprocess?
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 76
Typeofassessment EntrypointsforagenderperspectiveDeskresearch − ConsultUNDPprogrammereports
− Reviewgender-specificreportsproducedbyacademiaorNGOs − Asksuggestionsforinformationsourcesfromgenderexperts
Directobservation − Obtaininformationabout“hidden”membersofarmedgroupsandforces(i.e.boysandgirls,abductedchildrenandforeignfighters)
− Gatherinformationonwomen’sskills(e.g.medical,nursery,communication)andofdifferentrolesandpositionsofwomenandgirls
− Observeparticipationlevelsandleadershiprolesoffemaleandmaleparticipants
Keyinformantinterviews − Interviewactors/stakeholders(e.g.maleandfemaleparticipants,ministries,women’sorganisations)
− Askquestionsaboutgenderdynamics,rolesandspecialbehaviourexpectedfromwomenandmenrespectively.
Focusgroupdiscussions − Invitebothmenandwomenand,ifconsiderednecessary,separatethegroupsbysex
− Focusongender-specificsubjectsMass-basedsurveys − Besensitivetolocalculture
− Adjustthephrasingofquestionsaccordingtotheneedsofdifferentgroups
− Takeliteracylevelsintoconsideration − Questionsongender-basedviolencerequirealeveloftrustandmightnotbeansweredinamass-basedsurvey
Participatoryassessment − Invitemenandwomen − IncludequestionsaboutperceptionsontheDDRprogramme’srelevancetoparticipants’needs
− Considerhowthetimingorwaymeetingsareheldmayimpacttheparticipationofwomenandmendifferently
− Considerwhorepresentsthecommunity,howwelldothisperson’sviewsreflecttherealityofthecommunityandtowhatextentthisrepresentativeistemptedtogivepoliticallycorrectanswersongender-relatedquestions
Marketresearch − Includewomen’sperceptionsonsecurityissues(e.g.smallarms) − Reflectonthelocaleconomicandemploymentsituation(whobenefits,wholoses)
−Mapthesituationinthejobmarketandconsidertheempoweringopportunitiesformenandwomen
Sampling − Considerbothmenandwomenwhendeterminingthescope,focusandprecisionofdatacollectionactivities
− GeneralinsightonspecificDDRissuescanbeobtainedfromcivilianpopulationsandsubgroups
RESOURCE 5: KEY ENTRY POINTS FOR GENDER-SENSITIVE ASSESSMENTS
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 77
Partner Capacity1)financial2)human3)technical
Influence Interest MainroleinDDRprogramme,involvementinalreadyexistinggender-relatedinitiatives(describe)
1 2 3
National/localgovernmentalNationalDDRcommission
Ministriesongender/women
MinistriesonDDR/security
Provincial/localgovernmentalinstitutionsNon-governmentalWomen’sNGOs/networks
Men’sNGOs/networks
Communitycouncils
LocalCSOs
Religiousinstitutions
Faith-basedorganizations
Privatesector
MultinationalorganizationsEU
WB
ILO
IOM
RESOURCE 6: IDENTIFYING PARTNERS’ CAPACITIES, INFLUENCE AND INTERESTS
Fillinthetableforrelevantpartners,measuringgender-relatedcapacities,powertoinfluenceDDRagendaandinterestingenderissuesinDDR. -=nocapacity/influence/interest;+-+++=thestrengthofcapacity/influence/interest
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 78
Partner Capacity1)financial2)human3)technical
Influence Interest MainroleinDDRprogramme,involvementinalreadyexistinggender-relatedinitiatives(describe)
1 2 3
Other
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 79
Example of a general DDRresultschain
Genderconsiderations Exampleofagender-sensitiveresultschain
ObjectiveEnhance security andstability in a post-conflictenvironment so thatrecoveryanddevelopmentcanbegin.
− Impactsarecomplexresults–genderresponsivenessistobeevidencedinindicatorsandprocessesofdatacollectionratherthanformulatedexplicitlyintheimpactstatement
− Includeagenderperspectiveinindicators,datacollectionmethodsandbudget
ObjectiveEnhance security and stability in a post-conflictenvironmentsothatrecoveryanddevelopmentcanbegin.
OutcomeParticipants of theDDR programme are economically active andhave been accepted bytheir communities ofchoice.
− Specialsupportneedsofwomen,men,boysandgirls,aswellasthespecificexpectations,restrictionsandpotentialstigmatizationfacedbyeachgroupshouldbeacknowledged.
OutcomeFemaleandmaleparticipantsoftheDDRprogrammeareeconomicallyactive.Theyhavebeenacceptedbyandhaveadaptedtotheircommunitiesofchoice.
Output9,000 ex-combatants havebeendemobilizedandhavereturned to communitiesoftheirchoice
− Categoryofex-combatantsneedstobedisaggregatedbysexinordertomakethepresenceofwomenvisible
Output6,000 male and 3,000 female ex-combatants have been demobilized andhave returned to communities of theirchoice.
ActivityEx-combatants have beenprovided with temporaryservicesforreinsertion.
−Menandwomenmightfacedifferentrealitiesupontheirreturntotheircommunityofchoiceandthusalsotheirneedsaredifferent.
ActivityEx-combatants have been provided withtemporary reinsertion services based ontheirspecificneeds.Medicalconsultationand reproductive health counselling areoffered for both men and women. Safehousingisprovidedforfemaleswithoutasupporter.
RESOURCE 7: MAKING DDR RESULTS CHAINS GENDER-SENSITIVE
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 80
Qualitative/categoricalindicatorsSignal Scale ExampleofindicatorExistence Yes/no Gender-responsivenessoftheprogrammeorganization
− ExistenceofagenderfocalpointintheDDRteamGender-responsivenessofprogrammeactivities
− Existenceoffemaleex-combatants’organisationCategory Categorical(x,yorz) Gender-responsivenessoftheprogrammestaff
− Levelofgender-competence(high-medium-low)Gender-responsivenessoftheprogrammeactivities
− Levelofsatisfactionofmale/femaleprogrammeparticipants(high-medium-low)
Qualitative/numericalindicatorsSignal Scale ExampleofindicatorNumber Integers Genderresponsivenessoftheprogrammeorganization
− Numberofgender-relatedDDRtrainingscompletedperyear
Gender-responsivenessofprogrammeactivities − Numberofmalesactivelyenrolledinprogrammeagainstgender-basedviolence
Percentage 0%to100% Genderresponsivenessoftheprogrammeorganization − %ofDDRprogrammestaffwhocompletedUNDPGenderJourney1
− %ofbudgetdedicatedtogenderspecificissuesGender-responsivenessoftheprogrammeactivities
− %ofwomenwhoreceivemicro-financeassistance − %ofmale/femaleheadsofhouseholds
Ratio Fractions Genderresponsivenessoftheprogrammeorganization −Maletofemaleratioinprogrammemanagementpositions
Gender-responsivenessoftheprogrammeactivities −Maletofemaleratioinliteracylevels
1UNDP,‘TheGenderJourney:ThinkingOutsidetheBox”,UNDPVirtualDevelopmentAcademy.Online:http://www.jposc.org/documents/courses/gender/index.html
RESOURCE 8: EXAMPLES OF INDICATORS: TRACKING GENDER-RESPONSIVENESS OF A DDR PROGRAMME
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 81
Rapidassessmentofgender-responsivenessofaDDRbudget Yes NoNarrativesectionIsitclearonwhattypeofgender-responsiveassessmentsthebudgetlineshavebeenbasedon?NumericsectionIs15%ofthebudgetallocatedforgender-specificactivities?
Doesthebudgetincludegender-specificexpenditures?
Doesthebudgetincludeexpenditurespromotingequalopportunitiesformenandwomen?Doesthebudgetincludeexpendituresforgender-mainstreamingactivities?
RESOURCE 9: CHECKLIST FOR A RAPID GENDER ASSESSMENT OF A DDR BUDGET
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 82
Analysisofapplicationdocuments − DoesCVshowevidenceofgender-expertise?(Lookforformaleducation,courses,publications,researchtopics,workexperience,etc.)
− Didthecandidateaddressgenderequalityinher/hismotivationletter?(Lookformotivationforgenderissues)
−Whatisthecandidate’sdispositiontoacquiregendercompetency?(Observecareerdevelopmenttoassesswillingnesstolearn,lookforexperienceotherareasconcerningequalityorhumanrightsetc.)
Examplesofrecruitmentquestions − Giveanexampleofagender-responsiveactivityyoucanthinkof.(Observeinterviewee’sperceptionofwomen(e.g.victims,vulnerabilitiesvs.agents,capabilities),understandingofterminology(gendervs.sexorassociatinggenderwithonlywomen)
− HaveyouworkedwithSecurityCouncilResolutions1325(2000)and1820(2008)?(Observeinterviewee’sknowledgeonpolicylevelandabilitytoapplyintoprogramming)
−WhyareSecurityCouncilResolutions1325(2000)and1820(2008)relevantforDDR?(ObservethelevelofunderstandingtheDDRprocessandcontextualimplications)
−Whatdoesgender-responsivenessmeantoyou?(Lookforinnovativeapproaches) −Whatdoyouconsiderasthetwomostcrucialstepstowardswomen’sempowerment?(Observeinterviewee’sunderstandingofcontextualimplications)
− Namethreechallengestogender-responsiveDDR?(ObservetheexpertiseandunderstandingoftheDDRandgendernexus)
−Whatarepossiblegender-specificissuesformaleDDRparticipants?(Observeinterviewee’scomprehensiveunderstandingofgenderissues)
RESOURCE 10: RECRUITING NEW STAFF: QUESTIONS FOR MAPPING GENDER COMPETENCIES
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 83
RESOURCE 11: GENDER ISSUES AS COMMON RESPONSIBILITY: EXAMPLES OF TERMS OF REFERENCES
Genderexpertsinassessmentmissions − Reviewliteratureongenderequalityinthegivencountryandregion − Identifyrelevantinformationsourcesandkeyinterviewees − Liaisewithministrieshandlinggenderequalityandwomen’sissuesIdentify,gatherandinterpretrelevantsex-disaggregateddata
− Coordinateandadviseteamleadersongender-sensitiverequirementsofallassessmentteammembers
− Translatefindingsintoanassessmentmissionreport.Ensureconsistentgender-mainstreaminginallsectionsofthereport,aswellasspecificsectionsaddressinggenderequalityandwomenandmeninthesociety.
− Ensurethatindividualwomenandwomen’sorganisationshavetheirvoicesheardinprimarydatagathering.
Genderadvisors − Establishexternalrelationsandpartnershipswithrelevantparties. − Liaisewithwomen’sministries,genderequalityagenciesandwomen’sorganisations. − Attendinteragencyworkinggroups,raiseawarenessonfemaleex-combatantsandfurtherUNDP’s8PointAgenda
− Buildcapacitythroughmentoringsystemsandon-the-jobtrainingsforgenderfocalpoints − SupportandaccompanyeffortsofdifferentDDRunitstomaketheirwork-processesgender-sensitive.
− Supportgender-sensitiveM&Epractices,ensurecontinuousmonitoringofgender-responsivenessoftheoverallDDRprocessandsupportgender-specificinterpretationofprimarydata.
− Coordinateresearchandconsultants,arrangeoutreachestoacademiaanddisseminaterelevantresearch papers.
− Preparetemporaryreportsonthestateofgender-responsivenessoftheDDRprogramme.IncludethereportsintoUNDP/BCPR’sknowledgemanagementdatabase.
Genderfocalpoints − Includeexplicitlytheamountoftimededicatedtogender-relatedtasksintheToR. − Producegender-specificdeliverablesandtargets. − Produceknowledgemanagementreportsandotherdeliverablesongenderissues − Briefanddebriefnewandoutgoingstaffongenderissues. − Supportotherunitsintheimplementationofgender-responsiveDDR. − Participateingenderequalitymeetingsandevents.
Externalconsultants,evaluators,projectimplementersandoutsourcedservices − Passonprovengendercapacity. − Operateinagender-responsiveway. − Gather,useandinterpretsex-disaggregateddata. − IdentifyspecificneedsandcapacitiesofwomenandmenduringimplementationofDDRprogrammes.
−Mainstreamgenderissuesthroughoutreports.
How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 84
RESOURCE 12: CHECKLIST OF KEY GENDER-RELATED RESPONSIBILITIES FOR DDR PROGRAMME MANAGERS
Reviewthemanagementperformanceintermsofeachresponsibilityandcheckifthenamedresponsibilityistakencareof.Inthefuture,payspecialattentiontothequestionswheretheanswerwas“no”.Responsibility Yes No
Promotinginternationalgenderequalitymandates
HonouringUNDPgendermandatesandcommitments,suchas8PointAgendaandGenderEqualityStrategyPromotinggenderbalanceinDDRmanagementstaff
PubliclystateDDRprogramme’spoliticalcommitmenttogenderequality
Minimumof15%ofbudgetallocationsdedicatedtogender-responsiveactivities
Makegenderequalitypartoffund-raisingstrategy
Ensureinclusionofgender-responsiveresponsibilitiesintoToRsofallstaffmembers
Installaccountabilitymechanismsforgender-responsiveness
Installincentivestructuresandrewardsforgenderchampions
Ensureappropriatebudgetingtoincreasegendercompetenceofallstaff
Includecommitmenttogender-responsivenessintoyearlystaffevaluations
Increase%ofDDRProgrammestaffwithcompletedUNDPGenderJourney1
Ensuregendercompetencethroughhiringofagenderexpert
Supportthegenderresourceperson
EnsureenablingenvironmenttogenderresponsiveDDR
Facilitatelearning-by-doingandmentoringschemestoincreasegender-responsiveness
Ensure cooperation with HQ to maximize support and expertise on gender-relatedactivitiesEnsure active inclusion of gender issues and equality into knowledge managementproductsandreportingEnsure that outsourcing, implementing partners, consultants and external evaluatorsoperateinagender-responsivemanner1UNDP,‘TheUNDPGenderJourney:ThinkingOutsidetheBox’,UNDPVirtualDevelopmentAcademy.Online:http://www.jposc.org/documents/courses/gender/index.html
How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 85
© Inter-Agency Working Group on DDR2012
top related